Interplay between temperature-dependent strengthening mechanisms and mechanical stability in high-performance austenitic stainless steels

The effects of deformation temperature on the transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP)-aided 304L,twinning-induced plasti-city(TWIP)-assisted 316L,and highly alloyed stable 904L austenitic stainless steels were compared for the first time to tune the mechan-ical properties,strengthening mechanisms,and strength-ductility synergy.For this purpose,the scanning electron microscopy(SEM),electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD),X-ray diffraction(XRD),tensile testing,work-hardening analysis,and thermodynamics calcu-lations were used.The induced plasticity effects led to a high temperature-dependency of work-hardening behavior in the 304L and 316L stainless steels.As the deformation temperature increased,the metastable 304L stainless steel showed the sequence of TRIP,TWIP,and weakening of the induced plasticity mechanism;while the disappearance of the TWIP effect in the 316L stainless steel was also observed.However,the solid-solution strengthening in the 904L superaustenitic stainless steel maintained the tensile properties over a wide temper-ature range,surpassing the performance of 304L and 316L stainless steels.In this regard,the dependency of the total elongation on the de-formation temperature was less pronounced for the 904L alloy due to the absence of additional plasticity mechanisms.These results re-vealed the importance of solid-solution strengthening and the associated high friction stress for superior mechanical behavior over a wide temperature range.

Interface Engineering and Anion Engineering of Mo-Based Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Development and utilization of hydrogen energy is an effective way to achieve carbon neutrality,only hydrogen production through electrolytic water splitting meets the goal of zero carbon emission.To facilitate the large-scale commercialization of water splitting devices,the development of highly efficient and low-cost catalysts to reduce the energy consumption is essential.MoS_(2)has been regarded as a promising electrocatalyst to replace platinum in hydrogen evolution reaction due to its low price and unique 2D layered structure.However,the poor conductivity and inert basal planes of MoS_(2)limited its wide-spread application.Recently,researches have demonstrated that the conductivity and active sites of MoS_(2)can be improved by heteroatoms doping or constructing of heterogeneous structures.In this review,the recent progress of Mo-based catalysts are summarized centered on MoS_(2)based on interface engineering and anion engineering,including MoS_(2)–MoO_(2),MoS_(2)–Mo_(2)C,MoS_(2)–MoN_(x),MoS_(2)–MoP,and MoS_(2)–MoSe_(2).The preparation method,structure,and performance of the catalysts are introduced and the possible mechanism behind the improved catalytic activity are revealed to give readers an overall comprehension on the progress of the Mo-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction.In addition,an outlook on future opportunities and development directions of Mo-based catalysts are proposed to facilitate the development of Mo-based catalysts for hydrogen production.

Investigating the impact of dynamic structural changes of Au/rutile catalysts on the catalytic activity of CO oxidation

The surface properties of oxidic supports and their interaction with the supported metals play critical roles in governing the catalytic activities of oxide‐supported metal catalysts.When metals are supported on reducible oxides,dynamic surface reconstruction phenomena,including strong metal–support interaction(SMSI)and oxygen vacancy formation,complicate the determination of the structural–functional relationship at the active sites.Here,we performed a systematic investigation of the dynamic behavior of Au nanocatalysts supported on flame‐synthesized TiO_(2),which takes predominantly a rutile phase,using CO oxidation above room temperature as a probe reaction.Our analysis conclusively elucidated a negative correlation between the catalytic activity of Au/TiO_(2) and the oxygen vacancy at the Au/TiO_(2) interface.Although the reversible formation and retracting of SMSI overlayers have been ubiquitously observed on Au/TiO_(2) samples,the catalytic consequence of SMSI remains inconclusive.Density functional theory suggests that the electron transfer from TiO_(2) to Au is correlated to the presence of the interfacial oxygen vacancies,retarding the catalytic activation of CO oxidation.

