A wildcat may not result in a petroleum prospect;however, it may indicate potential need for frontier exploration, since petroleum could leak into economic accumulations. Carbazoles and benzocarbazoles are nitrogen co...A wildcat may not result in a petroleum prospect;however, it may indicate potential need for frontier exploration, since petroleum could leak into economic accumulations. Carbazoles and benzocarbazoles are nitrogen compounds in petroleum and can be employed to explicitly explain migration direction and distance of leaking petroleum. The hypothesis of this study is that the mechanism of the reaction involving the attraction of carbazoles to clay minerals on the matrix of the walls along their migration pathways determines the isomer that is preferentially attached to the mineral matrix. The objectives of this study are(a) to produce a profile for carbazoles and benzocarbazoles ratios in the cap rock overlying the reservoir,(b) to compare carbazole and benzocarbazole ratios to 20S/(20S+20R) aaa C_(29) Sterane maturity ratios(c) to infer migration direction from the carbazoles and benzocarbazoles ratio. Samples used were side wall cores and drill cuttings of water-based mud drilling. The EOM(extractable organic matter) from various formations overlying the reservoir was obtained using Soxtherm Automatic Equipment. The TPH(total petroleum hydrocarbon) was obtained from the EOM by using a precleaned isolute C_(18) 500 mg/3 mL column, eluted with hexane, while the polars were eluted with dichloromethane. Fractionation into saturates and aromatics was done using a silver nitrate–silica gelcolumn. The profiles of 1,8/1,3 and 1,8/2,4 dimethyl carbazoles and the benzocarbazoles ratios show a vertical gradient of decreasing ratio with increasing vertical distance from the reservoir. This corroborates the %VRo equivalent of 20S/(20S+20R) aaa C_(29) Sterane and the carbazole ratios infer vertical migration of leaked petroleum.展开更多
The Hanjiang Formation of Langhian age （middle Miocene） in the Pearl River Mouth Basin （PRMB）, South China Sea consists of deltaic siliciclastic and neritic shelf carbonate rhythmic alternations, which form one of...The Hanjiang Formation of Langhian age （middle Miocene） in the Pearl River Mouth Basin （PRMB）, South China Sea consists of deltaic siliciclastic and neritic shelf carbonate rhythmic alternations, which form one of the potential reservoirs of the basin. To improve stratigraphic resolutions for hydrocarbon prospecting and exploration in the basin, the present study undertakes spectral analysis of high-resolution natural gamma-ray （NGR） well-logging record to determine the dominant frequency components and test whether Milankovitch orbital signals are recorded in rhythmic successions. Analytical results indicate the orbital cycles of precession （~19 ka and ~23 ka）, obliquity （-41 ka）, and eccentricity （~100 ka and --405 ka）, which provide the strong evidence for astronomically driven climate changes in the rhythmic alternation successions. Within biochronological constraint, a high-resolution astronomical timescale was constructed through the astronomical tuning of the NGR record to recent astronomically calculated variation of Earth＇s orbit. The astronomically tuned timescale can be applied to calculate astronomical ages for the geological events and bioevents recognized throughout the period. The first downhole occurrences of foraminifers Globorotalia peripheroronda and Globigerinoides sicanus are dated at 14.546 Ma and 14.919 Ma, respectively, which are slightly different from earlier estimates in the South China Sea. When compared with the global sea-level change chart, the astronomical estimate for the sequences recognized based on microfossil distributions have the same end time but the different initiation time. This is probably due to the local or regional tectonic activities superimposed on eustatic rise which postponed the effect of global sea-level rising. Astronomical timescale also resolves the depositional evolution history for the Langhian Stage （middle Miocene） with a variation that strongly resembles that of Earth＇s orbital eccentricity predicted from 13.65 Ma to 15.97 Ma. We infer that the main factor controlling the variability of the sedimentation rate in the Hanjiang Formation is related to the ^-405-ka-period eccentricity.展开更多
