The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank has witnessed early success with its expanding membership. There have also been signs of innovation in its governance and operations that could usefully inform and migrate over...The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank has witnessed early success with its expanding membership. There have also been signs of innovation in its governance and operations that could usefully inform and migrate over to the other multilateral development institutions.展开更多
Introduction:The central premise underlying international payments for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation(REDD+)is that offering governments ex post payments for verified success in reducing ...Introduction:The central premise underlying international payments for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation(REDD+)is that offering governments ex post payments for verified success in reducing emissions will motivate them to protect and restore forests.However,the extent to which performance-based payments motivate governments to protect and restore forests has yet to be evaluated quantitatively.Researchers have only quantitatively evaluated performance-based payments to non-governments for forest outcomes(e.g.payments for ecosystem services)and to governments for non-forest outcomes(e.g.results-based aid).Methods:We describe how researchers now have an opportunity to more easily evaluate performance-based payments to governments for forest outcomes thanks to India’s new ecological fiscal transfers(EFTs),which provide$6-12 billion per year to Indian states in proportion to their forest cover.Discussion:India’s EFTs differ from REDD+programs in that they pay for states’stock of forest area in the recent past rather than reductions in the rate of forest carbon loss in the near-future.Nevertheless,India’s EFTs focus on a single outcome and have many recipient governments,significant financial scale,lack of contemporaneous confounding policy changes,universal participation,and long-term data collection.Conclusion:These features make India’s EFTs especially useful for testing the payment-forperformance premise of REDD+.展开更多
文摘The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank has witnessed early success with its expanding membership. There have also been signs of innovation in its governance and operations that could usefully inform and migrate over to the other multilateral development institutions.
文摘Introduction:The central premise underlying international payments for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation(REDD+)is that offering governments ex post payments for verified success in reducing emissions will motivate them to protect and restore forests.However,the extent to which performance-based payments motivate governments to protect and restore forests has yet to be evaluated quantitatively.Researchers have only quantitatively evaluated performance-based payments to non-governments for forest outcomes(e.g.payments for ecosystem services)and to governments for non-forest outcomes(e.g.results-based aid).Methods:We describe how researchers now have an opportunity to more easily evaluate performance-based payments to governments for forest outcomes thanks to India’s new ecological fiscal transfers(EFTs),which provide$6-12 billion per year to Indian states in proportion to their forest cover.Discussion:India’s EFTs differ from REDD+programs in that they pay for states’stock of forest area in the recent past rather than reductions in the rate of forest carbon loss in the near-future.Nevertheless,India’s EFTs focus on a single outcome and have many recipient governments,significant financial scale,lack of contemporaneous confounding policy changes,universal participation,and long-term data collection.Conclusion:These features make India’s EFTs especially useful for testing the payment-forperformance premise of REDD+.