Temperature-jump tensile tests to induce optimized TRIP/TWIP effect in a metastable austenitic stainless steel

In the present work,plastic deformation mechanisms were initially tailored by adjusting the deformation temperature in the range of 0 to 200℃ in AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel,aiming to optimize the strength-ductility synergy.It was shown that the combined twinning-induced plasticity(TWIP)/transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP)effects and a wider strain range for the TRIP effect up to higher strains by adjusting the deformation temperature are good strategies to improve the strength-ductility synergy of this metastable stainless steel.In this regard,by consideration of the observed temperature-dependency of plastic deformation,the controlled sequence of TWIP and TRIP effects for archiving superior strength-ductility trade-off was intended by the pre-designed temperature jump tensile tests.Accordingly,the optimum tensile toughness of 846 MJ/m^(3) and total elongation to 133% were obtained by this strategy via exploiting the advantages of the TWIP effect at 100℃ and the TRIP effect at 25℃ at the later stages of the straining.Consequently,a deformation-temperature-transformation(DTT)diagram was developed for this metastable alloy.Moreover,based on work-hardening analysis,it was found that the main phenomenon constraining further improvement in the ductility and strengthening was the yielding of the deformation-induced α′-martensite.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coinfection with Malaria in Selected States in Nigeria

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Plasmodium species are the causative agents of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and malaria respectively with similar clinical presentations. The objective of this study is to determine the burden of co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria in the general population. Five (5 mLs) of blood samples were collected for SARS-CoV-2 and malaria parasite test. The malaria test was performed using a commercially available one-step malaria antigen Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (Pf HRP-II) rapid test kit. The results of the study showed that the participants that were coinfected with SARS-CoV-2 IgG and malaria were 13 (2.5%) in Lagos, 1114 (39.1%) in Delta and 49 (2.3%) in Sokoto States. The prevalence of coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria in urban areas in Lagos, Delta and Sokoto States were 7 (2.2%), 1373 (48.1%), and 5 (0.2%) respectively. In rural areas, the prevalence of coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria in Lagos, Delta and Sokoto States were 6 (0.3%), 365 (12.8%), and 44 (2.1%) respectively in this study. This suggests that participants in the urban areas were more prone to co-infections than the rural areas in Lagos and Delta states, while it was otherwise in Sokoto State. In conclusion, the co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria was very high in Delta State compared to the other States. It is important for clinics to screen for both diseases when patients present with symptoms of malaria. This is because the infections have similar symptoms and the public is quick to assume malaria infection without diagnosing for COVID-19 and vice versa.

Heterostructured Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Under Alkaline Conditions

The hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) is a half-cell reaction in water electrolysis for producing hydrogen gas. In industrial water electrolysis, the HER is often conducted in alkaline media to achieve higher stability of the electrode materials. However, the kinetics of the HER in alkaline medium is slow relative to that in acid because of the low concentration of protons in the former.Under the latter conditions, the entire HER process will require additional effort to obtain protons by water dissociation near or on the catalyst surface. Heterostructured catalysts, with fascinating synergistic effects derived from their heterogeneous interfaces, can provide multiple functional sites for the overall reaction process. At present, the activity of the most active known heterostructured catalysts surpasses(platinum-based heterostructures) or approaches (noble-metal-free heterostructures) that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst under alkaline conditions, demonstrating an infusive potential to break through the bottlenecks. This review summarizes the most representative and recent heterostructured HER catalysts for alkaline medium. The basics and principles of the HER under alkaline conditions are first introduced, followed by a discussion of the latest advances in heterostructured catalysts with/without noblemetal-based heterostructures. Special focus is placed on approaches for enhancing the reaction rate by accelerating the Volmer step. This review aims to provide an overview of the current developments in alkaline HER catalysts, as well as the design principles for the future development of heterostructured nano-or micro-sized electrocatalysts.

