Post-fledging dispersal and habitat use of a reintroduced population of the Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon)

Background: Knowledge of dispersal movement of birds and their habitat preference during the post-fledging period is fundamental to the understanding of their ecological and evolutionary processes. The Crested Ibis is now being reintroduced to protected sites within its historical range, with the goal of establishing a self-sustaining population that may eventually qualify the species for delisting.Methods: We carried out an ecological study of post-fledging dispersal and habitat use of a reintroduced population of the Crested Ibis(Nipponia nippon) from 2008 to 2012 in Ningshan County, China, by using banding and radio-telemetry methods.Results: In about two weeks(an average of 14.3 days) after fledging, the activities of the fledglings were concentrated in a range of about 100 m around their natal sites, such as the oak-pine forest patches at the edge of open habitats.During this period, fledglings were still partially dependent upon parental care and fed typically on a daily basis.Siblings increasingly became independent by mid-August and then gradually moved away from their natal sites to post-fledging dispersal locations. During the period of the post-fledging dispersal process, most juveniles moving southwest were concentrated at the mean direction(μ = 254.6°, ? = 70.5°) with a mean dispersal distance of 5.1 km.It took an average of 56.4 days to disperse from the natal territory to the first wintering area. Also, forging habitats for juvenile ibis varied with time and local conditions. For example, paddy fields were used most frequently among all habitat types, while shallow rivers just from August to October. Masson pine(Pinus massoniana) was often regarded as the roosting tree species preferred by the Crested Ibis, with the highest utilization rate among all the roosting habitat types. The juveniles of the wild population dispersed four times as far as that of the reintroduced population, but the overall pattern of post-fledging dispersal is similar for the reintroduced and wild populations.Conclusions: Our results are very useful for us to predict the distance and direction of dispersal under various landscape conditions in other released sites. The project is a good example for reintroducing endangered species to their former ranges, and will be valuable for the protection of reintroduced populations of this critically and other endangered species.

Effects of breeding success,age and sex on breeding dispersal of a reintroduced population of the Crested Ibis(Nipponia nippon)in Ningshan County,China

Background: Breeding dispersal is an important ecological process that affects species' population dynamics and colonization of new suitable areas. Knowledge of the causes and consequences of breeding dispersal is fundamental to our understanding of avian ecology and evolution. Although breeding success for a wild and reintroduced population of the Crested Ibis(Nipponia nippon) has been reported, the relationships between individuals' breeding dispersal and their breeding success, age and sex remain unclear.Methods: Ibises' breeding dispersal distance, which is the distance moved by adults between sites of reproduction, was estimated based on the observations of consecutive breeding sites of marked ibis individuals. From observational and capture-recapture data(n as = 102) over 9 years, individuals' breeding dispersal probability in relation to age, sex, and reproductive success wanalyzed via a generalized linear mixed effect modeling approach.Results: Our results show that 55% males and 51% females keep their previous territories following nesting success. Failed breeding attempts increased dispersal probabilities. Both females and males failed in breeding were more likely to disperse with greater distances than successful birds(females: 825 ± 216 m vs 196 ± 101 m, males: 372 Crested Ibis exhibited a female-biased dispersal pattern that the mean dispersal distance± 164 m vs 210 ± 127 m). of females(435 ± 234 m) was much larger than that of males(294 ± 172 m).Conclusion: Our results are fundamental to predict the patterns of breeding dispersal related to reproductive success under different release sites. From the conservation point of view, landscape connectivity between the reintroduced populations should be taken into account in accordance with the distance of breeding dispersal.

Can we reestablish a self-sustaining population?A case study on reintroduced Crested Ibis with population viability analysis

Background:One of the most challenging tasks in wildlife conservation and management is clarifying which and how external and intrinsic factors influence wildlife demography and long-term viability.The wild population of the Crested Ibis(Nipponia nippon)has recovered to approximately 4400,and several reintroduction programs have been carried out in China,Japan and Korea.Population viability analysis on this endangered species has been limited to the wild population,showing that the long-term population growth is restricted by the carrying capacity and inbreeding.However,gaps in knowledge of the viability of the reintroduced population and its drivers in the release environment impede the identification of the most effective population-level priorities for aiding in species recovery.Methods:The field monitoring data were collected from a reintroduced Crested Ibis population in Ningshan,China from 2007 to 2018.An individual-based VORTEX model(Version 10.3.5.0)was used to predict the future viability of the reintroduced population by incorporating adaptive patterns of ibis movement in relation to catastrophe frequency,mortality and sex ratio.Results:The reintroduced population in Ningshan County is unlikely to go extinct in the next 50 years.The popula-tion size was estimated to be 367,and the population genetic diversity was estimated to be 0.97.Sensitivity analysis showed that population size and extinction probability were dependent on the carrying capacity and sex ratio.The carrying capacity is the main factor accounting for the population size and genetic diversity,while the sex ratio is the primary factor responsible for the population growth trend.Conclusions:A viable population of the Crested Ibis can be established according to population viability analysis.Based on our results,conservation management should prioritize a balanced sex ratio,high-quality habitat and low mortality.

