Rates and risk factors for suicidal ideation,suicide attempts and suicide deaths in persons with HIV:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background People living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA)must contend with a significant burden of disease.However,current studies of this demographic have yielded wide variations in the incidence of suicidality(defined as suicidal ideation,suicide attempt and suicide deaths).Aims This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the lifetime incidence and prevalence of suicidality in PLWHA.Methods Publications were identified from PubMed(MEDLINE),SCOPUS,OVID(MEDLINE),Joanna Briggs Institute EBP and Cochrane Library databases(from inception to before 1 February 2020).The search strategy included a combination of Medical Subject Headings associated with suicide and HIV.Researchers independently screened records,extracted outcome measures and assessed study quality.Data were pooled using a random-effects model.Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted to explore the associated risk factors and to identify the sources of heterogeneity.Main outcomes were lifetime incidence of suicide completion and lifetime incidence and prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt.Results A total of 185199 PLWHA were identified from 40 studies(12 cohorts,27 cross-sectional and 1 nested case-control).The overall incidence of suicide completion in PLWHA was 10.2/1000 persons(95%CI:4.5 to 23.1),translating to 100-fold higher suicide deaths than the global general population rate of 0.11/1000 persons.The lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts was 158.3/1000 persons(95%CI:106.9 to 228.2)and of suicidal ideation was 228.3/1000 persons(95%CI:150.8 to 330.1).Meta-regression revealed that for every 10-percentage point increase in the proportion of people living with HIV with advanced disease(AIDS),the risk of suicide completion increased by 34 per 1000 persons.The quality of evidence by Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development and Evaluations for the suicide deaths was graded as‘moderate’quality.Conclusions The risk of suicide death is 100-fold higher in people living with HIV than in the general population.Lifetime incidence of suicidal ideation and attempts are substantially high.Suicide risk assessments should be a priority in PLWHA,especially for those with more advanced disease.

Short-Range Optical Wireless Communications for Indoor and Interconnects Applications

Optical wireless communications have been widely studied during the past decade in short-range applications,such as indoor highspeed wireless networks and interconnects in data centers and high-performance computing.In this paper,recent developments in high-speed short-range optical wireless communications are reviewed,including visible light communications(VLCs),infrared indoor communication systems,and reconfigurable optical interconnects.The general architecture of indoor high-speed optical wireless communications is described,and the advantages and limitations of both visible and infrared based solutions are discussed.The concept of reconfigurable optical interconnects is presented,and key results are summarized.In addition,the challenges and potential future directions of short-range optical wireless communications are discussed.

Electroacupuncture Stimulation of Language-Implicated Acupoint Tongli(HT 5) in Healthy Subjects: An fMRI Evaluation Study

Objective: To explore brain activations associated with electroacupuncture simulation at Tongli(HT 5) and its comparison with brain activations during picture-naming task. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Half of them received electroacupuncture stimulation at HT 5(ACUP group) and the other half of them received stimulation at a nonmeridian sham acupoint(SHAM group). All subjects performed picture-naming task. Each subject finished two runs of functional magnetic resonance imaging examinations in one session and picture-naming task was performed before electroacupuncture stimulation. Subjective brain activations were obtained using generalized linear model and inter-group analyses were performed after that. Results: The electroacupuncture stimulation at HT 5 induced significant brain activations in both the anterior and posterior language regions, including the left inferior frontal gyrus, which was in consistent with activations induced during picture-naming task. Group analysis showed a tendency of increased activation of ACUP group in left inferior frontal gyrus compared with SHAM group(P<0.05 FDR corrected). Conclusions: Electroacupuncture treatment at the acupoint HT 5 has modulation effect on typical language-implicated brain regions in healthy subjects, which provides supporting evidence for beneficial effects of needling at HT 5 for recovery of language function in aphasia.

Construction and humoral immune response of Epstein-Barrvirus latent membrane protein 2 DNA vaccine in mice

We constructed a eukaryotic expression plas-mid encoding Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2(EBV,LMP2)and evaluated its effects on humoral immunity.First,the encoding sequence of the EBV LMP2 was amplified from B95-8 cell RNA by reverse transcrip-tion polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and then was directionally cloned into eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1.It was employed to evaluate immune response of the mice inoculated doubly with the DNA vaccine.The serum antibody against LMP2 was detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1-LMP2 was confirmed by the restrictive endonuclease analysis and sequence analysis.The serum titer of IgG antibody against LMP2 epitope in the mice immunized with the DNA vaccine encoding LMP2 was up to 1∶4000.In conclusion,the EBV LMP2 DNA vaccine can induce a strong humoral immune response in mice.