Antibacterial potential of sponge endosymbiont marine Enterobacter sp at Kavaratti Island,Lakshadweep archipelago

Objective:To isolate antibacterial potential of sponge endosymbiotic bacteria from marine sponges at Lakshadweep archipelago.Also to identify the potent bacteria by 16s rDNA sequencing and determine the antibacterial activity against clinical pathogens by MIC.Methods: Sponge samples was collected from sub-tidal habitats at Kavaratti Island and identified.The endosymbiotic bacteria were isolated and selected potential bacteria which show antibacterial activity in preliminary screening against clinical pathogens Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus), Escherichia coli(E.coli),Salmonella typhi(S.typhi),Klebsiella pneumoniea(K.pneumoniea) and Streptococcus sp.by disc diffusion assay.The crude extracts of potential bacteria LB3 was tested against clinical pathogens by MIC.The LB3 strain was identified by 16s rDNA sequencing, 1111 bp was submitted in NCBI(HQ589912) and constructed phylogenetic tree.Results:Sponge sample was identified as Dysidea granulosa(D.granulosa) and potential bacteria LB3 identified as Enterobacter sp TTAG.Preliminary screening of sponge isolates against clinical pathogens,LB3 strain was selected as potential producer of secondary metabolites and crude extract was implies on MIC of LB3 have confirmed with lowest concentration of 5.0 mg/mL in broth medium influence of crude extract on growth inhibitory activity after 5 h of incubation period and completed the inhibitory activity at 15 h.Conclusions:The present study concluded that phylogenetic analysis of endosymbiotic bacteria Enterobacter sp from sponge D.granulosa of Lakshadweep islands showed significant antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial pathogens.

Hemolymph proteins in marine crustaceans

This study is done with the aim to bring together the various antimicrobial peptides that are present in the crustacean hemolymph and their sources along with its characteristics.Invertebrates lack immune systems that involve antigen-antibody reactions and do not have an immune memory, therefore most invertebrate species show no evidence of acquired immunity.Crustaceans possess an open circulatory system, where nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and cells are distributed in the hemolymph. They lack adaptive immune system and rely exclusively on their innate immune mechanisms that include both cellular and humoral responses. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins form an important means of host defense in eukaryotes. In addition to their role as endogenous antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides have functions in inflammation,wound repair and regulation of the adaptive immune system. Over the past several years, many antimicrobial peptides have been found and characterized in crabs.

In vitro antioxidant activities of ethanol extract from Enhalus acoroides (L.F.) Royle

Objective:To search for new sources of safe and inexpensive antioxidants,the leaf,root and rhizome of Enhalus acoroides(E.acoroides) were screened for the first time for their antioxidant activities.Methods:Samples of leaf,root and rhizome from E.acoroides were tested for total phenolic content,proanthocyanidins and in vitro antioxidant activity in terms of total antioxidant assay,DPPH assay and FRAP assay.Results:The leaf sample was found to have high levels of phenolic(0.323±0.028 mg TAE/g) and proanthocyanidins(0.570 0±0.000 3 mg TAE/g) when compared to root and rhizome.The leaf samples exhibited higher total antioxidant activity (11.770±0.026 mg Ascorbic acid equivalent/g),higher percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity(25.76±0.04) and higher reducing power(18.060±0.073) in terms of mg GAE/g.In addition, there was a significant correlation between total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity (R^2=0.923),DPPH assay(R^2=0.509).FRAP assay(R^2=0.994).Similarly,significant correlation was found between the proanthocyanidin and total antioxidant activity(R^2=0.977),DPPH assay (R^2=0.464) and the FRAP assay(R^2=0.998).Conclusions:These results suggested that E.acoroides have strong antioxidant potential.Further study is necessary for isolation and characterization of the active antioxidant agents,which can be used to treat various oxidative stress-related diseases.

