Forestvoltaics,Floatovoltaics and Building Applied Photovoltaics(BAPV)Potential for a University Campus

The United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)highlight the importance of affordable and clean energy sources.Solar energy is a perfect example,being both renewable and abundant.Its popularity shows no signs of slowing down,with solar photovoltaic(PV)panels being the primary technology for converting sunlight into electricity.Advancements are continuously being made to ensure cost-effectiveness,high-performing cells,extended lifespans,and minimal maintenance requirements.This study focuses on identifying suitable locations for implementing solar PVsystems at theUniversityMalaysia PahangAl SultanAbdullah(UMPSA),Pekan campus including buildings,water bodies,and forest areas.A combined technical and economic analysis is conducted using Helioscope for simulations and the Photovoltaic Geographic Information System(PVGIS)for economic considerations.Helioscope simulation examine case studies for PV installations in forested areas,lakes,and buildings.This approach provides comprehensive estimations of solar photovoltaic potential,annual cost savings,electricity costs,and greenhouse gas emission reductions.Based on land coverage percentages,Floatovoltaics have a large solar PV capacity of 32.3 Megawatts(MW);forest-based photovoltaics(Forestvoltaics)achieve maximum yearly savings of RM 37,268,550;and Building Applied Photovoltaics(BAPV)have the lowest CO2 emissions and net carbon dioxide reduction compared to other plant sizes.It also clarifies the purpose of using both software tools to achieve a comprehensive understanding of both technical and economic aspects.

Analysis of combustion characteristics and chemical properties for biocoke fuel

Analyses of the characteristics and properties of biocoke fuel from several biomass wastes were carried out to determine the energy potential of the fuel.Biocoke production in this research uses heating and pressure methods simultaneously under constant conditions.Experimental results using thermogravimetric analysis show that biocoke empty-fruit-bunches(EFB)have a higher energy potential of 26.57 MJ/kg.Meanwhile,mangrove biocoke recorded the lowest ash content at 1.81%compared to EFB at 5.09%.The carbon content of mangrove biocoke is 58.02%,slightly higher than that of EFB,56.70%,but EFB is higher than that of other biomass.Overall,the energy content recorded in biocoke increased significantly compared to raw biomass.

Correlation between hardness and SEM-EDS characterization of palm oil waste based biocoke

This research investigates the relationship between hardness and microstructure obtained through SEM-EDS analysis of palm oil waste-based biocoke.The mechanical qualities and chemical composition of biocoke are being studied concerning the influence of temperature conditions.The manufacturing temperature of biocoke may vary between 150℃ and 190℃.Utilizing SEM-EDS,we were able to characterize the microstructure and analyze the elemental composition,while the Hardness Shore D approach was used for the most complex materials.These results highlight the possibility of optimizing production temperature to produce biocoke with better mechanical performance.They show a positive correlation between biocoke hardness and structured carbon content.At 150℃ and 180℃,respectively,the EFB biocoke reached its maximum hardness level of 62±5.At 190℃,OPM biocoke generated a 60±5 times greater hardness than that of OPM and OPF biocoke.The OPT biocoke sample had the highest porosity with a score of 0.86,or 85.76%.Furthermore,compared to EFB biocoke,OPM and OPF biocokes had a priority of 0.84(84.20%)and 0.83(83.48%),respectively.Biocoke hardness is a quality indicator of physical and chemical qualities;the vital link between biocoke hardness,structural features,and elemental composition supports this idea.

Effect of Dust and Shadow on Performance of Solar Photovoltaic Modules: Experimental Analysis

This study presents an experimental performance of a solar photovoltaic module under clean,dust,and shadow conditions.It is found that there is a significant decrease in electrical power produced(40%in the case of dust panels and 80%in the case of shadow panels)and a decrease in efficiency of around 6%in the case with dust and 9%in the case with the shadow,as compared to the clean panel.From the results,it is clear that there is a substantial effect of a partial shadow than dust on the performance of the solar panel.This is due to the more obstruction of the sunlight by the shadowed area compared to the dust.The dust being finer particles for the given local experimental condition did not influence the panel than the shadow.The main outcome of this study is that the shadowing effect may cause more harm to the PV module than dust for the given experimental conditions.However,Further long-term studies on the effect of dust and shadow are needed to understand the effect on performance degradation and module life.

Biochemical and Thermal Analysis of Spirulina Biomass through FTIR, TGA, CHN

Spirulina is a sort of algae that grows in both fresh and seawater.It is considered the Earth’s most nutritionally dense food.Certain claims about Spirulina’s beneficial health properties are attributed to the relatively high protein content of the cells.Spirulina’s lipid,fatty acid profile,and biochemical composition have received little attention.The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature and decomposition of spirulina biomass at various temperatures.In the present investigation,Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy,thermogravimetric analysis,and elemental analysis were used to study spirulina biomass biochemical characteristics.The optimal content of spirulina protein,lipid,and the amino acid was identified and reported.In this study,the various frequency ranges corresponding to functional groups are evaluated and reported.Spirulina FT-IR spectra were recorded and reported at different frequency ranges from 3870–3448 cm−1 to 695–545 cm−1.FTIR studies for spirulina biomass affirmed the occurrence of–OH,–COOH,NH,C–H,and C=O groups.Protein(3453 and 1645 cm−1)and carbohydrate(1032 and 1033 cm−1)were the main components with distinct IR spectra fingerprint characteristics.Results indicate that Spirulina sp.biomass is viable green energy and the biggest protein source.The mechanism underlying the high rate of protein accumulation of spirulina may aid in not only elucidating the biochemistry but also in modifying the chemical composition and strain selection for the production of specific chemicals and products.

Effects of Spark Energy on Spark Plug Fault Recognition in a Spark Ignition Engine

The increasing demands for fuel economy and emission reduction have led to the development of lean/diluted combustion strategies for modern Spark Ignition(SI)engines.The new generation of SI engines requires higher spark energy and a longer discharge duration to improve efficiency and reduce the backpressure.However,the increased spark energy gives negative impacts on the ignition system which results in deterioration of the spark plug.Therefore,a numerical model was used to estimate the spark energy of the ignition system based on the breakdown voltage.The trend of spark energy is then recognized by implementing the classification method.Significant features were identified from the Information Gain(IG)scoring of the statistical analysis.k-Nearest Neighbor(KNN),Artificial Neural Network(ANN),and SupportVector Machine(SVM)models were studied to identify the best classifier for the classification stage.For all classifiers,the entire featured dataset was randomly divided into standardized parameter values of training and testing data sets with the ratio of 70-30 for each class.It was shown in the study that the KNN classifier acquired the highest Classification Accuracy(CA)of 94.1%compared to ANN and SVM that score 77.3%and 87.9%on the test data,respectively.

Effect of Flow Field Geometry on Hydrodynamics of Flow in Redox Flow Battery

This study computationally investigates the hydrodynamics of different serpentine flow field designs for redox flow batteries,which considers the Poiseuille flow in the flow channel and the Darcy flow porous substrate.Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)results of the in-house developed code based on Finite Volume Method(FVM)for conventional serpentine flow field(CSFF)agreed well with those obtained via experiment.The deviation for pressure drop(ΔP)was less than 5.1%for all the flow rates,thus proving the present CFD analysis’s validity on the modified variation of serpentine flow fields.Modified serpentine flow field-2(MSFF2)design provided least pressure drop across the channel and maximum velocity penetration across the porous substrate when compared to the other designs.This increases its wetting ability,which is very important in terms of mass transfer over potential for electrochemical reaction happening in the porous substrate to achieve effective electrochemical cell performance.