Mitochondrial DNA mutations-candidate biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis in Bangladesh

Breast cancer is a major health problem that affects more than 24% of women in Bangladesh. Furthermore, among low-income countries including Bangladesh, individuals have a high risk for developing breast cancer. This study aimed to identify candidate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis in Bangladeshi women to be used as a preventive approach. We screened the blood samples from 24 breast cancer patients and 20 healthy controls to detect polymorphisms in the D-loop and the ND3-and ND4-coding regions of mtDNA by direct sequencing. Among 14 distinct mutations, 10 polymorphisms were found in the D-loop, 3 were found in the ND3-coding region, and 1 was found in the ND4-coding region. The frequency of two novel polymorphisms in the D-loop, one at position 16290 (Tins) and the other at position 16293 (A-del), was higher in breast cancer patients than in control subjects (position 16290: odds ratio = 6.011, 95% confidence interval = 1.2482 to 28.8411, P = 0.002; position 16293: odds ratio = 5.6028, 95% confidence interval = 1.4357 to 21.8925, P = 0.010). We also observed one novel mutation in the ND3-coding region at position 10316 (A > G) in 69% of breast cancer patients but not in control subjects. The study suggests that two novel polymorphisms in the D-loop may be candidate biomarkers for breast

Decision Support Strategy in Selecting Natural Fiber Materials for Automotive Side-Door Impact Beam Composites

The enforcement on sustainable design and environmental-friendly products has attracted the interest of researchers and engineers in the context of replacing metals and synthetic fibers with natural based fibers,especially in the automotive industry.However,studies on sustainable natural fiber material selection in the automotive industry are limited.Evaluation for the side-door impact beam was conducted by gathering product design specification from literature which amounted to seven criteria and it was forwarded to ten decision makers with automotive engineering and product design background for evaluation.The weightage required for decision-making was obtained using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)method based on six criteria.Following this,the best natural fiber materials to be used as reinforcement in polymer composites were selected using the VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje(VIKOR)method.The results using both the AHP and VIKOR method showed that kenaf was the best natural fiber for the side-door impact beam composites.The result showed the lowest VIKOR value,QA1=0.0000,which was determined to be within the acceptable advantage and acceptable stability conditions.It can be concluded that the application of integrated AHP-VIKOR method resulted in a systematic and justified solution towards the decision-making process.

Development of a rapid test kit for SARS-CoV-2:an example of product design

We present an example of applying'need-driven'product design principle to the development of a rapid test kit to detect SARS-COV-2(COVID-19).The tests are intended for use in the field and,longer term,for home use.They detect whether a subject is currently infected with the virus and is infectious.The urgent need for large numbers of tests in field setting imposes constraints such as short test time and lack of access to specialist equipment,laboratories and skilled technicians to perform the test and interpret results.To meet these needs,an antigen test based on RT-LAMP with colorimetric readout was chosen.Direct use of swab sample with no RNA extraction was explored.After extensive experimental study(reported elsewhere),a rapid test kit has been fabricated to satisfy all design criteria.

Acoustic Properties of Micro-Perforated Panels Made from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber Reinforced Polylactic Acid

This paper presents the development and performance of micro-perforated panels(MPP)from natural fiber reinforced composites.The MPP is made of Polylactic Acid(PLA)reinforced with Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber(OPEFBF).The investigation was made by varying the fiber density,air gap,and perforation ratio to observe the effect on the Sound Absorption Coefficient(SAC)through the experiment in an impedance tube.It is found that the peak level of SAC is not affected,but the peak frequency shifts to lower frequency when the fiber density is increased.This phenomenon might be due to the presence of porosity in the inner wall of the holes.Increasing or decreasing the air gap and perforation ratio shifts the peaks of acoustic absorption either way.

Mitochondrial DNA Control Region Variation from Bangladesh: Sequence Analysis for the Establishment of a Forensic Database

Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the entire control region and three coding regions were analyzed in 108 unrelated individuals from three regions of Bangladesh. Sequence evaluation was performed with validated primers and combined sequence comparison led to the identification of 14 different haplotypes characterized by 37 variable polymorphic sites. The Bangladeshi sequences exhibited high variations and low random match probability, indicating for forensic application. The mean pairwise difference between individual was 9.698 ± 1.8658 nucleotides (95% CI 9.67 - 9.69), compared to a mean pairwise difference of 9.890 ± 4.189 nucleotides reported from Northeast Asia and suggested significant differences in the mtDNA composition of the various populations. The sequence diversity of 108 Bangladeshi Bengali samples (n = 216 chromosomes) was estimated to be 0.8475 ± 0.13406. This study first time reports that the comparison of closely related mtDNA sequences can be very useful for improving mtDNA database quality, as well as provide haplotype information for forensic study in mainstream population of Bangladesh.

