深水人工湖环境生物地球化学过程研究：以贵州红枫湖-百花湖为例

红枫湖和百花湖地处长江支流乌江水系猫跳河流域,位于黔中人为活动高强度地区,具低纬度-高海拔的地理区位;是河道型梯级开发的人工湖,具碳酸盐岩的地质背景、水寄宿时间小、水深变幅大、水体多功能、农区与覆水区镶嵌等重要特征。红枫湖表层沉积物Pb稳定同位素组成表明其污染具多源特征;剖析百花湖-红枫湖"突发性"水质恶化相互关联水质指标表明"湖泊黑潮"是特定季节、特殊气候条件下,沉积有机质生物氧化作用的耦合;脱氮过程受阻的pH控制导致亚硝酸根浓度增高;维护该湖泊水系环境质量需预防工业污染、流域侵蚀、生活污染并综合治理湖区。

Aiming to immune elimination of ovarian cancer stem cells

Ovarian cancer accounts for only 3% of all cancers in women, but it causes more deaths than any other gynecologic cancer. Treatment with chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery shows a good response to the therapy. However, in a large proportion of the patients the tumor grows back within a few years. Cancer stem cells, that are less responsive to these treatments, are blamed for this recurrence of disease. Immune therapy either cellular or humoral is a novel concept to treat cancer. It is based on the notice that immune cells invade the tumor. However, the tumor invest heavily to escape from immune elimination by recruiting several immune suppressive mechanisms. These processes are normally in place to limit excessive immune activation and prevent autoimmune phenomena. Here, we discuss current knowledge about the immune(suppressive)status in ovarian cancer. Moreover, we discuss the immunological targets of ovarian cancer stem cells.

Detection of intermediates in the TiO_2-assisted photodegradation of Rhodamine B under visible light irradiation

The photocatalytic degradation of dye Rhodamine B （RhB） in the presence of TiO2 nanostdpe or P25 under visible light irradiation was investigated. The degradation intermediates were identified using Infrared spectra （IR spectra）, ^1H nuclear magnetic resonance （^1HNMR） spectra, and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy （GC-MS）. The IR and the ^1HNMR results showed that the large conjugated chromophore structure of RhB was efficiently destroyed under visible light irradiation in both the photocatalytic systems （TiO2 nanostfipe or P25 and Rhodamine B systems）. GC-MS results showed that the main identified intermediates were ethanediotic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid and benzoic acid, which were almost the same in the TiO2 nanostdpes and P25 systems. This work provides a good insight into the reaction pathway（s） for the TiO2-assisted photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutants under visible light irradiation.

A pure blue light emitting binaphthyl derivative:Synthesis and properties

A binaphthyl derivative with pyrene on 3 and 3＇ positions was synthesized and characterized via Suzuki coupling reaction. Emission maximum in solution was located at 390 nm with a quantum efficiency of 68% by taking 9,10-diphenyl anthracene as reference,while it is shifted to 450 nm with FWHM of 104 nm resulting from aggregation state in solid film.Glass transition temperature（Tg）and decomposition temperature were measured to be 184 and 447℃,respectively,by DSC and TGA.Unlike its photoluminescence spectrum,electroluminescent spectrum peaked at about 460 nm and shows a FWHM of 69 nm corresponding to a pure blue emission.The turn-on voltage,luminance and efficiency maximum were 5 V,2953 cd/m^2 and 1.37cd/A with CIE color coordinate of（0.16,0.15）,in the device structure of ITO/NPB（40nm）/PY-BN-PY（15nm）/BPhen（40nm）/Mg：Ag.

Expression Compilation of Several Putative Cancer Stem Cell Markers by Primary Ovarian Carcinoma

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor initiating cells are rare cells that are able to establish a tumor or metastasis. Identification of those CSCs is, however, cumbersome even in established cell lines. Several cancer stem cell markers were reported to be expressed by ovarian cancer. Those cancer stem cells are gifted with lower vulnerability to irradiation and cytostatic drugs explaining the high incidence of recurrence after treatment. A variety of different cancer stem cell markers were described for epithelial tumors. Also, cancer cell lines were assessed for stem cell markers with no common denominator. The expression of CD24, CD44, CD117, CD133, ABCG2, ALDH was determined for cells from 22 patients. Ovarian cancer cells were collected from ascites. Part of the tumor cells were analyzed immediately and stained for the above mentioned cancer stem cell markers. The remainder of the cells was cultured for several weeks using standard stem cell culture conditions. We observed a large variety in expression of putative stem cell markers for primary tumors. After two weeks of culture spheres were seen in several cultures, indicative for cancer stem cells, though not all patients’ cells were able to form spheres. Our data show for the first time the heterogeneity in marker display in primary tumors. Also for the cultured cells stem cell markers were determined. None of the stem cell markers was expressed by all patients’ cells. No correlation with tumor type was demonstrated. The complexity of expression challenges the isolation of cancer stem