Antibacterial potential of three seagrasses against human pathogens

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Halophila stipulacea(H.stipulacea), Cymodocea serrulata(C.serrulata) and Halodule pinifolia(H.pinifolia) against seven human bacterial pathogens.Methods:The antibacterial activities of the extracts on the various test organisms using disc diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentraction(MIC).Results: Methanol and chloroform extracts of all the three seagrasses were active against all the tested pathogens,whereas the hexane extract of seagrasses was not active against Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus).Antibacterial activity of three seagrass screened,was in the order of H.pinifolia 】 H.stipulacea.】 C.serrulata.Conclusions:This antibacterial studies can further investigated on seagrasses for purification of bioactive substance and its possible utility in disease control.

Antibacterial activity and characterization of secondary metabolites isolated from mangrove plant Avicennia officinalis

Objective:To explore antibacterial activity and characterization of secondary metabolites isolated from mangrove plant Avicennia officinalis(A.officinalis).Methods:In the present study the leaf extracts of A.officinalis were examined for its antibacterial potential using five different solvents against some reference strains of human pathogenic bacteria for the crude extract.Maximum activity was observed for ethyl acetate and hence different concentrations like 15μL,25μL,and 50μL of ethyl extracts was checked for its antibacterial activity.Partial purification of crude extract was carried by column chromatography and fractions were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) to identify compounds.Results:The crude ethyl acetate extracts of A.officinalis showed remarkable antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition of 13 mm against Eschericia coli(E.coli) and 11 mm against Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus).Fraction 13(ethyl acetate:methanol= 8:2) as the most potent one against with the minimal inhibitory concentration of 30 mm against E.coli and 25 mm against S.aureus.The GCMS resultsof active column fraction(F13) revealed that the active principals were a mixture of hydroxy- 4 methoxybenzoic acid,diethyl phthalate,oleic acid.Conclusions:The leaf extracts with proven antibacterial effects can clearly be directed towards cancer treatment as to inhibiting cancer cell growth.The limited number of test organisms owes to a constraint of resource.So,the effect of strong bursts of leaf extracts on human pathogenic bacteria should further be tested on a wide range of test organisms.

Benthic Macrofaunal Assemblage in the Arid Zone Mangroves of Gulf of Kachchh-Gujarat

The total benthic macrofauna consisting of 62 species in 5 groups,viz. crustaceans(18),gastropods(17),bivalves(16),polychaetes(9) and fishes(2),was recorded in western Kachchh mangroves near Gujarat. The population densities of benthic macro-fauna ranged from 424 to 2393 ind.m-2,the diversity ranged from 1.84 to 2.45 bits ind.-1,the richness varied between 0.82 and 0.98,and the evenness varied between 0.64 and 0.81. Two maximum diversity values were recorded during winter and summer. The salin-ity ranged from 34 to 44,temperature varied between 17 and 37 ℃,and the acidity ranged from 7 to 8.9.

Heavy Metal Distribution in Sediments of Muthupettai Mangroves, South East Coast of India

Core sediments from the Muthupettai mangroves on the southeast coast of India were analyzed for soil texture,total nitrogen,organic carbon,phosphorus and heavy metals(Fe,Mn,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn and Cd).The distinct seasonal variation in the distribution of metals in the sediments was observed.The minimum concentration was recorded in river mouth and the maximum was in lagoon.High metal concentration in sediment was observed during monsoon and low concentration in summer.The total nu-trient in lagoon and river mouth was recorded in the range of 4.528 to 8.526 mg g-1 for organic carbon,2.213 to 10.5 mg g-1 for nitro-gen and 0.824 to 7.22 mg g-1.

Isolation and molecular characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from Callyspongia spp.associated fungi

Objective:To isolate and characterize the bioactive secondary metabolite from Callyspongia spp.associated fungi.Methods:In vitro antibacterial screening of fungi associated with Callyspongia species,collected from south east coast of India,against selected clinical isolates of bacteria were conducted in this study.The extracts showing good antimicrobial activity were subjected to further analysis to identify the active constituents sponge associated fungi(both biomass and filtrate) with five different solvents.The compound responsible for bioactivity was characterized using Fouvier-transform infrared(FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) instrumental analysis to identify the functional group and compound.The molecular characterization of the elite fungal strains were done by isolating their genomic DNA and amplify the internal transcribed spacer(ITS) region of 5.8srRNA using specific ITS primer. The novelty of the strain was proved by BlastN analysis against non-redundant(NR) database and hence was submitted to GenBank.Results:Active compound was Desmethylnomifensine confirmed by GC-MS and the potent fungi was Aspergillus flavus GU815344.Conclusions: The isolate exhibits a marked antagonistic activity against potential bacterial pathogens thus illuminating the advanced researches in this decade to focus on clinical pharmacology to identify novel therapeutic targets.The present study depicts a promising scenario to focus on Aspergillus flavus derived compounds which can be easily scaled up for large biomass production and stable formulation as a drug.