A review on the geology and petroleum potentials of the Nigerian Benue Trough and Anambra Basin is done to identify potential petroleum systems in the basins. The tectonic, stratigraphic and organic geochemical evalua...A review on the geology and petroleum potentials of the Nigerian Benue Trough and Anambra Basin is done to identify potential petroleum systems in the basins. The tectonic, stratigraphic and organic geochemical evaluations of these basins suggest the similarity with the contiguous basins of Chad and Niger Republics and Sudan, where commercial oil discovery have been made. At least two potential petroleum systems may be presented in the basins: the Lower Cretaceous petroleum system likely capable of both oil and gas generation and the Upper Cretaceous petroleum system that could be mainly gas-generating. These systems are closely correlative in temporal disposition, structures, source and reservoir rocks and perhaps generation mechanism to what obtains in the Muglad Basin of Sudan and Termit Basin of Niger and Chad Republics. They are very effective in planning future exploration campaigns in the basins.展开更多
Background:Given the shale oil glut that culminated in the most recent and continuing oil price drop from June 2014 and the global financial crisis of 2008 that triggered a cyclical downturn in oil prices and stock ma...Background:Given the shale oil glut that culminated in the most recent and continuing oil price drop from June 2014 and the global financial crisis of 2008 that triggered a cyclical downturn in oil prices and stock market activity,this study investigates the impact of Brent oil price shocks on oil related stocks in Nigeria.Methods:This study uses a vector autoregressive(VAR)model with the impulse response function and the forecast variance decomposition error.Findings:The empirical evidence reveals that oil price shocks have a negative impact on Nigerian oil and gas company stocks.In theory,this situation should apply to oil importing countries and is therefore uncharacteristic of an oil exporting country like Nigeria.Conclusions:The findings suggest that oil companies operating in Nigeria should diversify their investments to protect their business from single-sector market forces,and can also embrace the advantages of outsourcing some of their operations to specialist providers to increase flexibility and reduce operating costs.Finally,for vertically integrated oil and gas companies,oil price hedging and energy risk management will be beneficial because it will mean that these companies will take a position in the crude oil futures market.This will allow for better cash flow management and flexibility.Originality/value:This study extends the existing literature in two distinct ways.First,it provides,to the best of our knowledge,the first examination of the impact of oil price shocks on stock market activities with a focus on the market returns of oil and gas companies listed in the Nigerian Stock Exchange.Second,this study uses daily data because high frequency data contain more information than lower frequency data does,and lower frequency data average out too much important information.展开更多
In this study,the physicochemical,microstructural,mineralogical,thermal,and kinetic properties of three newly discovered coals from Akunza(AKZ),Ome(OME),and Shiga(SHG)in Nigeria were examined for potential energy reco...In this study,the physicochemical,microstructural,mineralogical,thermal,and kinetic properties of three newly discovered coals from Akunza(AKZ),Ome(OME),and Shiga(SHG)in Nigeria were examined for potential energy recovery.Physicochemical analysis revealed high combustible but low levels of polluting elements.The higher heating values ranged from 18.65 MJ/kg(AKZ)to 26.59 MJ/kg(SHG).Microstructure and mineralogical analyses revealed particles with a rough texture,surface,and glassy lustre,which could be ascribed to metals,quartz,and kaolinite minerals.The major elements(C,O,Si,and Al),along with minor elements(Ca,Cu,Fe,K,Mg,S,and Ti)detected are associated with clays,salts,or the porphyrin constituents of coal.Thermal analysis showed mass loss(ML)ranges from 30.51%to 87.57%and residual mass(RM)from 12.44%to 69.49%under combustion(oxidative)and pyrolysis(non-oxidative)TGA conditions due to thermal degradation of organic matter and macerals(vitrinite,inertinite and liptinite).Kinetic analysis revealed the coals are highly reactive under the oxidative and non-oxidative conditions based on the Coats-Redfem Model.The activation energy(Ea)ranged from 23.81 to 89.56 kJ/mol,whereas the pre-exponential factor(kQ)was from 6.77×10^(-4)/min to 1.72×10^(3)/min under pyrolysis and combustion conditions.In conclusion,the coals are practical feedstocks for either energy recovery or industrial applications.展开更多
