Non-exercise estimated cardiorespiratory fitness and cancer incidence:The NIH-AARP diet and health study

Background Non-exercise estimated cardiorespiratory fitness(NEE-CRF)has been shown to be associated with mortality,although its association with cancer incidence is unknown.The study aimed to assess the prospective association between NEE-CRF and cancer incidence in a large cohort of men and women.Methods The National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons diet and health study is a prospective cohort that included 402,548 participants aged 50–71 years who were free from cancer at baseline(1995–1996)(men(n=238,835)and women(n=163,713))and were followed until December 31,2015.The exposure variable was NEE-CRF expressed in metabolic equivalents.NEE-CRF was estimated using a validated equation of self-reported predictors on demographics and lifestyle behaviors derived from baseline questionnaires.Primary outcomes were total cancer incidence and incidence of prostate,breast,lung,and colorectal cancers.Cox proportional hazards models were analyzed for the association between NEE-CRF and cancer incidence outcomes adjusted for established cancer risk factors.Results During 13.7±3.2 years of follow-up(mean±SD),64,344 men and 31,315 women developed a new cancer.For every 1-metabolic equivalent higher NEE-CRF,the hazard ratios and 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs)were 0.96(95%CI:0.94–0.97)and 0.88(95%CI:0.84–0.92)of total and colorectal cancer incidence among men,and 0.95(95%CI:0.93–0.97)and 0.94(95%CI:0.91–0.97)of total and breast cancer incidence among women,respectively(all p<0.001).NEE-CRF was not associated with incidence of prostate and lung cancers in men or colorectal and lung cancers in women.Conclusion These results suggest that higher CRF levels,as assessed by the applied non-exercise estimated method,may provide preventive benefits against the development of cancer,while low CRF could potentially serve as a modifiable cancer risk factor.Integrating NEE-CRF into screening paradigms and referring low-fit individuals to improve CRF could complement the public health prevention strategy against cancer.

Trends in U.S. Primary Care Provider Patient Advice Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure: 2008-2010

Background: Recent studies further expose the dangers of secondhand smoke (SHS) to smokers and nonsmokers alike. The health care visit provides a face-to-face opportunity to deliver vital information about those dangers, yet, little is known about primary care providers (PCPs) who address this topic with their patients in clinical practice. Purpose: We examined primary care providers’ advice to patients regarding SHS exposure and the factors promoting such communication. Methods: Data from 3 years (2008, 2009, and 2010) of physician questionnaires (approximately 1250 family/general practitioners, internists, and obstetricians/gynecologists (OBs/GYNs) were used to examine physician advice to patients with children, to smokers and to nonsmokers to prevent or avoid SHS exposure. Using 2010 data we evaluated descriptive statistics and logistic regression for offering patient advice regarding SHS exposure. Results: Web-based data revealed that almost 90% of PCPs advise patients with children to keep their children from being exposed to SHS, 80% advise patients who smoke to avoid exposing others to SHS in their homes and cars, and 70% advise nonsmokers to avoid general exposure to SHS. Logistic regression analysis indicated that OB/GYNs were less likely to engage in SHS counseling than their family practice/general practitioner colleagues. Conclusions: Physician efforts advising patients to avoid SHS exposure varied little in 2008, 2009, and 2010. Primary care providers, particularly OB/GYNs, are encouraged to advise their patients during routine visits to avoid SHS exposure that could compromise fetal health and growth. More extensive tobacco education and targeted specialty guidelines may be

Separate Chinese lines for prostate cancer?

The recent report of Chinese patients treated with abiraterone is important.It debates whether previous reports of mainly Western patients with docetaxel-naive and docetaxel-resistant castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer are valid for Chinese patients.1 The study showed findings with abiraterone for Chinese patients like those previously published.However,it remains an open question whether Chinese patients with prostate cancer differ from Western patients.

Testicular germ cell tumors type 2 have high RNA expression of LDHB,the gene for lactate dehydrogenase subunit B

This study analyzed RNA expression of genes for three serum tumor markers,alpha fetoprotein(AFP),human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG),and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),in patients with testicular germ cell tumors(TGCT)type 2.The gene AFP encodes AFP,the gene for chorionic gonadotropin beta polypeptide 5(CGB5)encodes a major part of the specific beta subunit of hCG,and the genes for LDH subunit A(LDHA),LDH subunit B(LDHB),and LDH subunit C(LDHC)encode three different subunits of LDH.LDHB encodes the LDHB subunit present as a tetramer in LDH isoenzyme 1(LDH-1).We examined three datasets with 203 samples of normal testis tissue(NT)and TGCT type 2.Yolk sac tumor(YST)expressed RNA of AFP fourteen thousand times higher than seminoma(SE),embryonal carcinoma(EC),and teratoma(TER)combined(P=0.00015).In the second microarray,choriocarcinoma(CC)expressed RNA of CGB5 ten times higher than other histologic types of TGCT combined.EC expressed RNA of LDHB twice higher than SE,YST and TER combined(P=0.000041).EC expressed RNA of LDHB higher than that YST expressed RNA of AFP and that CC expressed RNA of CGB5.In conclusion,TGCT type 2 expressed RNA of LDHB markedly higher than the RNA of 23 other candidate genes for TGCT type 2.

Local Brand Smoking Among Adult Smokers:Findings from the Wave 5 International Tobacco Control China Survey--China,2015

Summary What is already known about this topic?Branding of cigarettes may play a role in shaping the smoking behaviors of Chinese smokers,and local brand(LB)cigarettes may reflect this influence because of greater tax and non-tax incentives compared to non-LB.Some of these brands are regional flagships that market to smokers using local landmarks or icons.What is added by this report?LB brands were significantly more likely to be the usual brand of smokers residing in provincial-level administrative divisions(PLADs)that produced their own LB cigarettes[adjusted odds ratio(AOR):30.95;95%confidence interval(CI):26.36–36.49]compared to those residing in PLADs that had non-local ventures with non-LB cigarettes.Further,smokers residing in urban areas were found to be less likely to smoke LB cigarettes(AOR:0.79;95%CI:0.67–0.93)compared to those in rural areas.What are the implications for public health practice?These findings suggest that LB smoking may be a result of industry-driven incentives to boost LB sales,fueled by such as supply-side strategies to boost LB sales or targeted cultural/social marketing that appeals to certain demographic groups.Although addressing these incentives to support LBs would be challenging given the nature of China’s tobacco industry,doing so would have potential to reduce cigarette smoking and ultimately the health burden of smoking in China.

Achieving the Goals of Healthy China 2030 Depends on Increasing Smoking Cessation in China:Comparative Findings from the ITC Project in China,Japan,and the Republic of Korea

Summary Tobacco smoking is the number one preventable cause of disease and death in China as it is globally.Indeed,the toll of smoking in China is much greater than its status as the world’s most populous country.There is a persistent and continuing need for China to implement the measures specified in the global tobacco control treaty,the World Health Organization(WHO)Framework Convention on Tobacco Control(FCTC),which China ratified in 2005.