Postbiotics from Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation stabilize microbiota in rumen liquid digesta during grain-based subacute ruminal acidosis(SARA) in lactating dairy cows

Background Subacute ruminal acidosis(SARA)is a common metabolic disorder of high yielding dairy cows,and it is associated with dysbiosis of the rumen and gut microbiome and host inflammation.This study evaluated the impact of two postbiotics from Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products(SCFP)on rumen liquid associated microbiota of lactating dairy cows subjected to repeated grain-based SARA challenges.A total of 32 rumen cannulated cows were randomly assigned to 4 treatments from 4 weeks before until 12 weeks after parturition.Treatment groups included a Control diet or diets supplemented with postbiotics(SCFPa,14 g/d Original XPC;SCFPb-1X,19 g/d Nutri Tek;SCFPb-2X,38 g/d Nutri Tek,Diamond V,Cedar Rapids,IA,USA).Grain-based SARA challenges were conducted during week 5(SARA1)and week 8(SARA2)after parturition by replacing 20%DM of the base total mixed ration(TMR)with pellets containing 50%ground barley and 50%ground wheat.Total DNA from rumen liquid samples was subjected to V3–V416S r RNA gene amplicon sequencing.Characteristics of rumen microbiota were compared among treatments and SARA stages.Results Both SARA challenges reduced the diversity and richness of rumen liquid microbiota,altered the overall composition(β-diversity),and its predicted functionality including carbohydrates and amino acids metabolic pathways.The SARA challenges also reduced the number of significant associations among different taxa,number of hub taxa and their composition in the microbial co-occurrence networks.Supplementation with SCFP postbiotics,in particular SCFPb-2X,enhanced the robustness of the rumen microbiota.The SCFP supplemented cows had less fluctuation in relative abundances of community members when exposed to SARA challenges.The SCFP supplementation promoted the populations of lactate utilizing and fibrolytic bacteria,including members of Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae,and also increased the numbers of hub taxa during non-SARA and SARA stages.Supplementation with SCFPb-2X prevented the fluctuations in the abundances of hub taxa that were positively correlated with the acetate concentration,andα-andβ-diversity metrics in rumen liquid digesta.Conclusions Induction of SARA challenges reduced microbiota richness and diversity and caused fluctuations in major bacterial phyla in rumen liquid microbiota in lactating dairy cows.Supplementation of SCFP postbiotics could attenuate adverse effects of SARA on rumen liquid microbiota.

Differentiation of Avian Pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i>Strains from Broiler Chickens by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Random Amplified Polymorphic (RAPD) DNA

We examined 50 Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains isolated from broiler chickens between January 2013 to March 2014 in order to evaluate the epidemiological prevalence of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) in Jordan by multiplex PCR and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) tests. The multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which was used as tentative criteria of APEC targets 8 virulence associated genes;enteroaggregative toxin (astA), Type 1 fimbria adhesion (fimH), iron-repressible protein (irp2), P fimbriae (papC), aerobactin (iucD), temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin (tsh), vacuolating autotransporter toxin (vat), and colicin V plasmid operon (cva/cvi) genes. The number of detected genes could be used as a reliable index of their virulence. E. coli strains already typed as an APEC always harbor 5 to 8 genes, but non-APEC strains harbor less than 4 genes. Assuming the criteria of an APEC is possession of 5 or more virulence associated genes;we found that all 50 E. coli strains were classified as APEC strains. The RAPD analysis showed that the E. coli strains could be grouped into 35 of RAPD types by using these two different RAPD primer sets, RAPD analysis primer 4 5'AAGAGCCCGT5', and RAPD analysis primer 6 5'CCCGTCAGCA3'. The current study confirmed the endemic nature of APEC in broiler flocks in Jordan. It is essential that the biosecurity on poultry farms should be improved to prevent the introduction and dissemination of APEC and other agents. Furthermore, farmers need to be educated about the signs, lesions, and the importance of this agent.

