Geochemistry, Petrology and Mineralogy of Coal Measure Shales in the Middle Jurassic Yanan Formation from Northeastern Ordos Basin, China: Implications for Shale Gas Accumulation

The Jurassic Yanan Formation is one of the most important coal-producing formations and hydrocarbon source rocks in the Ordos Basin, North China. To evaluate the shale gas potential of the Yanan shale, a total of 48 samples from north Ordos Basin were sampled, and their geochemical, petrological, mineralogical and pore characteristics were investigated. It was found that the shale samples are a suite of early mature source rock. The total organic carbon(TOC) content ranges from 0.33% to 24.12% and the hydrogen index(HI) ranges from 43.31 mg/g to 330.58 mg/g. The relationship between Tmax and HI indicates the organic matter is type Ⅱ-Ⅲ. This conclusion is also supported by the organic petrological examination results, which shows that the kerogen is mainly liptinite and vitrinite. Minerals in the samples are composed mainly of quartz, clay and feldspar, and the clay minerals are composed of prevailing kaolinite, illite/smectite, chlorite and a small amount of illite. Under scanning electron microscope, OM pores in the Yanan shale are scarce except pores come from the kerogen intrinsic texture or clay aggregates within the organic particles. As the weak compaction caused by shallow burial depth, interparticle pores and intraparticle pores are common, the hydrocarbon storage capacity of the Yanan shale was improved. According to evaluation, the Yanan shale is considered as a good shale gas reservoir, but its hydrocarbon potential is more dependent on biogenic and coal-derived gas as the thermogenic gas is limited by the lower thermal maturity.

Review of China's Oil & Gas Industry Development in 2014 and Outlook for 2015

Chinese oil and gas sector development in2014Chinese economy grew 7.4 percent in 2014,entering the‘New Normal’growth phase China’s economy expanded steadily-but at a slower rate than recent decades-in 2014,with a relatively smooth growth in the first half of the year due to recovering exports but with increasing downward pressure brought on by overcapacity,in the energy sector and industry

Strategy of Oil and Gas Cooperation in the Belt and Road Initiative

This paper analyzes the basis for oil and gas cooperation in the Belt and Road Initiative(hereinafter referred to "the cooperation") and future cooperation needs, puts forward the basic idea and concept of the cooperation, establishes the full industry chain coordination win-win strategic system of the cooperation, demonstrates four aspects of capacities needing to be constructed or improved for the strategy and specific measures, and then proposes relevant policy recommendations.

Review of China's Oil and Gas Policies in 2018

In 2018, the Opinions on Deepening the Reform of the Oil and Gas System was implemented, and supporting measures were introduced one after another to promote the further expansion of the oil and gas market. The promotion of the competitive transfer of mining rights has continued, and Xinjiang has for the first time sold the exploration rights of five oil and gas exploration blocks through listing. The supervision of the fair opening of oil and gas pipeline networks has been strengthened, and oil and gas infrastructure will be opened to third parties. Market access for oil sales has been further relaxed, and restrictions on more than 30 foreign-funded chain gas stations requiring Chinese ownership have been lifted.The management system of oil and gas import and export has been improved, and non-state-owned trading enterprises in the free trade zone have for the first time been granted the right to import crude oil. The pricing mechanism of natural gas has been further improved; the price management of residential gas has been changed from the highest gate station price management to reference gate station price management so as to realize the connection between residential gas and nonresidential gas reference price levels. The promotion of the successful listing of Shanghai crude oil futures will promote the formation of Asian pricing power for crude oil and enhance China's influence on pricing in the international oil market. In addition, the state has issued the Opinions on Promoting the Coordinated and Stable Development of Natural Gas, which is conducive to solving the problems of the incomplete natural gas production, supply, storage and marketing system, and unbalanced industrial development in China. Focusing on enhancing domestic oil and gas exploration and development,such fiscal and taxation support policies as shale gas tax cuts and the proposed extension of subsidy years have been introduced so as to slow down the excessive rise in oil and gas dependence on foreign countries, and enhance the ability to ensure national energy security.