A hyaluronic acid granular hydrogel nerve guidance conduit promotes regeneration and functional recovery of injured sciatic nerves in rats

A hyaluronic acid granular hydrogel can promote neuronal and astrocyte colony formation and axonal extension in vitro,suggesting that the hydrogel can simulate an extracellular matrix structure to promote neural regeneration.However,in vivo experiments have not been conducted.In this study,we transplanted a hyaluronic acid granular hydrogel nerve guidance conduit to repair a 10-mm long sciatic nerve gap.The Basso,Beattie,and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale,sciatic nerve compound muscle action potential recording,Fluoro-Gold retrograde tracing,growth related protein 43/S100 immunofluorescence staining,transmission electron microscopy,gastrocnemius muscle dry/wet weight ratio,and Masson’s trichrome staining results showed that the nerve guidance conduit exhibited similar regeneration of sciatic nerve axons and myelin sheath,and recovery of the electrophysiological function and motor function as autologous nerve transplantation.The conduit results were superior to those of a bulk hydrogel or silicone tube transplant.These findings suggest that tissue-engineered nerve conduits containing hyaluronic acid granular hydrogels effectively promote the morphological and functional recovery of the injured sciatic nerve.The nerve conduits have the potential as a material for repairing peripheral nerve defects.

Geotechnical investigation of low-plasticity organic soil treated with nano-calcium carbonate

Soil stabilization using nanomaterials is an emerging research area although,to date,its investigation has mostly been laboratory-based and therefore requires extensive study for transfer to practical field ap-plications.The present study advocates nano-calcium carbonate(NCC)material,a relatively unexplored nanomaterial additive,for stabilization of low-plasticity fine-grained soil having moderate organic content.The plasticity index,compaction,unconfined compressive strength(UCS),compressibility and permeability characteristics of the 0.2%,0.4%,0.6%and 0.8%NCC-treated soil,and untreated soil(as control),were determined,including investigations of the effect of up to 90-d curing on the UCS and permeability properties.In terms of UCS improvement,0.4%NCC addition was identified as the optimum dosage,mobilizing a UCS at 90-d curing of almost twice that for the untreated soil.For treated soil,particle aggregation arising from NCC addition initially produced an increase in the permeability coef-ficient,but its magnitude decreased for increased curing owing to calcium silicate hydrate(CSH)gel formation,although still remaining higher compared to the untreated soil for all dosages and curing periods investigated.Compression index decreased for all NCC-treated soil investigated.SEM micro-graphs indicated the presence of gel patches along with particle aggregation.X-ray diffraction(XRD)results showed the presence of hydration products,such as CSH.Significant increases in UCS are initially attributed to void filling and then because of CSH gel formation with increased curing.

Effect of Fibre Size on Mechanical Properties and Surface Roughness of PLA Composites by Using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)

Naturalfibre as a reinforcing agent has been widely used in many industrial applications.Nevertheless,several factors need to be considered,such as the size and weight percentage of thefibre used in binding.Using fused deposition modelling(FDM),this factor was investigated by varying the size of naturalfibre as the responding variable with afixed weight percentage of kenaffibre.The process of modifying the naturalfibre in terms of size might increase the dispersion of kenaffibre in the polymer matrix and increase the adhesion bonding between thefibre and matrix of composites,subsequently improving the interfacial bonding between these two phases.In this paper,the effect offibre size was evaluated by performing the mechanical test,Scanning Electron Micrograph(SEM)to observe the morphology of the composites,and also by surface analysis.The surface roughness was visualised using a 3D profilometer and thefigure was illustrated as colour shading in the image.The composite withfibre size≤100μm displayed better tensile andflexural strength,compared to other sizes.In conclusion,by reducing the size of thefibre,the composites could develop high strength performance for industrial applications.

