The burden of depression,anxiety and schizophrenia among the older population in ageing and aged countries:an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Depression,anxiety and schizophrenia among older persons have become global public health challenges.However,the burden of these disorders in ageing and aged countries has not been analysed.Aims To investigate the burden of depression,anxiety and schizophrenia among older adults in ageing and aged countries.Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019,we calculated the estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)in the age-standardised incidence rates(ASiR)and age-standardised disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)rates(ASDR)for depression,anxiety and schizophrenia of older people in ageing countries(China,India,Indonesia)and aged countries(Japan,Italy,Portugal)between 1990 and 2019.Trends in incidence and DALYs were analysed by gender and age.Results In 2019,the highest incidence of depression,anxiety and schizophrenia in the older population in aged countries was in Japan(927271.3(752552.3-1125796.5),51498.2(37625.7-70487.3)and 126.0(61.0-223.2),respectively),while the highest incidence in ageing countries was in China(5797556.9(4599403.4-7133006.5),330256.1(246448.9-445987.4)and 1067.7(556.2-1775.9),respectively).DALYs for these disorders were similar,with the highest in Japan and China.From 1990 to 2019,the ASIR for depressive disorders decreased in aged countries but increased in ageing countries;the ASIR for anxiety disorders and schizophrenia declined in both ageing and aged countries.The ASDR for depressive disorders was consistent with the ASIR but not for anxiety disorders and schizophrenia.The ASIR for depressive disorders was higher in older women,while the opposite was observed in anxiety disorders and schizophrenia.Notably,the conditions of burden of depressive disorders,anxiety disorders and schizophrenia in the 65-70-year-old age group were the most burdensome.Conclusions The incidence and DALYs of these three mental disorders increased while exhibiting differences between ageing and aged countries.Raising awareness about formulating health policies for preventing and treating mental disorders in the older population is necessary to reduce the future burden posed by the ageing challenge.

Building a transdisciplinary science of One Health with a global vision

One Health has been recognized as a cost-effectiveness approach that intricate connections between human health,animal health,and ecosystem health.This holistic perspective is crucial for addressing complex health challenges that arise at the intersection of these domains,such as emerging infectious diseases,antimicrobial resistance,food safety&food security,and environmental degradation.The beneficiaries of the One Health ap-proach have been demonstrated by many case studies worldwide,and summarized by The World Bank that not only support poverty alleviation in developing countries,but also can reduce pandemic risk globally.It is essential for us to understand the means of promoting the initiatives in building the transdisciplinary science of One Health that requires a global vision with integration of various disciplines,stakeholders,and resources.Therefore,we introduce the role of the transdisciplinary science of One Health,and the key steps and strategies necessary to implement One Health approach in the real world.We also propose three research priorities,including empha-sizing climate change and health,enhancing global health security,and promoting equity and inclusivity which is crucial for the success of One Health initiatives.Hence,building a transdisciplinary science of One Health will not only improve holistic health between human,animal,and environmental domains,but also contribute to the global health security and sustainable development.

Global outreach and networking promotion to accelerate tropical diseases elimination

Cooperation and networking are powerful tools in the combating against tropical diseases.Cooperation on a global scale is essential due to the transboundary nature of tropical diseases.Networking plays a pivotal role in facilitating such cooperation.Both cooperation and networking can foster innovation in disease control programmes.Collaborative research can lead to the development of new drugs and vaccines,while shared surveillance data can enable the early detection and control of disease epidemics.Therefore,consensus of cooperation and networking has been reached during the 7th Symposium on Surveillance-Response Systems Leading to Tropical Diseases Elimination,which reflected in the two documents,i.e.,Consensus for Transboundary Tropical Diseases Control,and Action Consensus of the Network of WHO Collaborating Centres Related to NTDs.These documents will improve the efforts in the fighting against tropical diseases through collective actions to achieve the United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).