Analysis of China's Oil and Gas Policy in 2015

The reforms in oil and gas sector have been accelerated in 2015. The reform of mineral rights has begun and 6 oil and gas exploration zones in Xinjiang Autonomous Region have served as the tender pilots, breaking through the requirements on the resources varieties, exploration phase and enterprise qualification. The right of importing and using of the crude oil has been gradually relaxed and 13 local refineries have obtained the right to use imported crude oil of 55.1888 million tons per year. The natural gas price for non-residential use was unified and a universal price was set for the incremental supply and existing supply. The Shanghai Petroleum and Gas Exchange(SHPGX) was established and laid foundation for the market mechanism to determine the price. The government governance has undergone continuous adjustments such as regulating the tax instead of charging the fees, streamlining administration and delegating power to the lower levels.The Guidelines on Deepening the Reform of State-owned Enterprises was released, symbolizing the accomplishment of the overall planning of the SOE reform.

Considerations about Improving “Assignment Clause” of Foreign Oil Contracts

Since Chinese government made oil opening decisions in March 1978,China’s oil and gas exploration and development has maintained steady growth and achieved a lot in foreign cooperation.In recent years,oil and gas output has been increased,the area of new projects has been expanded,international partners have been grown,competitiveness and management level of China’s

Analysis of China＇s Oil and Gas Policies in 2016

Guided by President Xi Jinping's key speech about energy revolution— "Four Revolutions and One Cooperation"-the Chinese oil and gas industry continued to accelerate its pace of reform in 2016.China has deepened its supply-side structural reforms,prevented and resolved the problem of excess production capacity,increased the effective supply of clean energy such as natural gas,and formed an energy innovation system.It has pushed forward the reform of pricing mechanisms with significant adjustments in the pricing mechanisms of oil products,pipeline transportation,gas storage and gas used for fertilizer production.It has also accelerated market access reform and encouraged various investors to enter into the fields of exploration & production,pipeline transportation and crude oil imports.China has sped up the legislative process of environmental protection to promote green and low-carbon development.It has accelerated oil & gas industry institutional reform,with some provinces initiating the pilot reform of oil and gas.

Chinese Enterprises’ Oil and Gas Cooperation in the Belt and Road Initiative

This paper reviews the history of cooperation in overseas oil and gas among Chinese oil companies and selects two indicators of production and initial planned investment to systematically review and analyze in depth the overseas cooperation process of Chinese oil companies.Based on the analysis of produced quantities (entitlement),it summarizes the current situation,scale and pattern of Chinese enterprises'overseas business. Based on the analysis of the initial planned investment,it summarizes the five stages in the development of overseas cooperation and the development characteristics of each stage.

China Oil & Gas Policy in 2014

In 2014,President Xi Jinping put forward 5 requirements about promoting energy production and consumption revolution on the 6th conference of Central Financial and Economics Leading Group,i.e.promoting energy consumption revolution and inhibiting unreasonable energy consumption;promoting energy supply revolution and establishing diversified supply system;promoting energy technology revolution and driving industry upgrading;promoting energy system revolution and breaking through quick lane of

Review of China's Oil and Gas Policies in 2013

In 2013,oil and gas industry policies deepened,oil and gas pricing system improved,oil quality upgrading accelerated,the central government canceled approval examination and approval or delegated it to lower levels and a series of policies released such as supporting private capital entering the oil and gas industry and

Challenges and Opportunities of China Oil & Gas Industry

Chinese economy has turned from rapid development into new normal. With economic transition, demand for oil and gas decreases as well. Consumed diesel-gasoline ratio keeps declining, and diesel export increases considerably. Gas demand grows at medium speed, and supply meets demand in general. Alternative energy dominated by gas and electricity will develop faster. As crude oil import right is gradually liberalized, domestic oil market structure will be changed. Oil price drop brings the best opportunity for oil and gas market reform, and environmental protection becomes main force boosting natural gas development. Key words: oil, natural gas, transition,

Three Policy Issues to be Urgently Solved in Oil and Gas “Bringing in” Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative

The Belt and Road Initiative was proposed six years ago.Since then,significant achievements have been made through its implementation,but specific problems have also arisen.In the past,the focus of research was mainly on the macro and micro issues of the“going global”aspect of the Belt and Road Initiative.As“going global”and“bringing in”are two aspects of the initiative,China should not only go global but also continue to open up to the outside world.In particular.