The erratic supply of electricity in Nigeria has renewed interest in the utilisation of coal for energy selfsufficiency and diversification of the national energy mix.In this study,selected coal samples from three reg...The erratic supply of electricity in Nigeria has renewed interest in the utilisation of coal for energy selfsufficiency and diversification of the national energy mix.In this study,selected coal samples from three regions of the Benue Trough Basin were examined through pore water chemistry,X-ray diffraction(XRD),and thermosgravimetric analysis(TGA).The low pH observed for the Lower Benue Trough(LBT)coals indicates the release of sulphur and acids during oxidation.Mineralogical analyses reveal quartz,kaolinite,montmorillonite,albite,pyrite,gypsum and sodium chlorate in the coal samples.The genetic kaolinite species identified in Imeagha(IMG)coal are detrital kaolinite and the highly crystalline neomorphic kaolinite.Gypsum and jarosite minerals occurred in minor quantities in Garin Maiganga(GMG),whereas significant amount of pyrite was detected in Enugu(ENG)coal.Oxidative thermal degradation resulted in the residual mass(RM)ranging between 4.35%and 56.96%and mass losses(ML)between 43.04%and 95.65%due to the drying,devolatilization,and coke formation in the samples.The most reactive coal examined was GMG coal,whereas the least reactive was IMG coal.Lamja(LMZ),GMG,and OKB coals are suited for electricity generation,whereas ENG and IMG coals can be utilised for cement production.展开更多
A suite of crude oil samples,that had not been previously characterized geochemically,was collected from two oil fields in the southwest Niger Delta Nigeria.The saturate biomarkers were used to evaluate geochemical ch...A suite of crude oil samples,that had not been previously characterized geochemically,was collected from two oil fields in the southwest Niger Delta Nigeria.The saturate biomarkers were used to evaluate geochemical characteristics such as depositional environments,sources of organic matter and extent of biodegradation using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Distribution of n-alkanes(Pr/Ph,and isoprenoide/n-alkanes ratios),the abundance of hopanes,oleanane skeleton and C27-C29 steranes in the oils indicate that they were formed from mixed sources(marine and terrestrial kerogen) deposited in an oxic paleoenvironment with no particular maturity trend.These parameters also permit the source grouping of the oils into two families.展开更多
Abundant coal resources that were previously neglected due to a crude oil boom need revitalisation and integration into the national electricity mix to address the energy demands of the Nigerian population.Selected co...Abundant coal resources that were previously neglected due to a crude oil boom need revitalisation and integration into the national electricity mix to address the energy demands of the Nigerian population.Selected coal samples from the Benue Trough sedimentary basin in Nigeria were examined by various techniques,including proximate and ultimate analyses,organic petrography,Fourier transform infrared ray spectroscopy,and thermogravimetric analysis.Based on vitrinite reflectance,the Lafia-Obi(OLB),Garin Maiganga(GMG),Imiegba(IMG),and Okaba(OKB)coals are classified as subbituminous,while the Lamja1(LMJ1),Lamja2(LMJ2)and Chikila(CHK)coals are high volatile B bituminous.The Enugu(ENG)coal is on the boundary between subbituminous and high volatile C bituminous.Organic petrographic results indicate vitrinite and fusinite contents steadily increase from the Lower Benue Trough coals to the Upper Benue Trough coals,while semifusinite and total mineral contents follow a reverse pattern.Thermal decomposition occurred in three stages,i.e.,drying,devolatilization,and coke formation above 700°C;and the coal reactivity follows the following order,ENG>IMG>IGH>CHK>LMJ>OKB>GMG>LFB.The higher temperatures(above 900°C)are required to decompose the coals for efficient energy recovery.The LMJ1,LMJ2,OLB,CHK,GMG,and OKB coals can be exploited for electricity power generation.However,the Imeagha and Enugu coals are best suitable for both cement and power generation.展开更多
Internal combustion engines with application in automobiles and other relevant industries constitute significant environmental pollution via the release of toxic exhaust gasses like carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons ...Internal combustion engines with application in automobiles and other relevant industries constitute significant environmental pollution via the release of toxic exhaust gasses like carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), particulate matter (PM), and nitrogen oxide (NO<sub>x</sub>). Engine researchers and manufacturers are challenged to develop external and internal measures to ensure environmentally friendly solutions to accommodate and conform to the growing list of emission standards. Therefore, this work presents an experimental investigation of the NO<sub>x</sub> emission profile of a diesel engine that is fuelled and fitted with waste frying oil-based biodiesel and catalytic converter. Using a single-cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled CI engine at a constant speed of 1900 rpm and different loadings of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%;fitted