Time Complexity of Evolutionary Algorithms for Combinatorial Optimization:A Decade of Results

Computational time complexity analyzes of evolutionary algorithms （EAs） have been performed since the mid-nineties. The first results were related to very simple algorithms, such as the （1＋1）-EA, on toy problems. These efforts produced a deeper understanding of how EAs perform on different kinds of fitness landscapes and general mathematical tools that may be extended to the analysis of more complicated EAs on more realistic problems. In fact, in recent years, it has been possible to analyze the （1＋1）-EA on combinatorial optimization problems with practical applications and more realistic population-based EAs on structured toy problems. This paper presents a survey of the results obtained in the last decade along these two research lines. The most common mathematical techniques are introduced, the basic ideas behind them are discussed and their elective applications are highlighted. Solved problems that were still open are enumerated as are those still awaiting for a solution. New questions and problems arisen in the meantime are also considered.

Pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease:Role of oxidative metabolism

Alcohol consumption is a predominant etiological factor in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases,resulting in fatty liver,alcoholic hepatitis,fibrosis/cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Although the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease(ALD)involves complex and still unclear biological processes,the oxidative metabolites of ethanol such as acetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species(ROS)play a preeminent role in the clinical and pathological spectrum of ALD.Ethanol oxidative metabolism influences intracellular signaling pathways and deranges the transcriptional control of several genes,leading to fat accumulation,fibrogenesis and activation of innate and adaptive immunity.Acetaldehyde is known to be toxic to the liver and alters lipid homeostasis,decreasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and increasing sterol regulatory element binding protein activity via an AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)-dependent mechanism.AMPK activation by ROS modulates autophagy,which has an important role in removing lipid droplets.Acetaldehyde and aldehydes generated from lipid peroxidation induce collagensynthesis by their ability to form protein adducts that activate transforming-growth-factor-β-dependent and independent profibrogenic pathways in activated hepatic stellate cells(HSCs).Furthermore,activation of innate and adaptive immunity in response to ethanol metabolism plays a key role in the development and progression of ALD.Acetaldehyde alters the intestinal barrier and promote lipopolysaccharide(LPS)translocation by disrupting tight and adherent junctions in human colonic mucosa.Acetaldehyde and LPS induce Kupffer cells to release ROS and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that contribute to neutrophils infiltration.In addition,alcohol consumption inhibits natural killer cells that are cytotoxic to HSCs and thus have an important antifibrotic function in the liver.Ethanol metabolism may also interfere with cell-mediated adaptive immunity by impairing proteasome function in macrophages and dendritic cells,and consequently alters allogenic antigen presentation.Finally,acetaldehyde and ROS have a role in alcohol-related carcinogenesis because they can form DNA adducts that are prone to mutagenesis,and they interfere with methylation,synthesis and repair of DNA,thereby increasing HCC susceptibility.

Dual Branches of MHD Three-Dimensional Rotating Flow of Hybrid Nanofluid on Nonlinear Shrinking Sheet

In this study,magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)three-dimensional(3D)flow of alumina(Al2O3)and copper(Cu)nanoparticles of an electrically conducting incompressible fluid in a rotating frame has been investigated.The shrinking surface generates the flow that also has been examined.The single-phase(i.e.,Tiwari and Das)model is implemented for the hybrid nanofluid transport phenomena.Results for alumina and copper nanomaterials in the water base fluid are achieved.Boundary layer approximations are used to reduce governing partial differential(PDEs)system into the system of the ordinary differential equations(ODEs).The three-stage Lobatto IIIa method in bvp4c solver is applied for solutions of the governing model.Graphical results have been shown to examine how velocity and temperature fields are influenced by various applied parameters.It has been found that there are two branches for certain values of the suction/injection parameter b:The rise in copper volumetric concentration improved the velocity of hybrid nanofluid in the upper branch.The heat transfer rate improved for the case of hybrid nanofluid as compared to the viscous fluid and simple nanofluid.

