Physical activity and risk of age-related cataract

AIM: To summarize quantitatively the prospective association between physical activity and age-related cataract(ARC) risk.METHODS: Pub Med, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for all relevant follow up studies until July 2019. Multivariableadjusted relative risks(RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals(CIs) from individual studies were used to calculate the overall summary estimates. The doseresponse relationship was assessed using generalized least-squares trend estimation.RESULTS: Six prospective cohort studies, involving 19 173 cases in 6.2-12.1 y follow up of 171 620 participants, were included in the analysis. Increased physical activity was significantly associated with reduced risk of ARC by 10%(RR: 0.90;95%CI: 0.81, 0.99, P=0.04). Stratified analysis by assessment method for physical activity suggest that studies using metabolic equivalent(MET) per day tended to report a slightly stronger association with ARC(RR: 0.85;95%CI: 0.81, 0.90, P<0.001) than studies which assessed activity by weekly activity(RR: 0.96;95%CI: 0.89, 1.03, P=0.24). Dose-response analysis indicated that the risk of ARC decreased by 2%(RR: 0.98;95%CI: 0.98, 0.99, P<0.001) for every 6 METs per day increase in activity.CONCLUSION: The findings from this Meta-analysis provide additional evidence that increased physical activity is inversely associated with ARC risk dose-responsively.

HIV Vulnerability in Out-of-School Adolescents and Youth in Yunnan, China

This study investigated multiple aspects of vulnerability to HIV in out-of-school adolescents and youth in Yunnan Province, a high HIV risk region in China. The findings show that socially disadvantaged adolescents and youth were overrepresented in the out-of-school young people in Yunnan. The out-of-school young people in Yunnan exhibited 1) limited knowledge about HIV transmission and prevention, 2) a high prevalence of unprotected sexual activity, 3) high exposure to illicit drugs and alcohol use and a high prevalence of drug use in themselves, and 4) limited access to health services. There is an indication of higher exposure to risk behaviours in the younger age group. The study population used multiple media, particularly television, internet and radio, to obtain information about HIV transmission and prevention, particularly in the younger age group. These media may be an effective way of reaching this population in future HIV education and prevention programs in the region.

年轻人离开原生家庭后安置不稳定性及可能的心理健康影响（英文）

背景:收容机构中的儿童青少年和同龄人相比可能存在较差的心身健康水平。稳定的机构照料环境对改善早期童年经历所致破坏性影响是非常重要的,童年经历包括心理创伤、虐待和忽视。目前,澳大利亚或其他国家很少有关收容机构中儿童青少年的安置稳定性高质量研究的数据。目标:首次针对澳大利亚在收容机构生活中的儿童青少年进行系统的背景、照料类型、和安置稳定性特征的调查。方法:2014年收集了墨尔本市区的四家民间儿童青少年社区服务机构的数据。样本包括322名年轻人(女性占52.8%),年龄在12-17岁之间[平均年龄=14.86,(SD=1.63)年]。结果:在收容机构中,相对于社区收容照料类型(35.7%),大多数年轻人(64.3%)是基于家庭养育照料模式(即寄养、治疗型寄养照料、青少年照料模式、亲属照料、以及认领照料)。然而,与所有收容照料的孩子相比,这个年龄组被社区收容比例是较高的(5%)。第一次被社区收容的平均年龄为9岁(SD=4.54)。不同的照料类型均无性别差异。其中有248人(76.9%)曾在收容照料系统中有一个以上的安置场所,有117人(36.5%)经历了超过5个安置场所。相对于家庭养育照料者,社区收容的儿童青少年经历了更显著的安置不稳定性(χ~2=63.018,p<0.001)。结论:安置不稳定性在收容照料机构是常见的现象。需要一个稳定的照料环境来改善被虐待儿童所导致的心理创伤和健康影响。精心设计并以干预为基础的研究能够增加安置稳定性,包括强化对儿童青少年收容照料者的治疗能力。

Remote Sensing Derived Phenological Metrics to Assess the Spatio-Temporal Growth Variability in Cropping Fields

Precision Agriculture (PA) recognizes and manages intra-field spatial variability to increase profitability and reduced environmental impact. Site Specific Crop Management (SSCM), a form of PA, subdivides a cropping field into uniformly manageable zones, based on quantitative measurement of yield limiting factors. In Mediterranean environments, the spatial and temporal yield variability of rain-fed cropping system is strongly influenced by the spatial variability of Plant Available Water-holding Capacity (PAWC) and its strong interaction with temporally variable seasonal rainfall. The successful adoption of SSCM depends on the understanding of both spatial and temporal variabilities in cropping fields. Remote sensing phenological metrics provide information about the biophysical growth conditions of crops across fields. In this paper, we examine the potential of phenological metrics to assess the spatial and temporal crop yield variability across a wheat cropping field at Minnipa, South Australia. The Minnipa field was classified into three management zones using prolonged observations including soil assessment and multiple year yield data. The main analytical steps followed in this study were: calculation of the phenological metrics using time series NDVI data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroscope (MODIS) for 15 years (2001-2015);producing spatial trend and temporal variability maps of phenological metrics;and finally, assessment of association between the spatial patterns and temporal variability of the metrics with management zones of the cropping field. The spatial trend of the seasonal peak NDVI metric showed significant association with the management zone pattern. In terms of temporal variability, Time-integrated NDVI (TINDVI) showed higher variability in the “good” zone compared with the “poor” zone. This indicates that the magnitude of the seasonal peak is more sensitive to soil related factors across the field, whereas TINDVI is more sensitive to seasonal variability. The interpretation of the association between phenological metrics and the management zone site conditions was discussed in relation to soil-climate interaction. The results demonstrate the potential of the phenological metrics to assess the spatial and temporal variability across cropping fields and to understand the soil-climate interaction. The approach presented in this paper provides a pathway to utilize phenological metrics for precision agricultural management application.