Evaluating the Economic and Environmental Impacts of a Global GMO Ban

The objective of this research is to assess the global economic and greenhouse gas emission impacts of banning GMO crops. This is done by modeling two counterfac-tual scenarios and evaluating them apart and in combination using a well-know Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, GTAP-BIO. The first scenario models the impact of a global GMO ban. The second scenario models the impact of increased GMO penetration. The focus is on the price and welfare impacts, and land use change greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with GMO technologies. Much of the prior work on the economic impacts of GMO technology has relied on a combination of partial equilibrium analysis and econometric techniques. However, CGE model-ling is a way of analyzing economy-wide impacts that take into account the linkages in the global economy. Here the goal is to contribute to the literature on the benefits of GMO technology by estimating the impacts on price, supply and welfare. Food price impacts range from an increase of 0.27% to 2.2%, depending on the region. Total welfare losses associated with loss of GMO technology total up to $9.75 bil-lion. The loss of GMO traits as an intensification technology has not only economic impacts, but also environmental ones. The full environmental analysis of GMO is not undertaken here. Rather we model the land use change owing to the loss of GMO traits and calculate the associated increase in GHG emissions. We predict a substan-tial increase in GHG emissions if GMO technology is banned.

解决猪的氧化应激

氧化应激会带来许多影响育种和饲养系统中生产性能的问题。生产者可以寻找能够应对该问题的新方法,并利用已被证明可以提高动物生产性能的替代性抗氧化剂。

高固体分低温固化烘烤型磁漆

使用Cargill公司的高固体分聚酯57－5803和孟山都公司的Resimene747、797和717三种三聚氰胺交联剂，以及封闭的和未封闭的对甲苯磺酸催化剂等，配制了各种高固体分低温固化烘烤型磁漆，在钢材和10种塑料基村上进行了应用试验。研究了三聚氰胺交联剂和酸催化剂类型及用量对涂料性能的影响，据此对各种配方进行评价。

Extraction and characterization of gelling pectin from the peel of Poncirus trifoliata fruit

In the framework of searching for new pectin sources to partially compensate for domestic and regional demands, the peel (albedo) of the “non-comestible” fruit of Poncirus trifoliata was investigated using a relatively simple experimental design for optimization, in which only the variable was the extraction pH (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) on the basis of our previous studies on diverse pectin sources. The results showed that the yield of pectin (7.4%-19.8%) was strongly influenced by the extraction pH when the other parameters, namely the solid to liquid extractant (S/L) ratio, temperature (T &degC), and time (t) were fixed to 1:25 (w/v), 75&degC, and 90 min, respectively. Likewise, the galacturonic acid content (GalA: 61.4%-79.2%), total neutral sugar content (TNS: 9.1%-22.5%), degree of branching (3.5%-13.9%), homogalacturonan (HG) to rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) ratio (2.2-5.6), degree of methylesterification (DM: 54-77), viscosity average molecular weight (Mν: 57-82), and gelling capacity (GC: 124-158) were all affected by the extraction pH. The optimum pH for producing pectin with good yield, quality characteristics (GalA > 65%, DM > 60, Mν > 80 kDa), and gelling capacity (GC > 150), from the peel of P. trifoliata fruit, was found to be pH 1.5.

Digestion of Food Ingredients and Food Using an <i>In Vitro</i>Model Integrating Intestinal Mucosal Enzymes

This study focuses on the development of an in vitro digestion model simulating oral, gastric and small intestinal fluids, applicable to the digestion of all three macronutrients, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. To that aim, the effect of integrating intestinal mucosal enzymes in the small intestinal phase of the digestion reaction was investigated, together with that of other parameters including pepsin and pancreatin concentration, and pH of the small intestinal phase. Individual carbohydrate and protein ingredients for which digestive properties in vivo are generally understood (i.e. common corn starch, whey protein isolate) were used as reference substrates to validate the model and, at the end of development, the model was applied to evaluate the digestion of a reference lipid ingredient (i.e. olive oil) and of all three macronutrients present in a whole food system. Carbohydrate, protein and lipid hydrolysis was monitored, respectively, by quantitation of glucose, free amino groups and free fatty acids released at different times of digestion. The results demonstrate that including intestinal mucosal enzymes in the intestinal phase of digestion in vitro allows efficient digestion of starch and other carbohydrates into final product glucose and it also influences protein hydrolysis. Digestion profiles consistent with published in vitro and in vivo data support the validity of the developed method as an advanced tool for screening digestion of all three macronutrients whether presented alone or in a whole food system, all in a single digestion reaction.

