Research tends to go in cycles of innovation,consolidation and confirmation,then reflection.Formulaic language research seems currently to be moving into a reflective phase,offering considerable potential for new idea...Research tends to go in cycles of innovation,consolidation and confirmation,then reflection.Formulaic language research seems currently to be moving into a reflective phase,offering considerable potential for new ideas feeding the next round of innovation.Research into formulaic language goes back 150 years at least,with several strands developing somewhat independently,including patterns in native language (including first language acquisition),language disorders and second language learning.My own work was an attempt to identify a single explanation that accounted for them all.New technologies now provide additional ways to explore and evaluate the evidence,most notably through corpus linguistics,and eye and brain activity monitoring.Five key claims,all with potential implications for L2 research and teaching,indicate the scope for future research:1.Although we talk of an 'idiomatic' nativelike way of speaking,in fact there is considerable variation in what is idiomatic:what should be taught? 2.The acquisition of idiomaticity is driven by the need to belong and survive:can this be replicated in the classroom? 3.Although formulaic language seems to reduce the speaker' s processing,the hearer' s processing may be the more important consideration:does 'accommodation' affect the learner's experience adversely? 4.Corpus linguistics forces a careful evaluation of the true role of frequency in idiomaticity:are materials writers beguiled by corpus data? 5.We cannot consider formulaic language patterns independently of knowing the purpose of the text in which they occur,including its genre:are L2 teaching materials broad enough?There are key opportunities for researchers in China to exploit aspects of the Chinese writing system and approach to education,to answer questions that cannot be easily answered in the west.Issues include the role of memorisation in language learning,the role of literacy in our perception of linguistic units,and the universality of patterns in acquired language disorders.展开更多
Water resources in Lebanon are one of the major threatened natural resources, since they spread on different geographic locations creating a network of permanent and temporary watercourses that govern the socio-econom...Water resources in Lebanon are one of the major threatened natural resources, since they spread on different geographic locations creating a network of permanent and temporary watercourses that govern the socio-economy and livelihood. However, lately, these watercourses, and certainly the rivers and streams, are witnessing unfavorable impacts that make them with less benefit and use. In addition, most of the Lebanese river basins have not been characterized due to the newly physical challenges of climate change and the human interference. Hence, characterization of the Lebanese river basins must be obtained in order to monitor the changing of physical and anthropogenic parameters. This can help for better conservation and adaptation approaches, notably for climate change. Arqa River, a coastal Lebanese river in North Lebanon is a typical example. In this study, Arqa River basin and the occupied streams among it have been studied using new advanced geomatic techniques. These techniques are based on the treatment of digital geo-spatial data in systematic approaches. ArcGIS is the software which is used to elaborate and manipulate (data interrelation, measures, overlapping, ordering, etc.) the geo-spatial data. Thus, the geometric and morphometric analysis were obtained for the river catchment and the existing tributaries. This will be a primary tool for further applications including water resources management in the river system. This can be utilized in the execution of dams, mountain lakes, man-made channels and in mapping flood-prone areas. In addition, the obtained characterization of this basin will be helpful in mapping erosion processes and estimation of the infiltration capacity, plus monitoring surface water flow. It is a typical approach of analysis that can be applied for the rest of Lebanese river systems in order to attain a better water resources management. This study shows that the use of geomatic techniques is a very helpful tool in the study of basins morphometry, and it can give valuable measures which cannot be applicable by conventional tools of analysis. In addition, it serves in reducing time of analysis with least cost, as well as it can cover rugged and remote areas.展开更多
文摘Research tends to go in cycles of innovation,consolidation and confirmation,then reflection.Formulaic language research seems currently to be moving into a reflective phase,offering considerable potential for new ideas feeding the next round of innovation.Research into formulaic language goes back 150 years at least,with several strands developing somewhat independently,including patterns in native language (including first language acquisition),language disorders and second language learning.My own work was an attempt to identify a single explanation that accounted for them all.New technologies now provide additional ways to explore and evaluate the evidence,most notably through corpus linguistics,and eye and brain activity monitoring.Five key claims,all with potential implications for L2 research and teaching,indicate the scope for future research:1.Although we talk of an 'idiomatic' nativelike way of speaking,in fact there is considerable variation in what is idiomatic:what should be taught? 2.The acquisition of idiomaticity is driven by the need to belong and survive:can this be replicated in the classroom? 3.Although formulaic language seems to reduce the speaker' s processing,the hearer' s processing may be the more important consideration:does 'accommodation' affect the learner's experience adversely? 4.Corpus linguistics forces a careful evaluation of the true role of frequency in idiomaticity:are materials writers beguiled by corpus data? 5.We cannot consider formulaic language patterns independently of knowing the purpose of the text in which they occur,including its genre:are L2 teaching materials broad enough?There are key opportunities for researchers in China to exploit aspects of the Chinese writing system and approach to education,to answer questions that cannot be easily answered in the west.Issues include the role of memorisation in language learning,the role of literacy in our perception of linguistic units,and the universality of patterns in acquired language disorders.
文摘Water resources in Lebanon are one of the major threatened natural resources, since they spread on different geographic locations creating a network of permanent and temporary watercourses that govern the socio-economy and livelihood. However, lately, these watercourses, and certainly the rivers and streams, are witnessing unfavorable impacts that make them with less benefit and use. In addition, most of the Lebanese river basins have not been characterized due to the newly physical challenges of climate change and the human interference. Hence, characterization of the Lebanese river basins must be obtained in order to monitor the changing of physical and anthropogenic parameters. This can help for better conservation and adaptation approaches, notably for climate change. Arqa River, a coastal Lebanese river in North Lebanon is a typical example. In this study, Arqa River basin and the occupied streams among it have been studied using new advanced geomatic techniques. These techniques are based on the treatment of digital geo-spatial data in systematic approaches. ArcGIS is the software which is used to elaborate and manipulate (data interrelation, measures, overlapping, ordering, etc.) the geo-spatial data. Thus, the geometric and morphometric analysis were obtained for the river catchment and the existing tributaries. This will be a primary tool for further applications including water resources management in the river system. This can be utilized in the execution of dams, mountain lakes, man-made channels and in mapping flood-prone areas. In addition, the obtained characterization of this basin will be helpful in mapping erosion processes and estimation of the infiltration capacity, plus monitoring surface water flow. It is a typical approach of analysis that can be applied for the rest of Lebanese river systems in order to attain a better water resources management. This study shows that the use of geomatic techniques is a very helpful tool in the study of basins morphometry, and it can give valuable measures which cannot be applicable by conventional tools of analysis. In addition, it serves in reducing time of analysis with least cost, as well as it can cover rugged and remote areas.
基金the Awards of Gates Cambridge Scholarship and British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship(pf100022),which were awarded to the first author in 2006 and 2010 respectively,for their generous financial support throughout all stages of the current study