Using stable isotope to compare the habitat use and trophie level between the new and old breeding range of wild Crested Ibis in the early breeding season

The concept of foraging niche provides an insight into habitat use and dietary information of animals.Knowing intraspecific variation in foraging niche and trophic level is critical to the understanding of the species response to environmental changes during the process of range expansion,as well as the habitat management for conservation of threatened species.Using stable isotopic values of eggshell membranes(δ;C andδ;N),we examined whether there are differences in habitat use,trophic level,foraging niche width between the new and old breeding habitats(plains vs.mountains)of wild Crested Ibis(Nipponia nippon)in the early breeding season.Crested Ibis exhibited high variability in bothδ;C andδ;N values,δ;C andδ;N varied as a function of habitat types.Birds breeding in plains had significantly higherδ;C but lowerδ;N values compared to the birds breeding in mountains.Higherδ;N suggested that individuals in mountains consumed a great proportion of higher trophic level prey species in the early breeding season.Moreover,the isotopic niches were distinctly different in positions and showed small overlap between the two habitat types.The niche width was wider in old habitat than in the expanded new habitat.Our results demonstrated that the wild Crested Ibis had a high intraspecific variation in habitat uses and trophic levels in the early breeding season,and they could be divided into mountain and plain groups based on their different foraging niches.The difference inδ;N and niche width revealed that high trophic level food resources might be insufficient in plains.These findings stressed the importance of protecting foraging grounds in mountains and the necessity of improving foraging grounds in plains during winter and spring.Our study highlights the feasibility of investigating intraspecific variation in foraging ecology of birds through non-invasive isotopes of eggshell membranes.Understanding foraging niche variation gives us an insight into the food resource diversity in local areas and provides important information regarding particular foraging habitats that require protection.

Sex-related gene and sex identification of Crested Ibis Nipponia nippon (Ciconiifor-mes: Threskiornithidae)

The Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) is a critical endangered species of the world. At present, a reintroduction program will be conducted to save this species essentially. However, because the Crested Ibise is a sexual alike bird, it is very difficult to identify the sex from the morphological character. In order to identify the sex easily and select the right individuals for captive breeding and reintroduction, the sex related gene on W chromosome was amplified and the sex of three Crested Ibises were also identified in the present study. The 262bp fragment was also sequenced, and we found that there were 13 different nucleotide sites with 2.25 of transition/transversion based on the comparison with that of the Oriental White Stork. The sequence will also provide a theoretic base for further designing specific primer for sex related gene in the Crested Ibis.

Enabling Efficient Data Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks-Based IoT Application

The use of the Internet of Things(IoT)is expanding at an unprecedented scale in many critical applications due to the ability to interconnect and utilize a plethora of wide range of devices.In critical infrastructure domains like oil and gas supply,intelligent transportation,power grids,and autonomous agriculture,it is essential to guarantee the confidentiality,integrity,and authenticity of data collected and exchanged.However,the limited resources coupled with the heterogeneity of IoT devices make it inefficient or sometimes infeasible to achieve secure data transmission using traditional cryptographic techniques.Consequently,designing a lightweight secure data transmission scheme is becoming essential.In this article,we propose lightweight secure data transmission(LSDT)scheme for IoT environments.LSDT consists of three phases and utilizes an effective combination of symmetric keys and the Elliptic Curve Menezes-Qu-Vanstone asymmetric key agreement protocol.We design the simulation environment and experiments to evaluate the performance of the LSDT scheme in terms of communication and computation costs.Security and performance analysis indicates that the LSDT scheme is secure,suitable for IoT applications,and performs better in comparison to other related security schemes.