Development of innovative tripartite partnership for China’s engagement in global health:recommendations from China-Tanzania Cooperation Project on Malaria Control

Background Tripartite partnership,compared with the bilateral model,is envisioned as an opportunity to foster stronger and more trusting partnerships[1].However,China has historically been characterized as principally reliant on bilateral engagement in global health[2].e China-Tanzania Cooperation Project on Malaria Control was conducted by National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at China CDC and Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research,Ifakara Health Institute in Tanzania and funding agencies from 2015 to 2022,with an aim to explore the applicability of Chinese experience on malaria control to reduce malaria disease burden in the local context of Tanzania.In the tripartite project funded by the former UK Department for International Development(DFID)and later the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation(BMGF).

Neglected Time Intervals Before “1-3-7” Approach About Imported Malaria Cases-China, 2014–2021

What is already known about this topic?China’s“1-3-7”approach outlines specific targets to guide and monitor the processes of case reporting,investigation,and response.However,few studies have examined the time intervals preceding the initial step,and the timeline from the arrival of imported malaria cases in China to their diagnosis has been largely overlooked.What is added by this report?The study demonstrated that the median duration from arrival in China to the onset of symptoms for P.ovale was 78 days,with 71.59%of imported cases manifesting symptoms after more than one month.For P.vivax,the median interval was 42 days,with 55.91%exceeding one month.Additionally,the median time from symptom onset to malaria treatment in China between 2014 and 2021 was 2 days,with an interquartile range(IQR)of 1-4 days.What are the implications for public health practice?This study represents the initial effort to delineate the chronology of imported malaria cases,from their arrival in China to their subsequent treatment.The results underscore the importance of providing malaria health education to populations arriving from overseas.Furthermore,enhancing physician training is crucial for improving the diagnosis of malaria.

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Public Drinking Water in China

We aimed to assess the risks of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections associated with drinking water for local residents,based on a quantitative microbial risk assessment,in three densely populated regions of China.In total,45 source water samples and 45 treated water samples were collected from June to December 2014.

The Role of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases in China

In the Memorandum of Understanding on Health Technology Cooperation issued in Beijing in 1978,the Ministry of Health(MOH)of China and the World Health Organization(WHO)agreed to create a series of WHO Collaborating Centres(WHOCC).The Institute of Parasitic Diseases at the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(the predecessor of the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases[NIPD]at China CDC)was officially designated as a“WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria,Schistosomiasis,and Filariasis”in 1980 based in Shanghai(1).Since then,the WHOCC for Malaria,Schistosomiasis,and Filariasis has played an important role in promoting the development of medical science in China.

Efforts to mitigate the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic:potential entry points for neglected tropical diseases

Background:The damage inflicted by the coronavirus diseases 2019(COVID-19)pandemic upon humanity is and will continue to be considerable.Unprecedented progress made in global health over the past 20 years has reverted and economic growth has already evaporated,giving rise to a global recession,the likes of which we may not have experienced since the Second World War.Our aim is to draw the attention of the neglected tropical disease(NTD)community towards some of the major emerging economic opportunities which are quickly appearing on the horizon as a result of COVID-19.Main text:This scoping review relied on a literature search comprised of a sample of articles,statements,and press releases on initiatives aimed at mitigating the impact of COVID-19,while supporting economic recovery.Of note,the donor scenario and economic development agendas are highly dynamic and expected to change rapidly as the COVID-19 pandemic unfolds,as are donor and lender priorities.Con elusions:The NTD community,particularly in low-and middle-income countries(LMICs),will need to work quickly,diligently,and in close collaboration with decision-makers and key stakeholders,across sectors at national and international level to secure its position.Doing so might enhance the odds of grasping potential opportunities to access some of the massive resources that are now available in the form of contributions from corporate foundations,trust funds,loans,debt relieve schemes,and other financial mechanisms,as part of the ongoing and future economic development agendas and public health priorities driven by the COVID-19 pandemic.This paper should serve as a starting point for the NTD community to seek much needed financial support in order to sustain and revitalize control and elimination efforts pertaining to NTDs in LMICs.