Environmentally Friendly Room Temperature Synthesis of 1-Tetralone over Layered Double Hydroxide-Hosted Sulphonato-Salen-Nickel(II) Complex

1-Tetralone, a useful synthetic intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and dyes, can be prepared by liquid phase catalytic oxidation of tetralin. Selective oxidation of tetralin to 1-tetralone is still a big challenge with low-temperature processes using environmentally friendly routes even after decades of research. Herein, we demonstrate room-temperature oxidation of tetralin to 1-tetralone over layered double hydroxide-hosted sulphonato-salen-nickel(II) complex, LDH-[Ni-salen]. The layered double hydroxide-hosted sulphonato-salen-nickel(II) compound was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis. The theoretical calculations of free sulphonato-salen-nickel(II) complex using Density Functional Theory/CAM-B3LYP at the 6-311++ G(d,p) level of theory were also used to determine the orientation of the Ni-salen compound within the layered structure. The immobilized compound, LDH-[Ni-salen] was found to be an effective reusable catalyst for the oxidation of tetralin to 1-tetralone using a combination of trimethylacetaldehyde and molecular oxygen (14.5 psi) and at 25°C. At 45.5% conversion, tetralin was converted to 1-tetralone with 77.2% selectivity at room temperature and atmospheric pressure after 24 h. The catalyst recycles test and hot filtration experiment showed that oxidation proceeded through Ni(II) sites in LDH-[Ni-salen]. The catalysts were reused several times without losing their catalytic activity and selectivity. The present results may provide a convenient strategy for the preparation of 1-tetralone using layered double hydroxide-based heterogeneous catalyst at ambient temperature for industrial application in near future.

A Theoretical Study of Tris-(o-benzoquinonediimine)-First-Row Divalent Transition Metal Complexes

The ligand o-phenylenediamine (opda) and its oxidized form, o-benzoquinonediimine (bqdi), act as a fascinating candidate coordinating toward transition metal ions leading to the photochemical hydrogen production in absence of photosensitizers. Herein, we report the systematic study of the interaction between the oxidized form bqdi ligand, tris-(o-benzoquinonediimine) with divalent first-row transition metal series using DFT calculations. The lowest energy structures, bond length, binding energies, frontier molecular orbital analysis, natural bond orbitals, and global reactivity descriptor were calculated using B3LYP/6-311G(d,P) level of theory. The time dependent-DFT at the CAM-B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory was applied to determine the electronic structures and the optical spectra. The theoretical binding trend of the divalent first-row transition metal series is decreasing as follows: Cu >Ti > V > Co > Ni > Fe > Cr > Zn >Mn. Among them, the binding potency of iron (II) by the bqdi ligand was not predominantly sturdy as compared to other first-row divalent transition metal ions. The origin of strong coordination with Fe(II) is attributed to its extra capability to induce covalent coordination of bqdi ligands. The complex exhibited two strong peaks at 370 nm and 452 nm, due to the HOMO-3 to LUMO+1 and HOMO-1 to LUMO transitions, respectively. Natural bond orbital analysis showed that the major interaction happens between the N lone pair electrons of the ligand with an anti-bonding orbital of metal ions, in which Ti showed the highest interaction energy than other metal ions. The present systemic DFT study of bqdi ligands with the first-row transition metals strongly encourages the future establishment of photochemical hydrogen production in absence of photosensitizers.

Adsorption of Anionic and Cationic Dyes from Textile Effluents by Activated Carbon Prepared from Sawdust and Fish Scale

In Bangladesh, there are thousands of textile-dying industries spread across the country’s many regions, the majority of which involve knitting and dying. The dyeing industry uses an enormous quantity of water, as well as colors and chemicals. After the dying process has been completed, they also release a significant amount of wastewater. Cotton, wool, and polyester fiber are typically dyed with textile dyes such as reactive, acid, and disperse dyes. These dyes are utilized most frequently in the respective sectors. The dyes’ colorants are extremely poisonous and dangerous to all forms of life, including aquatic life and living things. The present work has been intended to investigate whether or not it is practicable to remove commonly used textile dyes simultaneously from an aqueous dye solution using an adsorption technique that makes use of a variety of different adsorbents. This study focuses on the removal of color from two distinct types of dyes—Methylene Blue and Reactive Blue-250 which are cationic and anionic in nature respectively, using two different types of activated carbon adsorbents prepared from sawdust and fish scale. Dye removal capacity was tested as a function of contact time, the dosage of the adsorbent, pH during the treatment process, temperature and initial concentration of dye. The applicability of the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms in describing experimental data was investigated. The micro and mesoporous activated carbon prepared from sawdust and fish scale identified by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images indicated that such adsorbents with a large surface area have more dye adsorption potential whereas the variation in dye adsorption occurs due to variation in surface area. From the overall experimental data, maximum removal of 95.39% and 87.92% was found for Methylene Blue and Reactive Blue-250 respectively by sawdust, and 90.64% removal of Methylene Blue by using fish scale.

