Internet Data for Improving Prevention and Control of Global Infectious Diseases

By the end of 2018,there were about 5.1 billion internet users worldwide who accounted for 67%of the total population(1).Health problems have emerged following widespread use of the internet as a new model of social activity,such as anonymous personal attacks or abuse and information leakages.A more potent threat is the unverified information being provided by the internet or electronic media that can lead to unsubstantiated judgments and improper responses to information regarding an individual’s health status.

Association between Drug Co-use Networks and HIV Infection:A Latent Profile Analysis in Chinese Mainland

Persons who use drugs are a high-risk subpopulation for HIV infection because more than one drug user often take drugs together,which increases the risk of HIV transmission.For the PWUDs who had tested for HIV,we extracted data on demographic characteristics,drug types,injection drug use behavior,encrypted IDs of co-users,and drug use location from the National Dynamic Management and Control Database for Persons Who Use Drugs between January 2008 and July 2016.We mapped and classified Co-UDs’networks and estimated the risk of HIV infection.Drug co-use networks were formulated on the basis of connections between PWUDs at the same time and location.Latent profile analysis(LPA)and logistic regression models were used to cluster the classes and to estimate the HIV infection risk among them,respectively.A total of 470967 PWUDs were included,among whom 69529 Co-UDs formed 7001 networks,which were categorized into three classes:Class A(n=211,3.0%)had large networks,with more members(median 10.0(IQR:8.0-14.5)),and comprised depressant and stimulant users located in central and eastern China;Class B(n=3770,53.8%)was dominated by depressant users(median 3.0(IQR:3.0-4.0))across the country;Class C(n=3020,43.1%)was dominated by stimulant users(median 3.0(IQR:3.0-4.0))located in central and eastern China.The HIV infection rates were 9.71%,3.33%,and 0.33%in Classes A,B,and C,respectively.Compared with Class A,Classes B and C were associated with decreased odds of HIV infection.Our findings suggest that more attention should be paid to larger networks,with a relatively high HIV infection risk,to enhance prevention and intervention strategies.

Exploring the Bridge Cases’Role in the Transmission of the SARSCoV-2 Delta Variant—Ruili City,Yunnan Province,China,July–September 2021

Summary What is already known about this topic?The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)Delta variant has proved to have increased transmissibility,and mutations that can cause partial immune escape,which makes its transmission more insidious.What is added by this report?This study showed that probable cases who had negative results in nucleic acid testing but had positive IgM test result and/or IgG test value of over 20 S/CO in antibodies testing.

Impact of Regions with COVID-19 Cases on COVID-Zero Regions by Population Mobility—Worldwide,2021

Summary What is already known about this topic?Reducing population mobility and increasing the vaccination rate for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can decrease the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).What is added by this report?In order to reduce the incidence of COVID-19 to the levels of influenza after restoring normal mobility,the efficacy against infection needs to be increased to 40%and the efficacy against symptomatic disease needs to be increased to 90%.The efficacy against infection has a more important impact compared to efficacy against symptomatic disease or death on the transmission of COVID-19 at the population level.What are the implications for public health practice?The population should continue maintaining nonpharmaceutical interventions and minimize international movement to prevent transmission of COVID-19.Furthermore,developing new vaccines or promoting booster vaccinations should be considered to increase efficacy.

Estimating the Incidence of Tuberculosis--Shanghai,China,2025−2050

What is already known on this topic?Despite the impressive achievements in eliminating tuberculosis(TB),the TB burden is still heavy in China.By 2010,China halved the prevalence and mortality reported in 1990,but China is still one of 30 high-TB burden countries in the world.What is added by this report?A dynamic transmission model including both rifampin resistant TB(RR-TB)and relapse of pulmonary TB was created.The TB incidence of Shanghai in 2025 and 2035 was predicted,and sensitively analysis of reducing transmission,treating latent TB infection(LTBI),and reducing the recurrence rate was conducted.What are the implications for public health practice?Screening for latent TB infections should be carried out regularly in high-risk groups and areas using tuberculin skin testing and/or interferon gamma release assays.