T-S Fuzzy Remote Sensing Monitoring Model of Snail Distribution by Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 Data

Approximately half of the world’s population is at the risk of at least one vector-borne parasitic disease.The survival of intermediate hosts of vector-borne parasitic diseases is governed by various environmental factors,and remote sensing can be used to characterize and monitor environmental factors related to intermediate host breeding and reproduction,and become a powerful means to monitor the vector-borne parasitic diseases.Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that menaces human health.Oncomelaniahupensis(snail)is the unique intermediate host of Schistosoma,so monitoring and controlling the number of snail is key to reduce the risk of schistosomiasis transmission.In this paper,Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2 MSI data had been used to obtain the environmental factors(vegetation,soil,temperature,terrain et al.),which are related to the multiplying and transmission of intermediate host.Then this study used T-S(Takagi-Sugeno)Fuzzy RS model to establish a new suitable index membership function due to the different RS data,and a long time series monitoring of snail distribution in Dongting Lake from 2014 to 2018 was achieved.A comparative analysis was performed to validate the predicted results against the field survey data.The results demonstrated the accuracy of the developed model in predicting the distribution of snails.

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of schistosomiasis in China's Mainland:Evidence from a multi-stage continuous downscaling sentinel monitoring

Objective:To determine the spatiotemporal distribution of Schistosoma(S.)japonicum infections in humans,livestock,and Oncomelania(O.)hupensis across the endemic foci of China.Methods:Based on multi-stage continuous downscaling of sentinel monitoring,county-based schistosomiasis surveillance data were captured from the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China from 2005 to 2019.The data included S.japonicum infections in humans,livestock,and O.hupensis.The spatiotemporal trends for schistosomiasis were detected using a Joinpoint regression model,with a standard deviational ellipse(SDE)tool,which determined the central tendency and dispersion in the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis.Further,more spatiotemporal clusters of S.japonicum infections in humans,livestock,and O.hupensis were evaluated by the Poisson model.Results:The prevalence of S.japonicum human infections decreased from 2.06%to zero based on data of the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China from 2005 to 2019,with a reduction from 9.42%to zero for the prevalence of S.japonicum infections in livestock,and from 0.26%to zero for the prevalence of S.japonicum infections in O.hupensis.Analysis using an SDE tool showed that schistosomiasis-affected regions were reduced yearly from 2005 to 2014 in the endemic provinces of Hunan,Hubei,Jiangxi,and Anhui,as well as in the Poyang and Dongting Lake regions.Poisson model revealed 11 clusters of S.japonicum human infections,six clusters of S.japonicum infections in livestock,and nine clusters of S.japonicum infections in O.hupensis.The clusters of human infection were highly consistent with clusters of S.japonicum infections in livestock and O.hupensis.They were in the 5 provinces of Hunan,Hubei,Jiangxi,Anhui,and Jiangsu,as well as along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Humans,livestock,and O.hupensis infections with S.japonicum were mainly concentrated in the north of the Hunan Province,south of the Hubei Province,north of the Jiangxi Province,and southwestern portion of Anhui Province.In the 2 mountainous provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan,human,livestock,and O.hupensis infections with S.japonicum were mainly concentrated in the northwestern portion of the Yunnan Province,the Daliangshan area in the south of Sichuan Province,and the hilly regions in the middle of Sichuan Province.Conclusions:A remarkable decline in the disease prevalence of S.japonicum infection was observed in endemic schistosomiasis in China between 2005 and 2019.However,there remains a long-term risk of transmission in local areas,with the highest-risk areas primarily in Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake regions,requiring to focus on vigilance against the rebound of the epidemic.Development of high-sensitivity detection methods and integrating the transmission links such as human and livestock infection,wild animal infection,and O.hupensis into the surveillance-response system will ensure the elimination of schistosomiasis in China by 2030.

Seventy years’ achievements of international cooperation by the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

Background: With the promotion of national control programs on parasitic and tropical diseases in China,the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases(NIPD),Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has gained significant experience in the global health arena through international cooperation over the last seven decades allowing a multilateral impact in the elimination of major endemic diseases.Methods:: The achievements of NIPD since 1950 has been analyzed with emphasis on the various stages that started with research and control of the endemic parasitic and other tropical diseases at the national level and progressed via international cooperation into a global presence.Results: The major achievements contributed by NIPD consist of(i)improving technical capability;(ii)promoting control and elimination of parasitic and tropical diseases;(iii)participating in global health governance and cooperation;and(iv)developing a cooperation model for technical assistance and global public health development.It is expected that NIPD’s experience of international cooperation will be essential for the dissemination of China's successful experience in global health governance,emergency response and development,with focus on malaria and neglected tropical diseases such as schistosomiasis,soil-borne and food-borne helminthiases and echinococcosis.Conclusions: NIPD’s new tasks will not only continue to promote national control of endemic parasitic infections and disease elimination programs in China,but also play a leading role in global health and disease elimination programs in the future.

