Cilium,an organelle with a unique proteome and organization,protruding from the cell surface,generally serves as a force generator and signaling compartment.During ciliogenesis,ciliary proteins are synthesized in cyto...Cilium,an organelle with a unique proteome and organization,protruding from the cell surface,generally serves as a force generator and signaling compartment.During ciliogenesis,ciliary proteins are synthesized in cytoplasm and transported into cilia by intraflagellar transport(IFT)particles,where the inner counterparts undergo reverse trafficking.The homeostasis of IFT plays a key role in cilial structure assembly and signaling transduction.Much progress has been made on the mechanisms and functions of IFT;however,recent studies have revealed the involvement of IFT particle subunits in organogenesis and spermatogenesis.In this review,we discuss new concepts concerning the molecular functions of IFT protein IFT25 and how its interactions with other IFT particle subunits are involved in mammalian development and fertility.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To review the interactions between herbs and widely used drugs and summarize the associated experimental methods.METHODS: Definite herb-drug interactions were obtained by searching Pub Med, other large over...OBJECTIVE: To review the interactions between herbs and widely used drugs and summarize the associated experimental methods.METHODS: Definite herb-drug interactions were obtained by searching Pub Med, other large overseas databases and summarizing new researches from China. We summarize some methods to assess the interaction between herbs and drugs involving microsomal, cell culture and animal experiments, and clinical trials, classifying this method as single ingredient herbs, crude herb extracts, andherbal formulae.RESULTS: Many herbs interact with drugs through a complex cytochrome P450 and/or P-glycoprotein mechanism. Herb-induced enzyme inhibition and/or induction may result in enhanced and / or decreased plasma, tissue, urine and bile drug concentrations, leading to a change in a drug's pharmacokinetic parameters and resulting in the improper treatment of patients and potentially severe side effects. Use of an appropriate method for comprehensively assessing herb-drug interactions can minimize clinical risks. Different methods were used by researchers to assess the pharmacological changes of drugs in vivo and in vitro and the mechanisms of the interactions from microsomal, cell culture and animal experiments, and clinical trials are discussed in this review.CONCLUSION: Co-medication with herbs can result in changes in pharmacological effects of many drugs. This review describes the assessment of single-ingredient herbs, crude herb extracts, and herbal formulae. When choosing a research method to investigate herb-drug interactions, the properties of the drugs and herbs should be considered.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(Excellent Youth Foundation,No.2018CFA040)the Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Technology Innovation Team Project of the Hubei Provincial Department of Education(No.T2020003)+1 种基金NIH grant(No.HD076257)Wayne State University Start-up fund.
文摘Cilium,an organelle with a unique proteome and organization,protruding from the cell surface,generally serves as a force generator and signaling compartment.During ciliogenesis,ciliary proteins are synthesized in cytoplasm and transported into cilia by intraflagellar transport(IFT)particles,where the inner counterparts undergo reverse trafficking.The homeostasis of IFT plays a key role in cilial structure assembly and signaling transduction.Much progress has been made on the mechanisms and functions of IFT;however,recent studies have revealed the involvement of IFT particle subunits in organogenesis and spermatogenesis.In this review,we discuss new concepts concerning the molecular functions of IFT protein IFT25 and how its interactions with other IFT particle subunits are involved in mammalian development and fertility.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Research Method and Key Technology of Intracorporal Process of Therapeutic Material Basis Based on Concurrent Multiple Metabolism,No.81274042)Special Fund for Scientific Research in the Public Interest(Research on the Treament of Cerebral Infarction With the Combination of Chinese and Western Medicine and the Literature Analysis,No.201407013)
文摘OBJECTIVE: To review the interactions between herbs and widely used drugs and summarize the associated experimental methods.METHODS: Definite herb-drug interactions were obtained by searching Pub Med, other large overseas databases and summarizing new researches from China. We summarize some methods to assess the interaction between herbs and drugs involving microsomal, cell culture and animal experiments, and clinical trials, classifying this method as single ingredient herbs, crude herb extracts, andherbal formulae.RESULTS: Many herbs interact with drugs through a complex cytochrome P450 and/or P-glycoprotein mechanism. Herb-induced enzyme inhibition and/or induction may result in enhanced and / or decreased plasma, tissue, urine and bile drug concentrations, leading to a change in a drug's pharmacokinetic parameters and resulting in the improper treatment of patients and potentially severe side effects. Use of an appropriate method for comprehensively assessing herb-drug interactions can minimize clinical risks. Different methods were used by researchers to assess the pharmacological changes of drugs in vivo and in vitro and the mechanisms of the interactions from microsomal, cell culture and animal experiments, and clinical trials are discussed in this review.CONCLUSION: Co-medication with herbs can result in changes in pharmacological effects of many drugs. This review describes the assessment of single-ingredient herbs, crude herb extracts, and herbal formulae. When choosing a research method to investigate herb-drug interactions, the properties of the drugs and herbs should be considered.