China's Oil & Gas Industry Overview in 2013 and Outlook for 2014

Overview of development in China’s oil and gas industry in 2013China’s economy grew slowly but steadily,at an expected annual rate of 7.6%,and investment as a contribution towards economic growth increased In 2013,the economy of China entered a transition period of slow but steady growth,with the annual GDP growth expected to be 7.6%,after a down-and-up swing.Driven by policies ensuring steady growth,investment once again became the main driving force of economic growth.Investment for improving people’s

Analysis of Oil and Gas Policies in Major Countries of the World

Policies of major resource countries are different from those of major consumption countries.Policies of the former aimed at activating the oil and gas industry,enhancing its competiveness and expanding markets.While the latter change their attitudes toward nuclear power.Europe and countries continue to cut the subsidies to renewable energy and keep a steady pace of pushing forward carbon tariff.

Analysis on Policies of Oil and Gas in China

The Government has actively introduced oil and gas policies to promote the sustainable and healthy development of the industry in 2017. The purposes of such policies are: to accelerate the reform of mineral resource royalties and advance the competitive transfer of mining rights; to promote the reform of the natural gas price, introduce cost supervision on long-distance natural gas pipeline enterprises in the area of gas pipeline transportation, and strengthen the regulation of the distribution price; to liberalize the import of crude oil in an orderly manner, increase the allowable volume of non-state trading crude oil imports, strengthen the supervision and periodically pause the approval of the right to use imported crude oil; and to enhance environmental protection.

Global Oil & Gas Industry Overview in 2013 and Outlook for 2014

The year 2013 witnessed a fragile recovery in the world economy as well as profound geopolitical adjustments.In general,the global oil and gas industry maintained development in a stable and healthy manner.The oil market was still loose but the oil price fluctuated at a high level.Gas supply and demand was generally balanced and gas-price gaps in the American,European and

Analysis of Oil & Gas Policies in the World's Major Countries

In recent years, due to low oil prices, resource countries have been carrying out oil & gas industry reforms and accelerating structural reform of their energy industry. At the supply side, taxes have been reduced; at the comsumption side, taxes are on the rise. These resource countries have also opened up their oil and gas sectors in the hopes of attracting more domestic and foreign capital. With the Paris Agreement coming into effect in 2016, green and low-carbon development has become the consensus of global energy development. Although the development of clean energy has currently slowed down because of low oil prices, clean energy will be the world's common direction of development in the long run. Currently, countries continue to support the development of clean energy, although the manners of their support are changing.

History and Achievements of Chinese Oil Companies' Foreign Cooperation

In 1993,in the context of China’s opening-up,reforms,and economic globalization,Chinese oil companies,such as China National Petroleum Corporation(CNPC),started their international businesses under the guidance of the government’s key decision to fully utilize its resources both at home and abroad.After twenty years of rapid development,Chinese oil companies have become important players in the international oil and gas

Analyses on Setting up the Petroleum Market in China

A mature market system for the petroleum sector is badly needed in China. The system currently in place in the country still has plenty of aspects in which it can be improved, including: an under-developed factor market, singular forms of product markets, and inadequate marketization of the management system and operational mechanism. How to tackle the three problems is the most urgent task that market construction for the petroleum sector in the country faces right now. This article proposes reform of the current system of awarding mining rights and calls for block auctions and mining right transfers. It also suggests a relaxing of access into petroleum exploration and development, enhancing the petroleum financial derivatives market, improving petroleum investment and financing systems, establishing relatively independent service companies, strengthening the opening-up of the service sector toward foreign service companies, perfecting information management systems and providing information consultants, pushing forward the separation of the governmental administration from the enterprises, accelerating a supervision system, and fully utilizing market means, and methods to adjust the petroleum sector in the country.

Impact of Japan Nuclear Disaster upon World's Energy Mix

An earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0 hit the east coast of Houshu Island,Japan,on March.11th,2011.It caused a severe tsunami,which induced leakage of nuclear power station and then further changed the energy mix in Japan.Many countries around the world started to reconsider the safety of nuclear power and possible changes in energy framework of the world could be expected in a foreseeable future.Damages and losses from Japan nuclear accident The earthquake and tsunami almost paralyzed Japan’s whole nuclear power sector.Power stations of other kinds of energy forms such as coal and oil were also suffered from great loss.However,most stations with gas as the fuel were