Analytical characterization and structure elucidation of metabolites from Aspergillus ochraceus MP2 fungi

Objective:To isolate and characterize the bioactive secondary metabolites from Aspergillus ochraceus(A.ochraceus)MP2 fungi.Methods:The anti bacterial activity of marine sponge derived fungi A.ochraceus MP2 was thoroughly investigated against antagonistic human pathogens.The optimum inhibitory concentration of the fungi in the elite solvent was also determined.The promising extracts that showed good antimicrobial activity were subjected to further analytical separation to get individual distinct metabolites and the eluants were further identified by GC MS instrumental analysis.The molecular characterization of the elite fungal strains were done by isolating their genomic DNA and amplify the internal transcribed spacer(US)region of 5.8s rRNA using specific ITS primer.The novelty of the strain was proved by homology search tools and elite sequences was submitted to GENBANK.Results:Three bioactive compounds were characterized to reveal their identity,chemical formula and structure.The first elutant was identified asα-Campholene aldehyde with chemical fonnula C_(10)H_(16)O and molecular weight 152 Da.The second elutant was identified as Lucenin-2 and chemical fonnula C_(27)H_(30)O_(16)and molecular weight 610Da.The third elutant was identified as 6-Ethyloct-3-yl-2-ethylhexyl ester with Chemical fonnula C_(26)H_(42)O_4 with molecular weight 418 Da.Conclusions:The isolated compounds showed significant antimicrobial activity against potential human pathogens.Microbial secondary metabolites represent a large source of compounds endowed with ingenious structures and potent biological activities.

Statistical optimization and anticancer activity of a red pigment isolated from Streptomyces sp. PM4

Objective:To enhance the pigment production byStreptomycessp.PM4 for evaluating its anticancer activity.Methods:Response surface methodology was employed to enhance the production of red pigment fromStreptomycessp.PM4.Optimized pigment was purified and evaluated for the anticancer activity against HT1080,Hep2,HeLa and MCF7 cell lines by MTT assay.Results:Based on the response surface methodology,it could be concluded that maltose (4.06 g),peptone (7.34 g),yeast extract(4.34 g)and tyrosine(2.89 g)were required for the maximum production of pigment(1.68 g/L)by theStreptomycessp.PM4.Optimization of the medium with the above tested features increased the pigment yield by 4.6 fold.Pigment showed the potential anticancer activity against HT1080,HEp-2,HeLa and MCF-7cell lines with the IC50value of 18.5,15.3,9.6 and 8.5 respectively.Conclusions:The study revealed that the maximum amount of pigment could be produced to treat cancer.

Antibacterial and antioxidant effects from seaweed,Sargassum wightii(Greville,1848)against marine ornamental fish pathogens

Objective:To screen seaweed Sargassum wightii(S.wightii)for bioactive natural substance against marine ornamental fish bacterial pathogens,and also study the antioxidant properties,brine shrimp toxicity effect.Methods:Crude extract was made using three solvents(acetone,ethanol and methanol)and screened for antibacterial activity and purified by column chromatography,purified fractions obtained were tested for the activity.The 1st fraction of acetone extract showed maximum activity,this was again subjected for purification and obtained three sub-fractions also tested for the activity.Total phenols and flavonoid contents,reducing power,free radical scavenging activities(DPPH and H_(2)O_(2))and brine shrimp toxicity were also studied using purified acetone extract followed by standard methods.Results:The purified acetone extract showed maximum activity against eight pathogens among ten.GC-MS results revealed two major compounds such as 24-methylene cholesterol(79.9%)and methyl oleate(30.3%)which presented in higher percentage in purified extract and had highest phenols and flavonoid contents,reducing power,free radical scavenging activities,and also showed less toxicity effect.In he present study,the purified extract of S.wightii had potential antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila[(22.25±0.35)mm]and minimum activity against Streptococcus sp.[(10.00±0.00)mm].The purified extract of S.wightii also had potential total antioxidant activity of(3.87±0.04)μg at 100μg/mL concentration and the lowest activity was exhibited(1.52±0.01)μg at 25μg/mL.Conclusions:The present study concluded that the brown seaweed,S.wightii has potential antimicrobial and antioxidant activities,which can be used in aquaculture industry for treated bacterial diseases in infected fishes.