皱波角叉菜提取物在面贴膜中的应用

通过测试面贴膜的载液率、保水率、损失率,并进行感官评价和仪器测试,对2种皱波角叉菜提取物作为结构剂的面贴膜精华液进行应用研究。结果显示,皱波角叉菜提取物在莱赛尔纤维膜材中具有高载液率、高保水率和较低的损失率,感官评价和仪器测试也证实其肤感不黏腻的特性,适合应用在面贴膜精华液配方中。

Breakdown of Corn Fiber by a Metagenomic Ferulolyl Esterase in Combination with Glycosyl Hydrolases

A feruloyl esterase (FAE-C6) gene of 957 bp was isolated from rumen microbial metagenome, subcloned into pET32b vector, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme purified in active form, consisted of 319 amino acid residues, with a molecular weight of 43.7 based on SDS-PAGE. Homology modeling showed that the FAE contained the catalytic triad composed of Ser154-Asp263His295 and a classical Gly-X-Ser154-X-Gly nucleophile motif commonly found in esterases. The FAE-C6 was characterized using corn fiber as substrate. Its combining action with glycoside hydrolases (C, X, A) individually and in various combinations was studied with focus on the difference in the effects on FA and sugar release. Glycoside hydrolases with endo-xylanase included in the enzyme mixture showed significant impact on increasing the FA yield. For the release of sugar, FAE enhanced the yield in all hydrolase combinations moderately and endo-xylanase was not the key factor in the enzyme formulation.

Mitigation of Mycotoxins during Food Processing:Sharing Experience among Europe and South East Asia

Worldwide the issue of mycotoxins results in economic losses estimated at billions of dollars and toxicological risk for both humans and animals.Preventive measures also include decontamination and mitigation actions that can be carried out through food processing.Several proposals have been tested and illustrated also in scientific papers during the last decades,however clear,easy to implement,practical suggestions and guidelines for process adaptation are much more needed.Europe and South East Asia can find synergies and complementarities moving from processing to analysis,from risk assessment to reduction strategies,from gap-analysis to communication roadmaps.Stakeholders from both Europe and Southeast Asia must then ensure that there is a way to ease and harmonize the regulation in the food supply chain in order to ensure food safety and at the same time facilitate trade in both regions,taking into account of the various landscapes,agrosystems and also different consumer preferences within the countries themselves.Concerning the example of cereals,processing steps cover primary processing(cleaning and milling operations)and secondary processing procedures(such as fermentation and thermal treatments during baking),special attention is devoted to the production of baked goods and to the estimation of processing factors for DON in wheat bread production especially in Europe.With reference instead to the specific context of Asian producers,a case-study focuses on ochratoxin A in coffee in Southeast Asia region,combining the expertise of the farming community,coffee industry and science researchers.The strategy to reduce mycotoxins in a farm setting poses several challenges to coffee farmers:it needs to be analyzed in the context of good agricultural practices,socioeconomic and behavioral factors of both coffee producers and consumers.As the world becomes more globalized,food and feed supply chains also become more complexed and hence,a more comprehensive strategy to ensure food contaminants mitigation is needed.

The insensitive mechanism of poultry to zearalenone:A review

Zearalenone(ZEN)is one of the most common contaminating mycotoxins and is mainly produced by Fusarium graminearum.ZEN and its metabolites can interfere with estrogen function and affect animals'reproductive ability.Pigs are most susceptible to ZEN,and ZEN is less harmful to poultry than to pigs.The exact mechanism for the difference in susceptibility remains unclear.In this review,we summarized some possible reasons for the relative insensitivity of poultry to ZEN,such as the lower total amount ofα-zearalenol(α-ZOL)and theα-ZOL-to-β-ZOL ratio which reduce the toxicity of ZEN to poultry.The faster hepatic and enteric circulation,and excretion capacity in poultry can excrete more ZEN and its metab-olites.There are other possible factors such as the transformation of intestinal microorganisms,differ-ences in hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases'activity,high estrogen levels,and low estrogen receptors affinity which can also cause poultry to be relatively insensitive to ZEN.In this review,we summarized the hazards,pollution status,metabolic pathways,and some measures to mitigate ZEN's harmfulness.Specifically,we discussed the possible mechanisms of low reproductive toxicity by ZEN in poultry.

抗微生物软化剂盐和溶液

本发明介绍了一种细菌污染的离子交换介质再生的方法，包括使一种盐配方溶解在水中，形成一种盐水，使盐水在再生循环期间穿过离子交换介质，该盐的配方由一种食品级酸、至少约100ppm的食品级表面活性剂和至少一种约90％的无机物，Na、K、或Na和K的水溶液盐组成，其中再生循环的结果是，酸和表面活性剂以一种有效的量存在于盐水中杀灭至少约65％的革兰氏阴性细菌。