Analysis of Magnetic Resistive Flow of Generalized Brinkman Type Nanofluid Containing Carbon Nanotubes with Ramped Heating

In recent times,scientists and engineers have been most attracted to electrically conducted nanofluids due to their numerous applications in various fields of science and engineering.For example,they are used in cancer treatment(hyperthermia),magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),drugdelivery,and magnetic refrigeration(MR).Bearing in mind the significance and importance of electrically conducted nanofluids,this article aims to study an electrically conducted water-based nanofluid containing carbon nanotubes(CNTs).CNTs are of two types,single-wall carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs)and multiple-wall carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs).The CNTs(SWCNTs and MWCNTs)have been dispersed in regular water as base fluid to form waterCNTs nanofluid.The Brinkman Type nanofluid model is developed in terms of time-fractional domain.The ramped heating and sinusoidal oscillations conditions have been taken at the boundary.The model has been solved for exact analytical solutions via the fractional Laplace transform method.The exact solutions have been graphically studied to explore the physics of various pertinent flow parameters on velocity and temperature fields.The empirical results reveal that the temperature and velocity fields decreased with increasing values of fractional parameters due to variation in thermal and momentum boundary layers.It is also indicated that the isothermal velocity and temperature are higher than ramped velocity and temperature.

Quetiapine augmentation of prolonged exposure therapy in veterans with PTSD and a history of mild traumatic brain injury: design and methodology of a pilot study

Background: Selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) are first-line pharmacologic treatments for patients with posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD), but must be given over extended period of time before the onset of action. The use of SSRIs in PTSD patients with mild traumatic brain injury(m TBI) is problematic since SSRIs could exacerbate post-concussion syndrome(PCS) symptoms. VA/DOD guidelines identify trauma-focused psychotherapy as the best evidence-based treatment for PTSD, but overall effectiveness is limited by reduced levels of patient engagement and retention. A previous study from this research group suggested that quetiapine monotherapy, but not risperidone or valproate, could increase engagement in trauma-focused psychotherapy.Methods: We report the study protocol of a pilot study funded under the South-Central Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center pilot study program from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. This randomized, open-label study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of completing a randomized trial of quetiapine vs. treatment as usual to promote patient engagement in PTSD patients with a history of m TBI.Discussion: We expect that the success of this ongoing study should provide us with the preliminary data necessary to design a full-scale randomized trial. Positive efficacy results in a full-scale trial should inform new VA guidelines for clinical practice by showing that quetiapine-related improvements in patient engagement and retention may be the most effective approach to assure that VA resources achieve the best possible outcome for veterans.Trial registration: NCT04280965.

Video over IP using standard-compatible multiple description coding: an IETF proposal

Standard-compatible multiple description coding (MDC) and layered coding (LC) are efficient ways to ensure erasure resilient, scalable transmission of encoded multimedia sources via RTP, allowing a gradual degradation of the application quality with increasing packet loss rate and decreasing bandwidth/throughput on the network. In this paper we review the stan- dard-compatible framework proposed to IETF. Alternative techniques such as robust source coding and channel coding techniques (ARQ: automatic repeat request, FEC: forward error correction) are presented; their integration into the proposed framework is also discussed. The performances of MDC and LC either coupled with channel coding or not, are summarized by reference to current literature. Typical cases and examples are illustrated.

纳米晶Al-10Fe-5Cr块体合金的热稳定性（英文）

研究具有纳米晶的Al^(-1)0wt.%Fe-5wt.%Cr块体合金的热稳定性。采用机械合金化(MA)方法对初始微晶粒混合粉末进行100 h的球磨,得到纳米晶粒合金粉末,然后用高频感应加热烧结法(HFIHS)烧结成块体材料。采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(EFSEM)和高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)对合金粉末样品和块体样品的显微结构进行表征。对块体样品进行显微硬度和压缩试验,以评价其力学性能。为评价块体试样的热稳定性,分别在573、623、673和723 K下进行压缩试验,应变速率为1×10^(-1)和1×10^(-2) s^(-1)。与烧结态合金相比,退火后的试样其显微硬度值显著提高,在723 K退火后显微硬度值为2.65 GPa,而烧结态的为2.25 GPa。当应变速率为1×10^(-1)s^(-1)时,块体合金在300和723 K下的抗压强度分别为520和450 MPa。块体合金的显微结构稳定性归因于与铝形成的如Al_6Fe、Al_(13)Fe_4和Al_(13)Cr_2等含Fe和Cr相以及铝基体中含Cr和Fe的过饱和固溶体。