with a catalytic converter at the exhaust outlet of the engine and linked to a dynamometer and a gas analyser, an experiment was conducted at biodiesel/diesel volume blends of B0 (0/10), B5 (5/95), B20 (20/80), B30 (30/70), B70 (70/30), B100 (100/0);and 30% concentration (v/v), 0.5 litre/hr flow rate of aqueous urea from the catalytic converter. The results show an increasing NO<sub>x</sub> emission as the biodiesel component increased in the blend. The catalytic converter showed a downward NO<sub>x</sub> reduction with a significant 68% reduction in efficiency at high exhaust gas temperatures. It is concluded that the combined utilisation of waste frying oil-based biodiesel and the catalytic converter yields substantial NO<sub>x</sub> emission reduction.展开更多
文摘A wildcat may not result in a petroleum prospect;however, it may indicate potential need for frontier exploration, since petroleum could leak into economic accumulations. Carbazoles and benzocarbazoles are nitrogen compounds in petroleum and can be employed to explicitly explain migration direction and distance of leaking petroleum. The hypothesis of this study is that the mechanism of the reaction involving the attraction of carbazoles to clay minerals on the matrix of the walls along their migration pathways determines the isomer that is preferentially attached to the mineral matrix. The objectives of this study are(a) to produce a profile for carbazoles and benzocarbazoles ratios in the cap rock overlying the reservoir,(b) to compare carbazole and benzocarbazole ratios to 20S/(20S+20R) aaa C_(29) Sterane maturity ratios(c) to infer migration direction from the carbazoles and benzocarbazoles ratio. Samples used were side wall cores and drill cuttings of water-based mud drilling. The EOM(extractable organic matter) from various formations overlying the reservoir was obtained using Soxtherm Automatic Equipment. The TPH(total petroleum hydrocarbon) was obtained from the EOM by using a precleaned isolute C_(18) 500 mg/3 mL column, eluted with hexane, while the polars were eluted with dichloromethane. Fractionation into saturates and aromatics was done using a silver nitrate–silica gelcolumn. The profiles of 1,8/1,3 and 1,8/2,4 dimethyl carbazoles and the benzocarbazoles ratios show a vertical gradient of decreasing ratio with increasing vertical distance from the reservoir. This corroborates the %VRo equivalent of 20S/(20S+20R) aaa C_(29) Sterane and the carbazole ratios infer vertical migration of leaked petroleum.
基金supported by Australian Research Council discovery grant(DP0770938 to ZQC)National Science and Technology Major Project (2011ZX05001-001-006)
文摘The Hanjiang Formation of Langhian age （middle Miocene） in the Pearl River Mouth Basin （PRMB）, South China Sea consists of deltaic siliciclastic and neritic shelf carbonate rhythmic alternations, which form one of the potential reservoirs of the basin. To improve stratigraphic resolutions for hydrocarbon prospecting and exploration in the basin, the present study undertakes spectral analysis of high-resolution natural gamma-ray （NGR） well-logging record to determine the dominant frequency components and test whether Milankovitch orbital signals are recorded in rhythmic successions. Analytical results indicate the orbital cycles of precession （~19 ka and ~23 ka）, obliquity （-41 ka）, and eccentricity （~100 ka and --405 ka）, which provide the strong evidence for astronomically driven climate changes in the rhythmic alternation successions. Within biochronological constraint, a high-resolution astronomical timescale was constructed through the astronomical tuning of the NGR record to recent astronomically calculated variation of Earth＇s orbit. The astronomically tuned timescale can be applied to calculate astronomical ages for the geological events and bioevents recognized throughout the period. The first downhole occurrences of foraminifers Globorotalia peripheroronda and Globigerinoides sicanus are dated at 14.546 Ma and 14.919 Ma, respectively, which are slightly different from earlier estimates in the South China Sea. When compared with the global sea-level change chart, the astronomical estimate for the sequences recognized based on microfossil distributions have the same end time but the different initiation time. This is probably due to the local or regional tectonic activities superimposed on eustatic rise which postponed the effect of global sea-level rising. Astronomical timescale also resolves the depositional evolution history for the Langhian Stage （middle Miocene） with a variation that strongly resembles that of Earth＇s orbital eccentricity predicted from 13.65 Ma to 15.97 Ma. We infer that the main factor controlling the variability of the sedimentation rate in the Hanjiang Formation is related to the ^-405-ka-period eccentricity.