夜鹭布氏柠檬酸杆菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为分析陕西某地夜鹭死亡原因,对死亡夜鹭进行了剖检,并对存在明显病理变化的组织脏器进行了病理组织学检查、细菌分离培养、形态学观察、生化鉴定、动物致病性试验、药物敏感性试验,应用细菌16S rRNA基因通用引物进行基因扩增测序,选取同源性高的14株细菌序列进行同源性分析构建系统进化树。结果显示:从脏器中分离得到1株革兰阴性杆菌;16S rRNA序列与布氏柠檬酸杆菌同源性高达99%;生化试验鉴定为布氏柠檬酸杆菌;分离菌株对青霉素、苯唑西林、氨苄西林、哌拉西林、头孢氨苄、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮、丁胺卡那、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、新霉素、红霉素、麦迪霉素、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、复方新诺明、氯霉素等20种抗菌药敏感,对头孢他啶苯唑西林、万古霉素、克林霉素等3种抗菌药耐药;该菌株对雏鸡具有较强致病性,可以从死亡雏鸡体内重新分离到该菌株,表明该夜鹭受到布氏柠檬酸杆菌的感染。本研究为夜鹭布氏柠檬酸杆菌相关疾病的防治提供了科学依据。

陕西省鸟类新纪录——纯色山鹪莺

2023年5月12日陕西汉中朱鹮国家级自然保护区管理局巡护人员在安康市汉滨区恒口镇月坝村(32.754791°N,108.699182°E)记录到1只全身褐色,有黄白色眉纹,眼黄褐色的鹪莺。经鉴定为纯色山鹪莺(Prinia inornata),是陕西省新纪录。

Drift DetectionMethod Using DistanceMeasures and Windowing Schemes for Sentiment Classification

Textual data streams have been extensively used in practical applications where consumers of online products have expressed their views regarding online products.Due to changes in data distribution,commonly referred to as concept drift,mining this data stream is a challenging problem for researchers.The majority of the existing drift detection techniques are based on classification errors,which have higher probabilities of false-positive or missed detections.To improve classification accuracy,there is a need to develop more intuitive detection techniques that can identify a great number of drifts in the data streams.This paper presents an adaptive unsupervised learning technique,an ensemble classifier based on drift detection for opinion mining and sentiment classification.To improve classification performance,this approach uses four different dissimilarity measures to determine the degree of concept drifts in the data stream.Whenever a drift is detected,the proposed method builds and adds a new classifier to the ensemble.To add a new classifier,the total number of classifiers in the ensemble is first checked if the limit is exceeded before the classifier with the least weight is removed from the ensemble.To this end,a weighting mechanism is used to calculate the weight of each classifier,which decides the contribution of each classifier in the final classification results.Several experiments were conducted on real-world datasets and the resultswere evaluated on the false positive rate,miss detection rate,and accuracy measures.The proposed method is also compared with the state-of-the-art methods,which include DDM,EDDM,and PageHinkley with support vector machine(SVM)and Naive Bayes classifiers that are frequently used in concept drift detection studies.In all cases,the results show the efficiency of our proposed method.

Floral trait variation across individual plants within a population enhances defense capability to nectar robbing

Floral trait variation may help pollinators and nectar robbers identify their target plants and,thus,lead to differential selection pressure for defense capability against floral antagonists.However,the effect of floral trait variation among individuals within a population on multi-dimensional plant-animal interactions has been little explored.We investigated floral trait variation,pollination,and nectar robbing among individual plants in a population of the bumble bee-pollinated plant,Caryopteris divaricata,from which flowers are also robbed by bumble bees with varying intensity across individuals.We measured the variation in corolla tube length,nectar volume and sugar concentration among individual plants,and evaluated whether the variation were recognized by pollinators and robbers.We investigated the in-fluence of nectar robbing on legitimate visitation and seed production per fruit.We found that the primary nectar robber(Bombus nobilis)preferred to forage on plants with long-tubed flowers,which produced less nectar and had lower sugar concentration compared to those with shorter corolla tubes.Individuals with shorter corolla tubes had comparatively lower nectar robbing intensity but higher visitation by legitimate visitors(mainly B.picipes)and higher seed production.Nectar robbing signifi-cantly reduced seed production because it decreased pollinator visits.However,neither pollination nor seed production differed between plants with long and short corolla tubes when nectar robbers were excluded.This finding suggests that floral trait variation might not be driven by pollinators.Such variation among individual plants thus allows legitimate visitors and nectar robbers to segregate niches and enhances population defense against nectar robbing in unpredictable conditions.