Mechanistic insights on immunosenescence and chronic immune activation in HIV-tuberculosis co-infection

Immunosenescence is marked by accelerated degradation of host immune responses leading to the onset of opportunistic infections, where senescent T cells show remarkably higher ontogenic defects as compared to healthy T cells. The mechanistic association between T-cell immunosenescence and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) disease progression, and functional T-cell responses in HIV-tuberculosis(HIV-TB) co-infection remains to be elaborately discussed. Here, we discussed the association of immunosenescence and chronic immune activation in HIV-TB co-infection and reviewed the role played by mediators of immune deterioration in HIV-TB coinfection necessitating the importance of designing therapeutic strategies against HIV disease progression and pathogenesis.

Cardiac stem cells: Current knowledge and future prospects

Regenerative medicine is the field concerned with the repair and restoration of the integrity of damaged human tissues as well as whole organs.Since the inception of the field several decades ago,regenerative medicine therapies,namely stem cells,have received significant attention in preclinical studies and clinical trials.Apart from their known potential for differentiation into the various body cells,stem cells enhance the organ's intrinsic regenerative capacity by altering its environment,whether by exogenous injection or introducing their products that modulate endogenous stem cell function and fate for the sake of regeneration.Recently,research in cardiology has highlighted the evidence for the existence of cardiac stem and progenitor cells(CSCs/CPCs).The global burden of cardiovascular diseases’morbidity and mortality has demanded an in-depth understanding of the biology of CSCs/CPCs aiming at improving the outcome for an innovative therapeutic strategy.This review will discuss the nature of each of the CSCs/CPCs,their environment,their interplay with other cells,and their metabolism.In addition,important issues are tackled concerning the potency of CSCs/CPCs in relation to their secretome for mediating the ability to influence other cells.Moreover,the review will throw the light on the clinical trials and the preclinical studies using CSCs/CPCs and combined therapy for cardiac regeneration.Finally,the novel role of nanotechnology in cardiac regeneration will be explored.

合金化元素对纳米晶铝合金热稳定性的影响

为研究加入Fe和Ti扩散系数有限的元素对纳米晶铝合金热稳定性的影响,制备Al−10%Fe(质量分数)和Al−10%Fe−5%Ti(质量分数)合金。将初始混合粉末在真空下球磨100 h,用高频感应加热烧结系统将球磨后的粉末制备成块体样品。采用X射线衍射仪、维氏显微硬度仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对球磨后的粉末和烧结后的块体样品进行表征。结果表明,Fe和Ti完全分散在基体中,与Al形成过饱和固溶体。另外,合金元素的加入使合金的硬度和屈服强度分别提高127%和152%。通过高温压缩试验评估合金的热稳定性,结果显示3种合金样品中Al−10%Fe−5%Ti合金的热稳定性最好。Fe和Ti的加入抑制合金的晶粒长大,阻碍第二相如Al13Fe4和Al13Ti的分解、长大,形成稳定的固溶体,从而提高合金的热稳定性。

China's great wall, Israel's Bar Lev Line, and passive infectious disease surveillance

Emerging infectious diseases are some of modern society's greatest threats. Like some great construction efforts designed to protect mankind, current public health measures against these emerging pathogens have not always been successful. This paper highlights the importance of embracing new interdisciplinary approaches towards emerging pathogen threats. One such approach, termed One Health, is quickly being embraced by professional organizations and public health institutions across the world as a way forward. This paper briefly discusses the above problems and preliminary steps taken by Chinese academic institutions to embrace the One Health approach.