文摘A review on the geology and petroleum potentials of the Nigerian Benue Trough and Anambra Basin is done to identify potential petroleum systems in the basins. The tectonic, stratigraphic and organic geochemical evaluations of these basins suggest the similarity with the contiguous basins of Chad and Niger Republics and Sudan, where commercial oil discovery have been made. At least two potential petroleum systems may be presented in the basins: the Lower Cretaceous petroleum system likely capable of both oil and gas generation and the Upper Cretaceous petroleum system that could be mainly gas-generating. These systems are closely correlative in temporal disposition, structures, source and reservoir rocks and perhaps generation mechanism to what obtains in the Muglad Basin of Sudan and Termit Basin of Niger and Chad Republics. They are very effective in planning future exploration campaigns in the basins.
基金We would like to disclose that no funding was received in the process of this study.
文摘Background:Given the shale oil glut that culminated in the most recent and continuing oil price drop from June 2014 and the global financial crisis of 2008 that triggered a cyclical downturn in oil prices and stock market activity,this study investigates the impact of Brent oil price shocks on oil related stocks in Nigeria.Methods:This study uses a vector autoregressive(VAR)model with the impulse response function and the forecast variance decomposition error.Findings:The empirical evidence reveals that oil price shocks have a negative impact on Nigerian oil and gas company stocks.In theory,this situation should apply to oil importing countries and is therefore uncharacteristic of an oil exporting country like Nigeria.Conclusions:The findings suggest that oil companies operating in Nigeria should diversify their investments to protect their business from single-sector market forces,and can also embrace the advantages of outsourcing some of their operations to specialist providers to increase flexibility and reduce operating costs.Finally,for vertically integrated oil and gas companies,oil price hedging and energy risk management will be beneficial because it will mean that these companies will take a position in the crude oil futures market.This will allow for better cash flow management and flexibility.Originality/value:This study extends the existing literature in two distinct ways.First,it provides,to the best of our knowledge,the first examination of the impact of oil price shocks on stock market activities with a focus on the market returns of oil and gas companies listed in the Nigerian Stock Exchange.Second,this study uses daily data because high frequency data contain more information than lower frequency data does,and lower frequency data average out too much important information.
文摘In this study,the physicochemical,microstructural,mineralogical,thermal,and kinetic properties of three newly discovered coals from Akunza(AKZ),Ome(OME),and Shiga(SHG)in Nigeria were examined for potential energy recovery.Physicochemical analysis revealed high combustible but low levels of polluting elements.The higher heating values ranged from 18.65 MJ/kg(AKZ)to 26.59 MJ/kg(SHG).Microstructure and mineralogical analyses revealed particles with a rough texture,surface,and glassy lustre,which could be ascribed to metals,quartz,and kaolinite minerals.The major elements(C,O,Si,and Al),along with minor elements(Ca,Cu,Fe,K,Mg,S,and Ti)detected are associated with clays,salts,or the porphyrin constituents of coal.Thermal analysis showed mass loss(ML)ranges from 30.51%to 87.57%and residual mass(RM)from 12.44%to 69.49%under combustion(oxidative)and pyrolysis(non-oxidative)TGA conditions due to thermal degradation of organic matter and macerals(vitrinite,inertinite and liptinite).Kinetic analysis revealed the coals are highly reactive under the oxidative and non-oxidative conditions based on the Coats-Redfem Model.The activation energy(Ea)ranged from 23.81 to 89.56 kJ/mol,whereas the pre-exponential factor(kQ)was from 6.77×10^(-4)/min to 1.72×10^(3)/min under pyrolysis and combustion conditions.In conclusion,the coals are practical feedstocks for either energy recovery or industrial applications.
文摘The erratic supply of electricity in Nigeria has renewed interest in the utilisation of coal for energy selfsufficiency and diversification of the national energy mix.In this study,selected coal samples from three regions of the Benue Trough Basin were examined through pore water chemistry,X-ray diffraction(XRD),and thermosgravimetric analysis(TGA).The low pH observed for the Lower Benue Trough(LBT)coals indicates the release of sulphur and acids during oxidation.Mineralogical analyses reveal quartz,kaolinite,montmorillonite,albite,pyrite,gypsum and sodium chlorate in the coal samples.The genetic kaolinite species identified in Imeagha(IMG)coal are detrital kaolinite and the highly crystalline neomorphic kaolinite.Gypsum and jarosite minerals occurred in minor quantities in Garin Maiganga(GMG),whereas significant amount of pyrite was detected in Enugu(ENG)coal.Oxidative thermal degradation resulted in the residual mass(RM)ranging between 4.35%and 56.96%and mass losses(ML)between 43.04%and 95.65%due to the drying,devolatilization,and coke formation in the samples.The most reactive coal examined was GMG coal,whereas the least reactive was IMG coal.Lamja(LMZ),GMG,and OKB coals are suited for electricity generation,whereas ENG and IMG coals can be utilised for cement production.