Dissolved organic matter tracers reveal contrasting characteristics across high arsenic aquifers in Cambodia:A fluorescence spectroscopy study

Organic matter in the environment is involved in many biogeochemical processes,including the mobilization of geogenic trace elements,such as arsenic,into groundwater.In this paper we present the use of fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool in heavily arsenicaffected groundwaters in Kandal Province,Cambodia.The fluorescence DOM (fDOM) characteristics between contrasting field areas of differing dominant lithologies were compared and linked to other hydrogeochemical parameters,including arsenic and dissolved methane as well as selected sedimentary characteristics.Absorbance-corrected fluorescence indices were used to characterize depth profiles and compare field areas.Groundwater fDOM was generally dominated by terrestrial humic and fulvic-like components,with relatively small contributions from microbially-derived,tryptophan-like components.Groundwater fDOM from sand-dominated sequences typically contained lower tryptophan-like,lower fulvic-like and lower humic-like components,was less bioavailable,and had higher humification index than clay-dominated sequences.Methane concentrations were strongly correlated with fDOM bioavailability as well as with tryptophan-like components,suggesting that groundwater methane in these arsenic-prone aquifers is likely of biogenic origin.A comparison of fDOM tracers with sedimentary OM tracers is consistent with the hypothesis that external,surface-derived contributions to the aqueous DOM pool are an important control on groundwater hydrogeochemistry.

Contrasting sorption behaviours affecting groundwater arsenic concentration in Kandal Province,Cambodia

Natural arsenic (As) contamination of groundwater which provides drinking water and/or irrigation supplies remains a major public health issue,particularly in South and Southeast Asia.A number of studies have evaluated various aspects of the biogeochemical controls on As mobilization in aquifers typical to this region,however many are predicated on the assumption that key biogeochemical processes may be deduced by sampled water chemistry.The validity of this assumption has not been clearly established even though the role of sorption/desorption of As and other heavy metals onto Fe/Mn (hydr) oxides is an important control in As mobilization.Here,selective chemical extractions of sand-rich and clay-rich sediments from an As-affected aquifer in Kandal Province,Cambodia,were undertaken to explore the potential role of partial re-equilibrium through sorption/desorption reactions of As and related solutes (Fe,Mn and P) between groundwater and the associated solid aquifer matrix.In general,groundwater As is strongly affected by both pH and Eh throughout the study area.However,contrasting sorption behaviour is observed in two distinct sand-dominated (T-Sand) and clay dominated (T-Clay) transects,and plausibly attributed to differing dominant lithologies,biogeochemical and/or hydrogeological conditions.Sorption/desorption processes appear to be re-setting groundwater As concentrations in both transects,but to varying extents and in different ways.In T-Sand,which is typically highly reducing,correlations suggest that dissolved As may be sequestered by sorption/re-adsorption to Fe-bearing mineral phases and/or sedimentary organic matter;in T-Clay Eh is a major control on As mobilization although binding/occlusion of Fe-bearing minerals to sedimentary organic matter may also occur.Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted with groups categorised by transect and by Eh,and the output correlations support the contrasting sorption behaviours encountered in this study area.Irrespective of transect,however,the key biogeochemical processes which initially control As mobilization in such aquifers,may be “masked” by the re-setting of As concentrations through in-aquifer sorption/desorption processes.

Unsupervised machine learning accelerates solid electrolyte discovery

Traditional organic liquid electrolytes used in commercial Li-ion batteries would incur serious safety issues due to their flammability and volatility[1].The exploration and design of solid electrolytes with high room-temperature Li-ion conductivities(sRT)are important to improve the safety and cycle life of Li-ion batteries[2].Although previous investigations have proven that various physical factors correlate with Li-ion diffusion in solids,there is no unified theory to explain the similarity among distinctive crystal structures of solid-state Liion conductors(SSLCs).In addition,the exploration of a vast composition-structure space of thousands of materials is extremely difficult.The current investigations mainly rely on‘trial and error’and are limited to a few kinds of candidates,such as lithium thiophosphates,garnets,sodium super ionic conductors(NASICONs),perovskites and argyrodites[3].Therefore,the discovery of novel SSLCs from wider materials on basis of available knowledge is significant.

Another look at the life of a neutrophil

Neutrophils are considered as the privates of the innate immune system. They are born in the bone marrow, migrate to the tissues where they kill putative intruders. After their job they are quickly removed from the battlefield by macrophages. This view of a predetermined pathway fitted nicely in their short lifespan of 5 h. However, recent studies indicated that their lifespan was in the order of several days. Recently, it became clear that neutrophils have functions beyond killing of pathogens. The reported half-life of 5 h is hardly compatible with those functions. Moreover, the organism actively invests in rescuing primed neutrophils from clearance by the body. It appears that their half-life is highly dependent on the method used to measure their life span. Here, we discuss the literature and show that neutrophils compartmentalize which could explain partially the differences reported for their lifespan. Moreover, the methodology to label neutrophils ex-vivo could have similar deteriorating effects on their lifespan as found for transfused red blood cells.

