Fecal Enterococci Levels in Selected Tributaries of the Pampanga River Basin, Philippines, and Their Relation to Land Use

This study aims to generate data which can be used as a potential starting point for the updating of the Philippine Water Quality Criteria and the determination of the true impact of land use to the fecal contamination of the Pampanga River Basin (PRB), the largest subwatershed of Manila Bay. Levels of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were determined in the selected tributaries of the PRB, representing three land use categories, namely, the forest/woodland (control), agricultural and residential lands. FIB were quantified in order to investigate the potential contribution of the selected areas in the fecal contamination of the PRB. The study was conducted in 2021 covering March, May, June, July, and September to represent the dry (March and May) and wet (June, July, and September) seasons. Counts of FIB, namely thermotolerant coliform, E. coli, and enterococci were qualitatively correlated with the results of the ocular survey and key informant interview based on known fecal contributors and their relevant rainfall data. FIB counts of water bodies in the selected agricultural and residential land use categories had Geometric Mean (GM) counts that are statistically greater than those of bodies of water near the representative forest/woodland (control), and exceeded the acceptable GM limits for all FIB, regardless of the season. Notably, the GM values recorded for the waters near the selected forest/woodland (control) passed the water quality criteria for all measured FIB parameters for both seasons. Furthermore, enterococci levels in the control site were statistically lower during the wet season. These initial findings suggest that agricultural and residential land use categories could be major contributors to the unacceptable water quality of tributaries of the Pampanga River Basin. The prevalence of thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli was noted regardless of rainfall and land use, indicating these FIB may not be adequate as water quality indicators. With their ability to survive and persist in fecally contaminated sediments in water bodies and in nutrient-poor environments, enterococci could be more definitive indicators of fecal contamination and microbiological quality of environmental waters.

Rainwater harvesting,its prospects and challenges in the uplands of Talugtog,Nueva Ecija,Philippines

The prospects and challenges facing eight small water impounding projects(SWIPs)in Talugtog,Nueva Ecija,an upland municipality located in Central Luzon,Philippines were evaluated using rapid appraisal and documentation of projects,interview of farmers and local officials,and a review of related studies undertaken on the same project sites.The challenges include the deterioration of structural facilities,inactive farmers associations,watershed degradation,and climate change.It also aims to evaluate improvement and innovation in the future implementation of SWIPs as rainwater harvesting facilities.The site was selected because it has the largest number of SWIPs established as one of the coping strategies during the 1997-1998 severe El Nino.Because of its location,it has no major irrigation systems and relies only on local rainwater storage facilities.The study involves 8 SWIPs established in two clusters(i.e.,5 and 3 SWIPs in a watershed)as rainwater conservation and management facilities.Results indicated these clusters of SWIPs offer multiple benefits in terms of supplemental irrigation,inland fish production,and water for domestic purposes and livestock production.They also serve as strategic small-scale upland structures that enhance recharging of groundwater,prevent flooding,and provide value-adding activities such as recreation,soil and water conservation,and environmental benefits.Previous studies also identified their benefits at the farm and community levels as conserved rainwater through storage in SWIPs is translated into more economic uses.However,some SWIPs are confronted with various challenges;deterioration of structural facilities,inactive farmer associations,unabated watershed degradation,and threats of climate change.These are seriously affecting the overall performance of SWIPs.Immediate actions should include the strengthening of small water impounding system associations(SWISA),repair and climate-proofing of structural facilities through the(SWISA)themselves,and watershed protection and management through the adoption of appropriate soil and water conservation measures.