Bioaccumulation of trace elements by Avicennia marina

Objective:To analyze the concentrations of 12 micro-nutrients(Al,B,Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mg,Mn,Ni,Pb,and Zn)in different plant parts of Avicennia marina and its rhizosphere soil of the south east coast of India.Methods:The samples were acid digested,then analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma system(ICP-Optical Emission Spectrophotometer).Results:Levels of metals were found in the decreasing order:Cd>Co>Ni>Pb>B>Cr>Zn>Mg>Mn>Cu>Fe>Al.The soil held more levels of metals than plant parts,but within the permissible limits of concentration.Bark and root accumulated higher levels of trace elements in a magnitude of 10-80 folds than other plant parts.The overall bioaccumulation factor in the sampling sites of Vellar,Pichavaram and Cuddalore was 2.88,1.420.47 respectively.Essential elements accumulate high in mature mangroves forest while non-essential elements accumulate high in the industrially polluted mangroves.Conclusions:The ratio between essential and non-essential elements was found higher in young mangrove forest than that in mature mangrove forest and polluted mangrove areas.Thus,the ratio of accumulation can be used as an index of the growth and pollution status of mangroves.

Enhancements of non-specific immune response in Mugil cephlus by seaweed extract against Vibrio alginolyticus(BRTR07)

Objective:To focus on the growth rate and feed utilization of fish by using trash fish feeds supplement with marine seaweeds.Methods:Selected seaweed was extracted using hot-water and its extract was mixed with trash fish feed at different concentrations(0.5%,1%and 2%for 1-30 days)and the non-specific immune response in fish was studied and challenged with Vibrio alginolyticus at 1×106 CFU/fish.The hot-water extract of seaweeds was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results:The average body weight(5.320±0.018),percent weight gain(227.66±0.28),specific growth rate(2.080±0.015),hepatosomatic index(1.197±0.00)and viscerosomatic index(4.421±0.150)were significantly increased in the fish feed with seaweed containing 5%of Sargassum wightii(S.wightii)when compared with other seaweeds and control diet.Hot-water extract of S.wightii(1%)was significantly enhanced the immune response in fish when compared with other diets(0.5%and 2%).S.wightii showed good immunostimulation properties.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry result showed that the hot-water extract of S.wightii seaweed contained fatty acids.Conclusions:Trash fish feed will reduce the production cost and also provide evidence that aqueous leaf extract of S.wightii(1%)was added to a formulated fish diet which could activate the non-specific immune response and disease resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus in Mugil cephalus.

红树林真菌Hypocrea lixii VB1的抗癌及抗菌活性(英文)

AIM:Mangrove is one of the oldest living tree species and its leaves are among the most extensively studied botanicals in use today.Scientific research throughout the world has found evidence to support the fact that its foliar extracts have great potential against human microbial pathogens.This study highlights the isolation of foliar fungi from Rhizophora mucronata,Avicenna officialis and Avicenna marina.METHOD:It was isolated in Sabouroud's Dextrose Agar and mass cultivation was done in Sabouroud's Dex-trose broth.RESULTS:The ethyl acetate extract showed maximum antibacterial activity which inturn checked for different concentra-tion against bacterial pathogens and anticancer activity for Hep2 and MCF7 cell line in vitro.The DNA was isolated from the fungi and the ITS region of 5.8 s RNA was sequenced and assigned to new species as they are separated from the type strains phylogenetic neighbors by sequence similarities.CONCLUSION:This preliminary screening of fungal endophytes revealed their potential to yield potent bioactive compounds for drug discovery programmes.