We used existing studies on the integration of user experience design and agile methods as a basis to develop a framework for integrating UX and Agile. We performed a field study in an ongoing project of a medium-size...We used existing studies on the integration of user experience design and agile methods as a basis to develop a framework for integrating UX and Agile. We performed a field study in an ongoing project of a medium-sized company in order to check if the proposed framework fits in the real world, and how some aspects of the integration of UX and Agile work in a real project. This led us to some conclusions situating contributions from practice to theory and back again. The framework is briefly described in this paper and consists of a set of practices, artifacts, and techniques derived from the literature. By combining theory and practice we were able to confirm some thoughts and identify some gaps—both in the company process and in our proposed framework—and drive our attention to new issues that need to be addressed. We believe that the most important issues in our case study are: UX designers cannot collaborate closely with developers because UX designers are working on multiple projects and that UX designers cannot work up front because they are too busy with too many projects at the same time.展开更多
All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that provides cohesion,protection,and a means of directional growth to plants.Cellulose microfibrils contribute the main biomechanical scaffold for most of these walls.The...All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that provides cohesion,protection,and a means of directional growth to plants.Cellulose microfibrils contribute the main biomechanical scaffold for most of these walls.The biosynthesis of cellulose,which typically is the most prominent constituent of the cell wall and therefore Earth’s most abundant biopolymer,is finely attuned to developmental and environmental cues.Our understanding of the machinery that catalyzes and regulates cellulose biosynthesis has substantially improved due to recent technological advances in,for example,structural biology and microscopy.Here,we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure,function,and regulation of the cellulose synthesis machinery and its regulatory interactors.We aim to highlight important knowledge gaps in the field,and outline emerging approaches that promise a means to close those gaps.展开更多
The transition metal manganese （Mn） is indispensable for photoautotrophic growth since photosystem II （PSII） employs an inorganic Mn4CaOs cluster for water splitting. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis membrane pr...The transition metal manganese （Mn） is indispensable for photoautotrophic growth since photosystem II （PSII） employs an inorganic Mn4CaOs cluster for water splitting. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis membrane protein CHLOROPLAST MANGANESE TRANSPORTER1 （CMT1） is involved in chloroplast Mn homeostasis. CMT1 is the closest homolog of the previously characterized thylakoid Mn transporter PHOTOSYNTHESIS-AFFECTED MUTANT71 （PAM71）. In contrast to PAM71, CMT1 resides at the chloro- plast envelope and is ubiquitously expressed. Nonetheless, like PAM71, the expression of CMT1 can also alleviate the Mn-sensitive phenotype of yeast mutant qomrl. The cmtl mutant is severely suppressed in growth, chloroplast ultrastructure, and PSII activity owing to a decrease in the amounts of pigments and thylakoid membrane proteins. The importance of CMT1 for chloroplast Mn homeostasis is demonstratedby the significant reduction in chloroplast Mn concentrations in cmtl-1, which exhibited reduced Mn binding in PSII complexes. Moreover, CMT1 expression is downregulated in Mn-surplus conditions. The pam71 cmtl-ldouble mutant resembles the cmtl-f single mutant rather than pare71 in most respects. Taken together, our results suggest that CMT1 mediates Mn2 uptake into the chloroplast stroma, and that CMT1 and PAM71 function sequentially in Mn delivery to PSII across the chloroplast envelope and the thylakoid membrane.展开更多
文摘We used existing studies on the integration of user experience design and agile methods as a basis to develop a framework for integrating UX and Agile. We performed a field study in an ongoing project of a medium-sized company in order to check if the proposed framework fits in the real world, and how some aspects of the integration of UX and Agile work in a real project. This led us to some conclusions situating contributions from practice to theory and back again. The framework is briefly described in this paper and consists of a set of practices, artifacts, and techniques derived from the literature. By combining theory and practice we were able to confirm some thoughts and identify some gaps—both in the company process and in our proposed framework—and drive our attention to new issues that need to be addressed. We believe that the most important issues in our case study are: UX designers cannot collaborate closely with developers because UX designers are working on multiple projects and that UX designers cannot work up front because they are too busy with too many projects at the same time.
基金L.B.:EMBO postdoctoral fellowship ALTF 37-2022.S.P.acknowledges the financial aid of Villum Investigator(project ID:25915)DNRF Chair(DNRF155)+6 种基金Novo Nordisk L aureate(NNF190C0056076)Novo Nor-disk Emerging Investigator(NNF200C0060564)Novo Nordisk Data Sci-ence(NNF0068884)Lundbeck Foundation(experiment grant,R346-2020-1546)grantsK.E.H.F.:Novo Nordisk Foundation Industrial Biotechnology and Environmental Biotechnology Postdoctoral grant(NNF210C0071799)Villum Foundation Experiment grant (MIL50427)L.C.N.:EMBO postdoctoral fellowship ALTF 629-2021.
文摘All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that provides cohesion,protection,and a means of directional growth to plants.Cellulose microfibrils contribute the main biomechanical scaffold for most of these walls.The biosynthesis of cellulose,which typically is the most prominent constituent of the cell wall and therefore Earth’s most abundant biopolymer,is finely attuned to developmental and environmental cues.Our understanding of the machinery that catalyzes and regulates cellulose biosynthesis has substantially improved due to recent technological advances in,for example,structural biology and microscopy.Here,we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure,function,and regulation of the cellulose synthesis machinery and its regulatory interactors.We aim to highlight important knowledge gaps in the field,and outline emerging approaches that promise a means to close those gaps.
文摘The transition metal manganese （Mn） is indispensable for photoautotrophic growth since photosystem II （PSII） employs an inorganic Mn4CaOs cluster for water splitting. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis membrane protein CHLOROPLAST MANGANESE TRANSPORTER1 （CMT1） is involved in chloroplast Mn homeostasis. CMT1 is the closest homolog of the previously characterized thylakoid Mn transporter PHOTOSYNTHESIS-AFFECTED MUTANT71 （PAM71）. In contrast to PAM71, CMT1 resides at the chloro- plast envelope and is ubiquitously expressed. Nonetheless, like PAM71, the expression of CMT1 can also alleviate the Mn-sensitive phenotype of yeast mutant qomrl. The cmtl mutant is severely suppressed in growth, chloroplast ultrastructure, and PSII activity owing to a decrease in the amounts of pigments and thylakoid membrane proteins. The importance of CMT1 for chloroplast Mn homeostasis is demonstratedby the significant reduction in chloroplast Mn concentrations in cmtl-1, which exhibited reduced Mn binding in PSII complexes. Moreover, CMT1 expression is downregulated in Mn-surplus conditions. The pam71 cmtl-ldouble mutant resembles the cmtl-f single mutant rather than pare71 in most respects. Taken together, our results suggest that CMT1 mediates Mn2 uptake into the chloroplast stroma, and that CMT1 and PAM71 function sequentially in Mn delivery to PSII across the chloroplast envelope and the thylakoid membrane.