Advancing early warning and surveillance for zoonotic diseases under climate change:Interdisciplinary systematic perspectives

Zoonoses account for the majority of emerging infectious diseases and pose a serious threat to human and animal health.Under global warming and climate change,zoonoses are significantly affected by influencing hosts,vectors,and pathogen dynamics as well as their in-teractions.Traditional zoonoses surveillance relies on molecular or serological diagnostic methods to monitor pathogens from animal or patient samples,which may miss the early warning signs of pathogens spillover from the environment.Nowadays,new technologies such as remote sensing,environment-based screening,multi-omics,and big data science facilitate comprehensive active surveillance,offering great potential for early warning and prediction.Despite the recent technological advances,there is few reviews that explores the integration of cutting-edge technologies aimed at constructing a robust early warning system.Therefore,we discussed the opportunities,barriers,and limitations of interdisciplinary emerging technologies for exploring early warning and surveillance of zoonoses.This systematic review summarized a practical framework for early surveillance integrated with a modified SEIR model for zoonoses in the context of climate change.It also outlined challenges and future prospects in terms of data sharing,early detection of unknown zoonoses and the move towards global surveillance.

Investigation on the Management for Patients with Echinococcosis Treated with Albendazole-Three PLADs,China,2019

Summary What is already known about this topic?In China,patients with echinococcosis receive complimentary healthcare services,such as medical treatment,diagnostic examinations,and follow-up care.Despite this,no studies have been conducted to assess the quality of patient management to date.What is added by this report?This study reviewed the medical records of 899 patients who underwent albendazole treatment across 10 endemic counties.Out of 634 evaluable patient files,the proportion of patients with a ratio of actual followup and reexamination times to theoretical follow-up and reexamination times≥0.8 were both low(21.92%and 23.19%,respectively).What are the implications for public health practices?This study identified weaknesses and specific issues in patient management and proposed feasible recommendations to enhance patient file documentation,follow-up,and reexamination.

Beating Neglected Tropical Diseases: For Good and For All

The term neglected tropical diseases(NTDs)was coined about 15 years ago because this group of diseases is predominantly endemic in tropical and subtropical areas and neglected in research and control compared to HIV/AIDS,tuberculosis,and malaria(1–2).Thus,compared to the early establishment of World Days for“the big three diseases”,namely HIV/AIDS,tuberculosis,and malaria in 1988,1995,and 2007,respectively,Jan 30,2020 has just designated as the first World NTDs Day with the slogan of“Beat NTDs:For good.For all”(3).

Cryptosporidiosis threat under climate change in China:prediction and validation of habitat suitability and outbreak risk for human-derived Cryptosporidium based on ecological niche models