Hot-pressed graphene nanoplatelets or/and zirconia reinforced hybrid alumina nanocomposites with improved toughness and mechanical characteristics

This work explains the synergistic contribution of graphene nanoplatelets(GNP)and zirconia ceramic nanoparticles(ZrO2)on the microstructure,mechanical performance and ballistic properties of the alumina(Al2O3)ceramic hybrid nanocomposites.Over the benchmarked monolithic alumina,the hotpressed hybrid nanocomposite microstructure demonstrated 68%lower grain size due to grain pinning phenomenon by the homogenously distributed reinforcing GNP(0.5 wt%)and zirconia(4 wt%)inclusions.Moreover,the hybrid nanocomposite manifested 155%better fracture toughness(KIC)and 17%higher microhardness as well as 88%superior ballistic trait over the monolithic alumina,respectively.The superior mechanical and ballistic performance of the hybrid nanocomposites was attributed to the combined role of zirconia nanoparticles and GNP nanomaterial in refining the microstructure and inducing idiosyncratic strengthening/toughening mechanisms.Extensive combined electron microscopy revealed complicated physical interlocking of the GNP into the microstructure as well as excellent bonding of the GNP with alumina at their interface in the hybrid nanocomposites.We also probed the efficiency of the pull-out and crack-bridging toughening mechanisms through proven quantitative methods.Based on the information extracted from the in-depth SEM/TEM investigation,we outlined schematic models for understating the reinforcing ability as well as toughening mechanisms in the hybrid nanocomposites and meticulously discussed.The hot-pressed hybrid nanocomposites owning high toughness and hardness may have applications in advanced armor technology.

Risk assessment and genomic characterization of Zika virus in China and its surrounding areas

Background:Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a global pathogen causing significant public health concerns.China has reported several imported cases where ZIKV were carried by travelers who frequently travel between China and ZIKV-endemic regions.To fully characterize the ZIKV strains isolated from the cases reported in China and assess the risk of ZIKV transmission in China,comprehensive phylogenetic and genetic analyses were performed both on all ZIKV sequences of China and on a group of scientifically selected ZIKV sequences reported in some of the top interested destinations for Chinese travelers.Methods:ZIKV genomic sequences were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database through stratified sampling.Recombination event detection,maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis,molecular clock analysis,selection pressure analysis,and amino acid substitution analysis were used to reconstruct the epidemiology and molecular transmission of ZIKV.Results:The present study investigated 18 ZIKV sequences from China and 70 sequences from 16 selected countries.Recombination events rarely happens in all ZIKV Asian lineage.ZIKV genomes were generally undergone episodic positive selection (17 sites),and only one site was under pervasive positive selection.All ZIKV imported into China were Asian lineage and were assigned into two clusters:Venezuela-origin (cluster A) and Samoa-origin cluster (cluster B) with common ancestor from French Polynesia.The time of most recent common ancestors of Cluster A dated to approximately 2013/11 (95% highest posterior density [HPD] 2013/06,2014/ 03) and cluster B dated to 2014/08 (95% HPD 2014/02,2015/01).Cluster B is more variable than Cluster A in comparison with other clusters,but no varied site of biological significance was revealed.ZIKV strains in Southeast Asia countries are independent from strains in America epidemics.Conclusions:The genetic evolution of ZIKV is conservative.There are two independent introductions of ZIKV into China and China is in danger of autochthonous transmission of ZIKV because of high-risk surrounding areas.Southeast Asia areas have high risk of originating the next large-scale epidemic ZIKV strains.

Clinical indices and mortality of hospitalized avian influenza A (H7N9) patients in Guangdong, China

Background:Six epidemic waves of human infection with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus have emerged in China with high mortality. However, study on quantitative relationship between clinical indices in ill persons and H7N9 outcome (fatal and nonfatal) is still unclear. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to collect laboratory-confirmed cases with H7N9 viral infection from 2013 to 2015 in 23 hospitals across 13 cities in Guangdong Province, China.Methods:Multivariable logistic regression model and classification tree model analyses were used to detect the threshold of selected clinical indices and risk factors for H7N9 death. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and analyses were used to compare survival and death distributions and differences between indices. A total of 143 cases with 90 survivors and 53 deaths were investigated.Results:Average age (Odds Ratio (OR)=1.036, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=1.016-1.057), interval days between dates of onset and confirmation (OR=1.078, 95% CI=1.004-1.157), interval days between onset and oseltamivir treatment (OR=5.923, 95% CI=1.877-18.687), body temperature (BT) (OR=3.612, 95% CI=1.914-6.815), white blood cell count (WBC) (OR=1.212, 95% CI=1.092-1.346) were significantly associated with H7N9 death after adjusting for confounders. The chance of death from H7N9 infection was 80.0% if BT was over 38.1 °C, and chance of death is 67.4% if WBC count was higher than 9.5 (109/L). Only 27.1% of patients who began oseltamivir treatment less than 9.5 days after disease onset died, compared to 68.8% of those who started treatment more than 15.5 days after onset.Conclusions:The intervals between date of onset and confirmation of diagnosis, between date of onset to oseltamivir treatment, age, BT and WBC are found to be the best predictors of H7N9 mortality.

