Impact of Association between Functional Training and Respiratory Muscle Training in Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The elderly population in Brazil has been growing exponentially according to data presented by the IBGE. It is estimated that by 2025 the population will have reached 32 million, placing the country sixth in the world in the population of elderly people. To assess the results of respiratory training associated with functional training on respiratory muscle strength, lung function, and functionality of the elderly. The sample was composed of 40 elderlies, divided into four groups, the experimental group with functional training, one experimental group with functional training associated with respiratory training, one experimental group with respiratory training, and the fourth group, the control group. After the initial and final evaluations, the variables measured were: The Breathing Test, Sit to Stand Test, the SF-36 Quality of Life Questionnaire, and Spirometry. Twenty appointments were conducted twice a week. There were significant differences for variables maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure;more accentuated in the associated group when compared to the respiratory group;forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second/forced vital capacity were meaningful in the associated group;peak expiratory flow means values increased after the intervention;in the six-minute walk test, we noticed a trend to increase values after the intervention. Functional training as well as associated respiratory muscle training provide the most beneficial changes compared only to functional and respiratory training. Therefore, this may be an effective clinical training method for patients’ elderly.

A Game Comparative Study:Object-Oriented Paradigm and Notification-Oriented Paradigm

This paper presents a new programming paradigm named Notification-Oriented Paradigm (NOP) and analyses the performance aspects of NOP programs by means of an experiment. NOP provides a new manner to conceive, structure, and execute software, which would allow better performance, causal-knowledge organization, and decoupling than standard solutions based upon usual paradigms. These paradigms are essentially Imperative Paradigm (IP) and Declarative Paradigm (DP). In short, DP solutions are considered easier to use than IP solutions due to the concept of high-level programming. However, they are considered slower in execution and less flexible in development. Anyway, both paradigms present similar drawbacks such as redundant causal-evaluation and strongly coupled entities, which decrease the software performance and the processing distribution feasibility. These problems exist due to an orientation to a monolithic inference mechanism based upon sequential evaluation by searching on passive computational entities. NOP proposes another way to structure software and make its inferences, which is based upon small, collaborative, and decoupled computational entities whose interaction happens through precise notifications. In this context, this paper presents a quantitative comparison between two equivalent implementations of a computer game simulator (Pacman simulator), one developed according to the principles of Object-Oriented Paradigm (OOP/IP) in C++ and other developed according to the principles of NOP. The results obtained from the experiments demonstrate, however, a quite lower performance of NOP implementation. This happened because NOP applications are still developed using a framework based on C++. Besides, the paper shows that optimizations in the NOP framework improve NOP program performance, thereby evidencing the necessity of developing a NOP language/compiler.

Notification Oriented and Object Oriented Paradigms Comparison via Sale System

This paper presents a new programming paradigm named Notification-Oriented Paradigm (NOP) and analyses the performance aspects of NOP programs by means of an experiment. NOP provides a new manner to conceive, structure, and execute software, which would allow causal-knowledge organization and decoupling better than standard solutions based upon current paradigms. These paradigms are essentially Imperative Paradigm (IP) and Declarative Paradigm (DP). In short, DP solutions are considered easier to use than IP solutions due to the concept of high-level programming. However, they are considered slower in execution and lesser flexible in development. Anyway, both paradigms present similar drawbacks such as redundant causal-evaluation and strongly coupled entities, which decrease software performance and processing distribution feasibility. These problems exist due to an orientation to a monolithic inference mechanism based on sequential evaluation searching on passive computational entities. NOP proposes another way to structure software and make its inferences, which is based on small, collaborative, and decoupled computational entities whose interaction happens through precise notifications. This paper presents a quantitative comparison between two equivalent implementations of a sale system, one developed according to the principles of Object-Oriented Paradigm (OOP/IP) in C++ and other developed according to the principles of NOP based on a NOP framework in C++. The results showed that NOP implementation obtained quite equivalent results with respect to OOP implementation. This happened because the NOP framework uses considerable expensive data-structures over C++. Thus, it is necessary a new compiler to NOP in order to actually use its potentiality.

Notification Oriented Paradigm(NOP)and Imperative Paradigm:A Comparative Study

This paper presents a new programming paradigm named Notification Oriented Paradigm (NOP) and analyses performance aspects of NOP programs by means of an experiment. NOP provides a new manner to conceive, structure, and execute software, which allows better performance, causal-knowledge organization, and entity decoupling than standard solutions based upon current paradigms. These paradigms are essentially Imperative Paradigm (IP) and Declarative Paradigm (DP). In short, DP solutions are considered easier to use than IP solutions thanks to the concept of high-level programming. However, they are considered slower to execute and lesser flexible to program than IP. Anyway, both paradigms present similar drawbacks like causal-evaluation redundancies and strongly coupled entities, which decrease software performance and processing distribution feasibility. These problems exist due to an orientation to monolithic inference mechanism based upon sequential evaluation by means of searches over passive computational entities. NOP proposes another manner to structure software and make its inferences, which is based upon small, smart, and decoupled collaborative entities whose interaction happen by means of precise notifications. This paper discusses NOP as a paradigm and presents certain comparison of NOP against IP. Actually, performance is evaluated by means of IP and NOP programs with respect to a same application, which allow demonstrating NOP superiority.

The Influence of Window Length Analysis on the Time and Frequency Domain of Mechanomyographic and Electromyographic Signals of Submaximal Fatiguing Contractions

Mechanomyography (MMG) acquires the oscillatory waves of contracting muscles. Electromyography (EMG) is a tool for monitoring muscle overall electrical activity. During muscle contractions, both techniques can investigate the changes that occur in the muscle properties. EMG and MMG parameters have been used for detecting muscle fatigue with diverse test protocols, sensors and filtering. Depending on the analysis window length (WLA), monitoring physiological events could be compromised due to imprecision in the determination of parameters. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of WLA variation on different MMG and EMG parameters during submaximal isometric contractions monitoring MMG and EMG parameters. Ten male volunteers performed isometric contractions of elbow joint. Triaxial accelerometer-based MMG sensor and EMG electrodes were positioned on the biceps brachii muscle belly. Torque was monitored with a load cell. Volunteers remained seated with hip and elbow joint at angles of 110° and 90°, respectively. The protocol consisted in maintaining torque at 70% of maximum voluntary contraction as long as they could. Parameter data of EMG and the modulus of MMG were determined for four segments of the signal. Statistical analysis consisted of analyses of variance and Fisher’s least square differences post-hoc test. Also, Pearson’s correlation was calculated to determine whether parameters that monitor similar physiological events would have strong correlation. The modulus of MMG mean power frequency (MPF) and the number of crossings in the baseline could detect changes between fresh and fatigued muscle with 1.0 s WLA. MPF and the skewness of the spectrum (μ3), parameters related to the compression of the spectrum, behaved differently when monitored with a triaxial MMG sensor. The EMG results show that for the 1.0 s and 2.0 s WLAs have normalized RMS difference with fatigued muscle and that there was strong correlation between parameters of different domains.