Background Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic intestinal infectious disease caused by Cryptosporidium spp.,and its transmission is highly influenced by climate factors.In the present study,the potential spatial distribution of Cryptosporidium in China was predicted based on ecological niche models for cryptosporidiosis epidemic risk warning and prevention and control.Methods The applicability of existing Cryptosporidium presence points in ENM analysis was investigated based on data from monitoring sites in 2011–2019.Cryptosporidium occurrence data for China and neighboring countries were extracted and used to construct the ENMs,namely Maxent,Bioclim,Domain,and Garp.Models were evaluated based on Receiver Operating Characteristic curve,Kappa,and True Skill Statistic coefficients.The best model was constructed using Cryptosporidium data and climate variables during 1986‒2010,and used to analyze the effects of climate factors on Cryptosporidium distribution.The climate variables for the period 2011‒2100 were projected to the simulation results to predict the ecological adaptability and potential distribution of Cryptosporidium in future in China.Results The Maxent model(AUC=0.95,maximum Kappa=0.91,maximum TSS=1.00)fit better than the other three models and was thus considered the best ENM for predicting Cryptosporidium habitat suitability.The major suitable habitats for human-derived Cryptosporidium in China were located in some high-population density areas,especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,the lower reaches of the Yellow River,and the Huai and the Pearl River Basins(cloglog value of habitat suitability>0.9).Under future climate change,non-suitable habitats for Cryptosporidium will shrink,while highly suitable habitats will expand significantly(χ^(2)=76.641,P<0.01;χ^(2)=86.836,P<0.01),and the main changes will likely be concentrated in the northeastern,southwestern,and northwestern regions.Conclusions The Maxent model is applicable in prediction of Cryptosporidium habitat suitability and can achieve excellent simulation results.These results suggest a current high risk of transmission and significant pressure for cryptosporidiosis prevention and control in China.Against a future climate change background,Cryptosporidium may gain more suitable habitats within China.Constructing a national surveillance network could facilitate further elucidation of the epidemiological trends and transmission patterns of cryptosporidiosis,and mitigate the associated epidemic and outbreak risks.

Disciplinary development of global health academic degree programs in China

This study aims to provide a brief overview of the history and development of global health education(GHE)as academic degree programs worldwide,and to identify GHE’s development opportunities and obstacles in China.This is a state-of-the-art review of published and unpublished information that described and evaluated disciplinary development of global health degree programs worldwide,written in English,and published or shared between 1990 and 2020.Data were derived from official websites of leading global health institutions,like“Google Scholar”,“PubMed”,and unpublished information such as presentation files and unpublished manuscripts collected from knowledgeable leaders in the field.We retrieved and reviewed a total of 35 articles and a large amount of unpublished information or sources on the internet.Global Health emerged as a new discipline around the end of the last millennium and proliferated in the last two decades in developed nations,especially the United States and the United Kingdom.The development of China’s GHE programs was built on China’s increasing engagement in global health affairs and research.In 2012,Wuhan University established the first official global health department in China.Several universities such as Peking University and Duke Kunshan University subsequently set up departments or programs to offer undergraduate and postgraduate majors and degrees.The first school-level global health unit was established in Shanghai in 2019.The Consortium of Chinese Universities for Global Health(CCUGH)grew from 10 founding members in 2013 to 25 in 2020.Major desirable attributes“unique”to students majoring in global health include global-mindedness,health interests,compassion,intercultural sensitivity,and adventurous spirit.Graduates from GHE programs have a diverse set of career choices spanning research,government,not-for-profit,and private sector occupations.We identified a number of strengths,weaknesses,opportunities,and threats to the future development of GHE in China.To ensure sustainable future growth,we advocate addressing the following key aspects:(1)clearer disciplinary distinctions;(2)multidisciplinary collaborations;(3)public-sector investments;and(4)non-public sectors participation.Amidst China’s increasing engagement in health affairs globally and the proliferation of GHE programs in developed nations,China has experienced fast growth in GHE degree programs since 2012 while a number of challenges remain for its future development.

Optimal culture conditions and toxicity assessment of Fomitopsis feei(Fr.):a newly documented macro fungus from Philippines