基于最大熵模型的佛坪国家级自然保护区豹生境适宜性评价研究

陕西佛坪国家级自然保护区是秦岭地区豹的主要分布区之一,近年来多次在野外观测到豹的活动痕迹。明确物种栖息地的分布与状况对于濒危物种的有效保护与科学管理具有重要意义。本研究基于陕西佛坪国家级自然保护区2017—2019年红外相机监测而获得的25个豹的分布点,结合地形、植被、干扰等7个环境变量,利用大熵模型(MaxEnt)分析影响豹栖息地适宜性的主要环境因子,并对豹的适宜栖息地进行了评估。结果表明,MaxEnt模型的评价效果达到优秀水平(训练集AUC=0.926、测试集AUC=0.912);海拔(51.7%)、坡度(16.1%)、猎物丰富度(11%)、距居民点距离(10.3%)是影响豹栖息地适宜性的主要环境特征变量;豹适宜栖息地面积为11312 hm^(2),主要分布在核心区的高海拔区域,占保护区总面积的38.69%。

Meso位直结型稳定双卟啉的合成及性质

利用氧化法成功地合成了同核 ｍｅｓｏ 位直结型稳定卟啉二聚体锌络合物，收率接近理论值；无论是碱式还是金属络合物都显示出卟啉环间成平面正交的电子吸收光谱；在循环伏安图谱中都显示出卟啉环间再氧化还原过程中较强烈的库仑作用；每个卟啉环的一电子氧化或还原均为可逆过程．

锆诱导的五元环化合物的新合成

由锆杂五元环化合物出发合成五元环有机化合物,只要求一个碳单元并且形成两个碳-碳键.从以下四个方面描述了利用锆杂环化物合成五元环有机化合物的新合成方法:(1)CO或RNC的插入反应;(2)与丙炔酸酯的加成反应--两次的Michael加成;(3)与碘代丙烯酸酯或碘代环烯酮的偶联加成反应--先偶联后Michael加成;(4)与酰氯的取代加成反应--先亲核取代后亲核加成.每类反应都含有数个简单反应类型.

朱鹮栖息地生境修复与景观规划设计——以陕西洋县傥水河下游修复为例

文章利用景观生态学分析方法,先从宏观尺度上分析朱鹮栖息地整体生境构成问题,并对朱鹮3个活动周期范围内的生境因子进行分析,找出相关生境因子问题;然后以陕西洋县傥水河下游生境修复为例,通过现场调研,在局地尺度上找出重要节点存在的具体生境问题,尝试在不同空间尺度下运用风景园林学科的设计方法,对重要节点——河流生境因子进行生境修复,设计适宜度较高的朱鹮栖息地。

开口箭种质资源及其混伪品的SSR指纹图谱研究

利用SSR分子标记技术研究开口箭种质资源的DNA鉴定方法,构建其指纹图谱,为开口箭及其混伪品鉴定提供参考依据。应用7对多态性丰富的SSR引物对10份开口箭种质资源和5份混伪品进行了PCR扩增和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测。结果表明,开口箭种质资源及其混伪品的遗传多样性丰富,7对SSR引物共检测出21个多态性位点,平均每对引物的多态性位点数为3.0;基于SSR分子标记的DNA指纹图谱可将开口箭种质及其混伪品完全区分开。该研究建立的SSR指纹图谱可用于开口箭种质资源标准化分析及市场化检测。

川西北观雾山组白云岩稀土元素特征及其对白云岩化流体性质的指示

分析川西北地区泥盆系观雾山组白云岩形成过程的流体特征,探讨其形成机理。通过对江油县马角坝、青川县何家梁及平武县甘溪剖面观雾山组白云岩的岩石学特征研究,按照晶粒大小将其分为细-粉晶白云岩、细晶白云岩和中晶白云岩3类;根据稀土元素研究流体性质,推测白云岩成因。白云岩稀土总含量较低,3种白云岩具有相似的稀土配分模式,并且都与泥晶灰岩配分模式类似,表现出轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损;样品均呈现Ce不明显负异常(均值0.94)、Eu负异常(均值0.81)、Y明显的正异常(均值2.98)。稀土元素地球化学特征指示白云岩化流体主要是海源性流体,成岩环境为相对封闭的还原环境。