Towards One Health:Reflections and practices on the different fields of One Health in China

Due to the increase in human population,habitat destruction,and the close interaction between humans,animals and the environment,these dynamic changes are a threat to the health of human,animal and environment.Therefore,we required intervention consisting of medical,veterinary,environment and other relevant disciplines and sectors in combination.If biological and environmental health is supposed to be optimum,cooperation and coordination is necessary between the multi‐sectoral stakeholders responsible for the efforts.It not limits to a region or country on a worldwide scope.One Health encourages a collaborative,coordinated,and multidisciplinary approach to ensure the health and wellbeing of humans,animals,and the environment across different spatial levels,it aims to optimal health for lives and the environment,and recognizing the interconnection between people,animals,plants,and their shared environment.This review discussed the essential to integrate One Health in the areas of infectious diseases,food safety,antimicrobial resistance,ecological environment,and chronic diseases etc.,and discuss the practice of One Health in each area with some examples,hoping that One Health will serve as a framework to solve the challenges and issues facing China.

A One Health strategy for emerging infectious diseases based on the COVID-19 outbreak

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is as an emerging infectious disease(EID)that has caused the worst public health catastrophe of the 21st century thus far.In terms of impact,the COVID-19 pandemic is second only to the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918 in modern world history.As of 7 September 2021,there have been 220 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and more than 4.5 million deaths.EIDs pose serious public health and socio-economic risks,and 70%of EIDs originate from wildlife.Preventing development of EIDs such as COVID-19 is a pressing concern.Here,taking the COVID-19 pandemic as an example,we illustrate the disastrous effects of EIDs and assess their emergence and evolution from a One Health perspective.We propose a One Health strategy,centered on‘moving the gates forward’,for EID prevention and control at the human-animal-environment interface.This strategy may be instructive and provide early warnings of EIDs in the future.

应用“One Health”策略解决复杂健康问题

“One Health”意指多学科共同合作，为人类健康、动物健康、环境健康三者共同成为一个健康整体而进行的工作和努力。“One Health”是一个新的名词，但是这一概念是很早之前已经存在的。2003年4月7日，华盛顿邮报的Rick Weiss引证了兽医博士William Karesh的话“人类和家禽或者野生动物的健康再也不能分开谈论了，世界上只有‘One Health’，所有的问题解决办法需要我们各个学科的工作人员共同努力，在不同的层面为问题的解决作出贡献。”其实，我国也一直是采用类似的策略来解决复杂的公共卫生与健康问题，只是没有提出相应新的“名词”，也没有进行系统地阐述。为此，我刊特邀美国杜克大学的 Gregory C．Gray 教授撰写此文，以供国内同行借鉴。关于“One Health”，目前国内翻译的名称非常不一致，比如“唯一健康”、“共同健康”、“协同健康”，编者在此不做翻译，希望广大专家、读者广泛讨论，最终能够确定比较合适并广为接受的中文名称。

From concept to action: a united, holistic and One Health approach to respond to the climate change crisis

It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the planet,which is seriously affecting the planetary health including human health.Adapting climate change should not only be a slogan,but requires a united,holistic action and a paradigm shift from crisis response to an ambitious and integrated approach immediately.Recognizing the urgent needs to tackle the risk connection between climate change and One Health,the four key messages and recommendations that with the intent to guide further research and to promote international cooperation to achieve a more climate-resilient world are provided.