Groundwater arsenic biogeochemistry-Key questions and use of tracers to understand arsenic-prone groundwater systems

Over 100,000,000 people worldwide are exposed to high arsenic groundwater utilised for drinking or cooking.The consequent global avoidable disease burden is estimated to be of the order of 100,000 avoidable deaths or more per annum from just direct exposures - i.e.excluding indirect exposure (from rice and other foods) and excluding morbidity.Notwithstanding 1000s of papers published on arsenic (hydro)(bio)geochemistry,there remain a number of key outstanding questions to be addressed in relation to arsenic geoscience - these include questions related to:(i) the role of human activities - irrigation,agriculture and other land uses - on arsenic mobilisation in groundwaters;(ii) the specific sources,nature and role of organics,minerals and microbial communities involved in arsenic mobilisation;(iii) the relationship to microscopic to macroscopic scale geological (including tectonic) and evolution processes;(iv) unravelling the over-printing of multiple processes in complex highly heterogeneous aquifer systems and (v) using increasing understanding of the controls of arsenic mobility in groundwaters systems to informing improved locally-relevant remediation and mitigation approaches.This article further summarises how the 9 further papers in this Special Issue address some of these questions through the use of chemical and/or isotopic tracers.

What is the purpose of launching the World Journal of Medical Genetics?

Congratulations to the publisher,members of the editorial board of the journal,all the authors and readers for launching the World Journal of Medical Genetics(WJMG)as a new member of the World series journal family!Following the completion of the Human Genome Project,medical genetic research has seen spectacular progress over the last decade.The number of genes that have been linked to Mendelian human traits has grown exponentially and currently this process is peaking with the access to robust genome-wide sequencing power.The genomics revolution is also seen for elucidation of rare and common DNA variants that increase risk for common disorders.Given this fast progress,there is an increasing need for making the results of genetics and genomics studies rapidly and freely available to the larger community.Thus,the decision for inaugurating this new journal is a timely one.The WJMG is a peer-reviewed,open-access periodical centered in all aspects of medical genetics research,with multidisciplinary coverage:from human phenotype to genetic and genomic mutations and variations to the study of pathological mechanisms.If you want to share new results of your research with a link to medical genetics with your peers,you will find the WJMG a good media to publish your papers!

Synthesis and properties of a star-shaped organic material with triphenylamine and N-vinyl carbazole units

A starburst tripbenylamine cored N-vinyl carbazole （V-Cz） branched compound was designed and synthesized via optimized Heck reaction in a yield of 40-60%. Moderate yield came from decomposition of V-Cz and self-coupling of triiodo-triphenylamine. TCz-TPA adopts a highly twisted propeller conformation by molecular mechanical optimization. It is readily soluble for its highly twisted conformation. Transparent and pinhole free films could be easily fabricated by spin-coating for its starburst structure. It emits blue-greenish light in CH2Cl2 peaked at 460 nm with a narrow full-width at half-maximum （FWHM） of 65 nm. As compared,

SYNTHESIS OF CHIRAL BINAPHTHYL CROWN ETHERS AND THEIR USE IN ANIONIC POLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE AS INITIATOR LIGANDS

Some chiral binaphthyl crown ethers were synthesized. The anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out in the presence of t-BuOK, Ph2CHK or Ph2CHNa (RM), and RM coordination initiator by using chiral binaphthyl crown ethers as ligands, respectively. The results showed that in the former case the PMMA obtained has mainly isotactic structure but without optical activity, while in the later case the PMMA produced predominately has syndiotactic structure also without optical activity.

银屑病角质形成细胞抗菌蛋白的表达水平比特应性皮炎高

Recently, it was shown that lesional skin of atopic dermatitis patients expresses low levels of some antimicrobial peptides, compared with psoriasis patients. Here we performed microarray analysis on mRNA from purified lesional epidermal cells of patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and chronic atopic dermatitis, to investigate whether this is a general phenomenon for host defense proteins, and how specific it is for this class of molecules. Microarray data were confirmed on a selected set of genes by quantitative PCR and at the protein level by immunohistochemistry. We found overexpression of many antimicrobial proteins in keratinocytes from psoriatic skin compared with atopic dermatitis skin. Interestingly, we observed that markers of normal differentiation and the activated/ hyper proliferative epidermal phenotype were expressed at equal levels. Chronic lesions of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients are remarkably similar with respect to cellular proliferation. We conclude that psoriatic epidermis expresses high levels of host defense proteins compared with atopic dermatitis epidermis, and this phenomenon appears to be specific for these proteins. It remains to be investigated whether this is caused by genetic polymorphisms in pathways leading to an epidermal antimicrobial response, or by differences in the cellular infiltrate in psoriasis compared with atopic dermatitis.