A Computational Study of Microhydrated N-Acetyl-Phenylalaninylamide (NAPA): Kinetics and Thermodynamics

The formations of [NAPA-A(H2O)n (n = 1, 2, 3, 4)] complexes have been studied employing DFT/wB97XD/cc-pVTZ computational level to understand the kinetics and thermodynamics for the hydration reactions of N-acetyl-phenylalaninylamide (NAPA). Thermodynamic parameters such as reaction energy (E), enthalpy (H), Gibb’s free energy (G), specific heat capacity (Cv), entropy (S), and change of these parameters (ΔEr, ΔHr, ΔGr, ΔCr, and ΔSr) were studied using the explicit solvent model. The predicted values of H, G, C, and S increase with the sequential addition of water in NAPA-A due to the increase in the total number of vibrational modes. On the other hand, the value of ΔEr, ΔHr, and ΔGr increases (more negative to less negative) gradually for n = 1, 2, 3, and 4 that indicates an increase of hydration in NAPA-A makes exothermic to endothermic reactions. The barrier heights for the transition states (TS) of [NAPA-A(H2O)n (n = 1, 2, 3, 4)] complexes are predicted to lie at 4.41, 4.05, 3.72 and 2.26 kcal/mol respectively below the reactants. According to the calculations, the formations of [NAPA-A(H2O)1] and [NAPA-A(H2O)2] complexes are barrierless reactions because both water molecules are strongly bonded via two hydrogen bonds in the backbone of NAPA-A. On the contrary, the reactions of [NAPA-A(H2O)3] and [NAPA-A(H2O)4] complexation are endothermic and the barrier heights are predicted to stay at 6.30 and 10.54 kcal/mol respectively above the reactants. The free energy of activation (Δ‡G0) for the reaction of [NAPA-A(H2O)1], [NAPA-A(H2O)2], [NAPA-A(H2O)3], and [NAPA-A(H2O)4] complexation are 4.43, 4.28, 3.83 and 5.11 kcal/mol respectively which are very low. As well as the rates of reactions are 3.490 × 109 s-1, 4.514 × 109 s-1, 9.688 × 109 s-1, and 1.108 × 109 s-1 respectively which are very fast and spontaneous.

High performance in Zintl thermoelectrics via reduction in crystal field splitting energy

Sustainable thermoelectric materials open an avenue of emission-free as well as fast-responding recycling of energy in terms of heat to electricity.The efficiency(η)of such conversion is primarily guided by the dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit(zT),which depends on parameters like Seebeck coefficient(S).

Dynamic knowledge graph approach for modelling the decarbonisation of power

This paper presents a dynamic knowledge graph approach that offers a reusable,interoperable,and extensible framework for modelling power systems.Domain ontologies have been developed to support a linked data representation of infrastructure data,socio-demographic data,areal attributes like demand,and models describing power systems.The knowledge graph links the data with a hierarchical representation of administrative regions,supporting geospatial queries to retrieve information about the population within the vicinity of a power plant,the number of power plants,total generation capacity,and demand within specific areas.Computational agents were developed to operate on the knowledge graph.The agents performed tasks including data uploading,updating,retrieval,processing,model construction and scenario analysis.A derived information framework was used to track the provenance of information calculated by agents involved in each scenario.The knowledge graph was populated with data describing the UK power system.Two alternative models of the transmission grid with different levels of structural resolution were instantiated,providing the foundation for the power system simulation and optimisation tasks performed by the agents.The application of the dynamic knowledge graph was demonstrated via a case study that investigates clean energy transition trajectories based on the deployment of Small Modular Reactors in the UK.