川西拗陷中段蓬莱镇组储层发育特征及主控因素

研究川西拗陷中段上侏罗统蓬莱镇组储层发育的主控因素,寻找优质储层发育区。通过对储层微观特征分析,结合钻井相关的测试分析资料,研究结果表明,川西拗陷中段蓬莱镇组储层总体上属于中-低孔、低渗型储层,且平面上差异较大,位于研究区中部、东部地区相对远物源富长石类储层物性总体较好。最有利储层发育的沉积环境为分流河道,次为河口坝。压实作用和胶结作用是造成储层中-低孔、低渗最主要的原因;而溶蚀作用是最重要的建设性成岩作用,且胶结物的溶蚀强度大于碎屑颗粒的溶蚀强度。此外,少量的构造破裂缝可以在一定程度上改善储层渗滤能力,同时也为溶蚀作用提供了良好的通道。

基于鸟类生境营造的河流景观设计研究

本文简要描述了洋县的生境特征,重点分析了朱鹮栖息地生境因子构成,通过调研发现栖息地生境因子问题,并对河流生境因子提出修复策略及方法。从而设计出适宜度较高的朱鹮栖息地。

中国野生朱鹮的繁殖现状和种群数量

【目的】了解和掌握野生朱鹮的繁殖特征和最新的种群数量,为朱鹮种群的现状评估和保护管理提供科学依据。【方法】于2019年3―6月对陕西省洋县及周边地区的朱鹮巢址进行调查,统计每巢的环境因子和繁殖参数,分析营巢成功率和繁殖生产力;于2019年9月对朱鹮的夜宿地进行同步调查,统计朱鹮的数量和年龄结构。根据巢址的密度,在ArcView GIS 3.3中使用核密度法(Kernel)计算不同巢区的分布和面积,在SPSS 22.0中使用列联表分析(Crosstabs)和单因素方差分析(ANOVA)比较朱鹮繁殖参数的差异。【结果】2019年共统计到朱鹮巢址449个,主要分布在陕西省洋县(66.8%)和毗邻的城固县(29.0%)。朱鹮的核心巢区和常规巢区面积分别为244.1 km 2和1523.7 km 2,其中核心巢区的营巢密度为0.73巢•km^-2,远高于常规巢区的0.16巢•km^-2。朱鹮的营巢成功率为66.4%,在核心巢区、常规巢区和外围巢区中营巢成功率依次上升且差异极为显著。朱鹮的繁殖生产力为2.05,其中外围巢区的繁殖生产力显著高于其他2个巢区。共统计到营巢树种19种,主要为松树(30.2%)、榆树(28.6%)和山杨(26.6%)。朱鹮在3种主要营巢树种的营巢成功率没有显著差异,但在松树上的繁殖生产力显著较高。在38个夜宿地同步记录到朱鹮2571只,其中,洋县和城固县的夜宿地数量分别占73.7%和15.8%,夜宿的朱鹮数量分别占73.0%和23.4%。夜宿种群中当年出生的幼鸟占11.6%。【结论】我国野生朱鹮的数量稳步增长,巢址和夜宿地仍然主要分布在洋县和毗邻的城固县。但核心巢区的种群增长可能已经受到环境容纳量的限制,朱鹮种群正在加速向外围地区扩散。种群的年龄结构正在发生较大变化,将对今后的种群增长速度产生影响。加强对核心分布区栖息地的恢复以及对外围分布区的保护管理,将是促进朱鹮种群持续增长的关键。

朱鹮对冬季农田的觅食选择

朱鹮Nipponia nippon属国家一级重点保护野生动物,被世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录列为濒危(EN)。目前野生朱鹮主要分布于陕西省洋县及其周边区域。本调查以陕西汉中朱鹮国家级自然保护区为研究区域,运用ENVI 4.0和ArcGIS 10.2通过支持向量机法制成农田分布图,随机抽取12条样线以1.8 km·h^(-1)的步行速度用10×42双筒望远镜统计朱鹮的数量。本研究将样线上的农田分为未翻犁蓄水稻田、翻犁蓄水稻田、翻犁未蓄水稻田、未翻犁未蓄水稻田、旱地和撂荒地6种类型,利用选择系数和选择指数衡量朱鹮对觅食地的选择。在7条朱鹮活动频繁的样线上随机抽取28个1 m×1 m的样方,统计样方内底栖动物的丰富度。结果表明,越冬期朱鹮偏好选择未翻犁蓄水稻田,选择指数为0.49±0.11,且偏好在水深3~6 cm的水田上觅食,选择指数为0.16±0.21。水田中底栖动物以昆虫为主,占总生物数量的64.02%。未翻犁蓄水田和翻犁蓄水田底栖动物的密度均没有显著差异。上述结果表明,冬季朱鹮更倾向于在未翻犁、蓄水深度为3~6 cm的水田中觅食。