基金Nigerian Department of Petroleum Resource(DPR)Platform Petroleum Nigeria Limited
文摘A suite of crude oil samples,that had not been previously characterized geochemically,was collected from two oil fields in the southwest Niger Delta Nigeria.The saturate biomarkers were used to evaluate geochemical characteristics such as depositional environments,sources of organic matter and extent of biodegradation using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Distribution of n-alkanes(Pr/Ph,and isoprenoide/n-alkanes ratios),the abundance of hopanes,oleanane skeleton and C27-C29 steranes in the oils indicate that they were formed from mixed sources(marine and terrestrial kerogen) deposited in an oxic paleoenvironment with no particular maturity trend.These parameters also permit the source grouping of the oils into two families.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge Mr Faweya at Cartography Laboratory,Department of Geology&Applied Geophysics,Ekiti State University(Nigeria)for the mapThe authors are also grateful to the Centre of Hydrogen Energy,Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for assistance with the FTIR-ATR and TGAThis study was supported through Research Grant from the Tertiary Education Trust Fund(TETFUND),Nigeria.
文摘Abundant coal resources that were previously neglected due to a crude oil boom need revitalisation and integration into the national electricity mix to address the energy demands of the Nigerian population.Selected coal samples from the Benue Trough sedimentary basin in Nigeria were examined by various techniques,including proximate and ultimate analyses,organic petrography,Fourier transform infrared ray spectroscopy,and thermogravimetric analysis.Based on vitrinite reflectance,the Lafia-Obi(OLB),Garin Maiganga(GMG),Imiegba(IMG),and Okaba(OKB)coals are classified as subbituminous,while the Lamja1(LMJ1),Lamja2(LMJ2)and Chikila(CHK)coals are high volatile B bituminous.The Enugu(ENG)coal is on the boundary between subbituminous and high volatile C bituminous.Organic petrographic results indicate vitrinite and fusinite contents steadily increase from the Lower Benue Trough coals to the Upper Benue Trough coals,while semifusinite and total mineral contents follow a reverse pattern.Thermal decomposition occurred in three stages,i.e.,drying,devolatilization,and coke formation above 700°C;and the coal reactivity follows the following order,ENG>IMG>IGH>CHK>LMJ>OKB>GMG>LFB.The higher temperatures(above 900°C)are required to decompose the coals for efficient energy recovery.The LMJ1,LMJ2,OLB,CHK,GMG,and OKB coals can be exploited for electricity power generation.However,the Imeagha and Enugu coals are best suitable for both cement and power generation.
文摘Internal combustion engines with application in automobiles and other relevant industries constitute significant environmental pollution via the release of toxic exhaust gasses like carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), particulate matter (PM), and nitrogen oxide (NO<sub>x</sub>). Engine researchers and manufacturers are challenged to develop external and internal measures to ensure environmentally friendly solutions to accommodate and conform to the growing list of emission standards. Therefore, this work presents an experimental investigation of the NO<sub>x</sub> emission profile of a diesel engine that is fuelled and fitted with waste frying oil-based biodiesel and catalytic converter. Using a single-cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled CI engine at a constant speed of 1900 rpm and different loadings of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%;fitted with a catalytic converter at the exhaust outlet of the engine and linked to a dynamometer and a gas analyser, an experiment was conducted at biodiesel/diesel volume blends of B0 (0/10), B5 (5/95), B20 (20/80), B30 (30/70), B70 (70/30), B100 (100/0);and 30% concentration (v/v), 0.5 litre/hr flow rate of aqueous urea from the catalytic converter. The results show an increasing NO<sub>x</sub> emission as the biodiesel component increased in the blend. The catalytic converter showed a downward NO<sub>x</sub> reduction with a significant 68% reduction in efficiency at high exhaust gas temperatures. It is concluded that the combined utilisation of waste frying oil-based biodiesel and the catalytic converter yields substantial NO<sub>x</sub> emission reduction.