Mushrooms are known to be utilized by ethnic communities and Paracelis,Mountain Province is one of the places in Philippines inhabited by several of these native groups.Many studies have been conducted on various macrofungi,however no studies have been reported about Fomitopsis feei in the Philippines particularly in Paracelis,Mountain Province.It is a brown-rot bracket fungus,belonging to the family Fomitopsidaceae,characterized by a sessile effuse-reflexed basidiomata,with its color ranging from white to pinkish or brown.This mushroom has been reported to have antimicrobial properties,hence optimization of its culture condition could lead to its mass production for its biopharmaceutical potential.In order to develop a mass cultivation protocol of this mushroom,this study was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for its mycelial growth.The effect of different culture media using local substrates and evaluating environmental factors such as pH,aeration,illumination,and temperature were assessed.Optimum conditions for the secondary mycelial growth of F.feei produced very thick and largest radial growth on coconut water gelatin(CWG)medium(83.57 mm)at pH 6.5(83.13 mm),in sealed(85 mm),dark conditions(85.00 mm)at room temperature(28-32℃)(81.96 mm).The most abundant mycelial growth was found in cracked corn as grain spawning material.This study also determined the teratogenic and cytotoxic activity of the ethanol extract of F.feei against the zebra fish(Danio rerio)embryos and brine shrimp(Artemia salina)nauplii.Fomitopsis feei exhibited teratogenic effects against the developing D.rerio embryos wherein growth retardation,malformation of tail,yolk deformity,pericardial edema,curved body,scoliosis and little pigmentation were the notable teratogenic effects of the ethanol extract to the developing embryos.Embryos treated with≥1000 ppm recorded high mortality rate.Hatchability was most evident at lower concentrations≤750 ppm.In terms of heartbeat,as the concentration of the extract increased,the heartbeat rate significantly decreased.For the cytotoxicity,1250 ppm has the highest mortality rate with 73.33%.Using probit analysis,the LC_(50)is 534.676 ppm which is considered as mildly toxic.Thus,F.feei in higher concentrations exhibit toxic effect.These results indicate that F.feei has a pharmaceutical potential and could be harnessed for its bioactivities.

Evaluation of angiosuppressive activity of Pleurotus florida on developing chick embryo using chorioallantoic membrane assay

Angiogenesis is the proliferation of new blood vessels that enable the normal embryonic development and may also induce growth of numerous pathologies like tumor growth and cancer metastasis.The assays were used for both pro and anti-angiogenic agents.This study evaluated the angiosuppressive activity of Pleurotus florida on the developing chick embryo using chorioallantoic membrane(CAM)assay and used destructive sampling into four different treatment concentrations and a control.The result revealed a decrease in the number of blood vessels branch points formed after 24,48,and 72 hours at higher treatment concentrations(0.50%and 1%).Statistical analysis showed that 24 hours and 48 hours of exposure to various concentrations have no significant difference.Nevertheless,after 72 hours of exposure,the mean blood vessel branch points formed showed a significant difference among the treatment means between the highest concentration of P.florida(1%)and the control treatment(sterile water).In terms of the percentage of angiosuppressive activity of P.florida with the greatest angiogenic effect,which was the 1%P.florida treatment concentration possesses 35.69%and 36.85%angiosuppressive rate after 48 and 72 hours of exposure respectively.Thus,this study showed that P.florida lyophilized hot water extract exhibits angiosuppressive activity on the developing chick embryo using chorioallantoic membrane assay and is concentration and time exposure dependent.

The “Paired Learning by Doing” Approach for Capacity Building Derived from the China-UK-Tanzania Pilot Project on Malaria Control During 2015–2018

China’s growing prosperity has led to an increased role in international affairs,particularly in global health cooperation.Alongside sending medical teams abroad,China’s health authority is gradually expanding its South-South cooperation in public health.However,due to a late start in global health initiatives and limited experience in organizing,coordinating,and implementing intervention projects overseas,China still faces significant challenges in global health,particularly in the local context.Recognizing the longstanding partnership between the Chinese and British governments,they have identified global health as a new area of strategic cooperation.In 2012,the former UK Department for International Development(DFID)initiated a new type of health development cooperation project named the China-UK Global Health Support Programme(GHSP).

Optimization of mycelial growth of Xylaria papulis Lloyd(Xylariaceae)in indigenous liquid culture conditions,science city of Muñoz,Nueva Ecija,Philippines

The search for potential and inexhaustible sources of bioactive compounds with great functional activities is imperative for potential drug leads in treating various human diseases.In this regard,this study investigated the optimum liquid medium and physical culture conditions for the mycelial growth of X.papulis Lloyd for nutraceutical studies.The greatest mycelial biomass was achieved in PSB liquid medium among the indigenous media evaluated,such as potato sucrose broth(PSB),corn meal broth(CMB),rice bran broth(RBB),and coconut water(CW).In terms of pH,X.papulis Lloyd was observed to grow in a wide range of pH(5.0−8.5),but the best mycelial growth was observed at pH 6.5.Room temperature of 28℃,lighted(137 lux),and static conditions were the other optimum physical culture conditions for mycelial growth of X.papulis Lloyd.