Mucoadhesive and antifouling Janus polysaccharide film for prevention of colorectal cancer recurrence post-surgery

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers,and current treatment options include surgery,chemotherapy,and radiation therapy.Most patients undergo surgery,which often requires extensive resection of the colon to prevent recurrence and metastasis of residual malignant tumor cells,leading to postoperative pain and discomfort in daily routines.Although versatile therapeutic patches have been developed to induce tumor apoptosis,achieving both great adhesiveness on the mucus layers of the colon tissue and anti-cell/tissue adhesion to other surrounding organs remains a challenge.Herein,we report a Janus polysaccharide film comprising two polymers:mussel-inspired catechol-conjugated chitosan(Chi-C)with muco-adhesiveness,and alginate(Alg)with anti-adhesion property.The Chi-C and Alg polymers form a stably entangled bilayer film via electrostatic interactions.The Janus film shows a strong tissue adhesive strength of~10 kPa for the Chi-C layer and weak strength of~1 kPa for the Alg layer.Particularly,the Janus film encapsulating an anti-cancer drug exhibits a directional release profile to the tumor site,which is effective for triggering tumor death in in vivo colorectal tumor resection model.Ultimately,such anti-cancer material strategies using bilayered structures are promising for advanced tumor therapy.

Connectivity differences between adult male and female patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder according to resting-state functional MRI

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder（ADHD） is a pervasive psychiatric disorder that affects both children and adults. Adult male and female patients with ADHD are differentially affected, but few studies have explored the differences. The purpose of this study was to quantify differences between adult male and female patients with ADHD based on neuroimaging and connectivity analysis. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained and preprocessed in 82 patients. Group-wise differences between male and female patients were quantified using degree centrality for different brain regions. The medial-, middle-, and inferior-frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, precuneus, supramarginal gyrus, superior- and middle-temporal gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, and cuneus were identified as regions with significant group-wise differences. The identified regions were correlated with clinical scores reflecting depression and anxiety and significant correlations were found. Adult ADHD patients exhibit different levels of depression and anxiety depending on sex, and our study provides insight into how changes in brain circuitry might differentially impact male and female ADHD patients.

Age-related connectivity differences between attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder patients and typically developing subjects：a resting-state functional MRI study

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder（ADHD） is a disorder characterized by behavioral symptoms including hyperactivity/impulsivity among children,adolescents,and adults.These ADHD related symptoms are influenced by the complex interaction of brain networks which were under explored.We explored age-related brain network differences between ADHD patients and typically developing（TD） subjects using resting state f MRI（rs-f MRI） for three age groups of children,adolescents,and adults.We collected rs-f MRI data from 184 individuals（27 ADHD children and 31 TD children;32 ADHD adolescents and 32 TD adolescents;and 31 ADHD adults and 31 TD adults）.The Brainnetome Atlas was used to define nodes in the network analysis.We compared three age groups of ADHD and TD subjects to identify the distinct regions that could explain age-related brain network differences based on degree centrality,a well-known measure of nodal centrality.The left middle temporal gyrus showed significant interaction effects between disease status（i.e.,ADHD or TD） and age（i.e.,child,adolescent,or adult）（P 0.001）.Additional regions were identified at a relaxed threshold（P 0.05）.Many of the identified regions（the left inferior frontal gyrus,the left middle temporal gyrus,and the left insular gyrus） were related to cognitive function.The results of our study suggest that aberrant development in cognitive brain regions might be associated with age-related brain network changes in ADHD patients.These findings contribute to better understand how brain function influences the symptoms of ADHD.

Wearable EEG electronics for a Brain–AI Closed-Loop System to enhance autonomous machine decision-making

Human nonverbal communication tools are very ambiguous and difficult to transfer to machines or artificial intelligence(AI).If the AI understands the mental state behind a user’s decision,it can learn more appropriate decisions even in unclear situations.We introduce the Brain-AI Closed-Loop System(BACLoS),a wireless interaction platform that enables human brain wave analysis and transfers results to AI to verify and enhance AI decision-making.We developed a wireless earbud-like electroencephalography(EEG)measurement device,combined with tattoo-like electrodes and connectors,which enables continuous recording of high-quality EEG signals,especially the error-related potential(ErrP).The sensor measures the ErrP signals,which reflects the human cognitive consequences of an unpredicted machine response.The AI corrects or reinforces decisions depending on the presence or absence of the ErrP signals,which is determined by deep learning classification of the received EEG data.We demonstrate the BACLoS for AIbased machines,including autonomous driving vehicles,maze solvers,and assistant interfaces.