SiP monolayers： New 2D structures of group IV-V compounds for visible-light photohydrolytic catalysts

Because of graphene and phosphorene, two-dimensional （2D） layered materials of group IV and group V elements arouse great interest. However, group IV-V monolayers have not received due attention. In this work, three types of SiP monolayers were computationally designed to explore their electronic structure and optical properties. Computations confirm the stability of these monolayers, which are all indirect-bandgap semiconductors with bandgaps in the range 1.38-2.21 eV. The bandgaps straddle the redox potentials of water at pH = 0, indicating the potential of the monolayers for use as water- splitting photocatalysts. The computed optical properties demonstrate that certain monolayers of SiP 2D materials axe absorbers of visible light and would serve as good candidates for optoelectronic devices.

Machine learning:Accelerating materials development for energy storage and conversion

With the development of modern society,the requirement for energy has become increasingly important on a global scale.Therefore,the exploration of novel materials for renewable energy technologies is urgently needed.Traditional methods are difficult to meet the requirements for materials science due to long experimental period and high cost.Nowadays,machine learning(ML)is rising as a new research paradigm to revolutionize materials discovery.In this review,we briefly introduce the basic procedure of ML and common algorithms in materials science,and particularly focus on latest progress in applying ML to property prediction and materials development for energyrelated fields,including catalysis,batteries,solar cells,and gas capture.Moreover,contributions of ML to experiments are involved as well.We highly expect that this review could lead the way forward in the future development of ML in materials science.

An effective method to screen sodium-based layered materials for sodium ion batteries

Due to the high cost and insufficient resource of lithium,sodium-ion batteries are widely investigated for large-scale applications.Typically,insertion-type materials possess better cyclic stability than alloy-type and conversion-type ones.Therefore,in this work,we proposed a facile and effective method to screen sodium-based layered materials based on Materials Project database as potential candidate insertion-type materials for sodium ion batteries.The obtained Na-based layered materials contains 38 kinds of space group,which reveals that the credibility of our screening approach would not be affected by the space group.Then,some important indexes of the representative materials,including the average voltage,volume change and sodium ion mobility,were further studied by means of density functional theory computations.Some materials with extremely low volume changes and Na diffusion barriers are promising candidates for sodium ion batteries.We believe that our classification algorithm could also be used to search for other alkali and multivalent ion-based layered materials,to accelerate the development of battery materials.

An important functional group, benzo[1,3]dioxole, of alkaloids induces the formation of the human telomeric DNA G-quadruplex

Over the past few decades, numerous molecules have been discovered or designed to interact efficiently and selectively with a peculiar DNA structure named G-quadruplex. Some of these molecules have been developed as anticancer agents. To aid the design of anticancer agents, the ability of alkaloids possessing Protoberberine and Benzophenanthridine groups to induce the formation of G-quadruplexes were studied using CD spectroscopy. By careful examination of their structures, we found that a benzo[1,3]dioxole group plays an important role in influencing their inductive properties. The more functional groups the alkaloids have, the stronger their G-quadruplex inductive ability.

Recent advances in MXene： Preparation, properties, and applications

Owing to the exceptional properties of graphene, intensive studies have been carried out on novel two-dimensional （2D） materials. In the past several years, an elegant exfoliation approach has been used to successfully create a new family of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, termed MXene, from layered MAX phases. More recently, some unique properties of MXene have been discovered leading to proposals of potential applications. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in development of MXene from both a theoretical and experimental view, with emphasis on the possible applications.

IgG and fibrinogen driven nanoparticle aggregation

A thorough understanding of how proteins induce nanoparticle （NP） aggregation is crucial when designing in vitro and in vivo assays and interpreting experimental results. This knowledge is also crucial when developing nano-applications and formulation for drug delivery systems. In this study, we found that extraction of immunoglobulin G （IgG） from cow serum results in lower polystyrene NPs aggregation. Moreover, addition of isolated IgG or fibrinogen to fetal cow serum enhanced this aggregation, thus demonstrating that these factors are major drivers of NP aggregation in serum. Counter-intuitively, NP aggregation was inversely dependent on protein concentration; i.e., low protein concentrations induced large aggregates, whereas high protein concentrations induced small aggregates. Protein-induced NP aggregation and aggregate size were monitored by absorbance at 400 nm and dynamic light scattering, respectively. Here, we propose a mechanism behind the protein concentration dependent aggregation; this mechanism involves the effects of multiple protein interactions on the NP surface, surface area limitations, aggregation kinetics, and the influence of other serum proteins.