Two-dimensional investigation of characteristic parameters and their gradients for the self-generated electric and magnetic fields of laser-induced zirconium plasma

Two-dimensional diagnosis of laser-induced zirconium(Zr)plasma has been experimentally performed using the time-of-flight method by employing Faraday cups in addition to electric and magnetic probes.The characteristic parameters of laser-induced Zr plasma have been evaluated as a function of different laser irradiances ranging from 4.5 to 11.7 GW cm-2 at different axial positions of 1–4 cm with a fixed radial distance of 2 cm.A well-supporting correlation between the plume parameters and the laser-plasma-produced spontaneous electric and magnetic(E and B)fields was established.The measurements of the characteristic parameters and spontaneously induced fields were observed to have an increasing trend with the increasing laser irradiance.However,when increasing the spatial distance in both the axial and radial directions,the plasma parameters(electron/ion number density,temperature and kinetic energy)did not show either continuously increasing or decreasing trends due to various kinetic and dynamic processes during the spatial evolution of the plume.However,the E and B fields were observed to be always diffusing away from the target.The radial component of electron number densities remained higher than the axial number density component,whereas the axial ion number density at all laser irradiances and axial distances remained higher than the radial ion number density.The higher axial self-generated electric field(SGEF)values than radial SGEF values are correlated with the effective charge-separation mechanism of electrons and ions.The generation of a self-generated magnetic field is observed dominantly in the radial direction at increasing laser irradiance as compared to the axial one due to the deflection of fast-moving electrons and the persistence of two-electron temperature on the radial axis.

Laser-assisted ablation and plasma formation of titanium explored by LIBS,QCM, optical microscopy and SEM analyses along with mechanical modifications under different pressures of Ar and Ne

This study deals with the investigation of Nd:YAG laser-assisted ablation and plasma formation of Ti at irradiance of 0.85 GW cm-2 under Ar and Ne environment at various pressures ranging from 10-120 Torr.Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is used to evaluate plasma parameters,whereas quartz crystal microbalance is used for ablation yield measurements.The crater depth is evaluated by optical microscopy.The surface features are explored by scanning electron microscope(SEM) analysis and the micro-hardness is measured by a Vickers hardness tester.It is observed that the plasma parameters are higher in Ar than in Ne,and are strongly correlated with the ablation yield,ablation depth,surface features and hardness of laser-ablated Ti.These parameters increase with increasing the pressure of environmental gases,attain their maxima at 40 Torr for Ar and at 60 Torr for Ne.Afterwards,they show a decreasing trend up till a maximum pressure of 120 Torr.The maximum value of the electron temperature(Te) is5480 K,number density(ne) is 1.46 × 1018 cm-3,ablation depth is 184 μm,ablation yield is3.9 × 1015 atoms/pulse and hardness is 300 HV in the case of Ar atmosphere.SEM analysis reveals the growth of surface features,such as cones,ridges and pores,whose appearance is more distinct in Ar than Ne and is attributed to temperature,pressure and density gradients along with recoil pressure of the Ti plasma.

On Fuzzy Conformable Double Laplace Transform with Applications to Partial Differential Equations

The Laplace transformation is a very important integral transform,and it is extensively used in solving ordinary differential equations,partial differential equations,and several types of integro-differential equations.Our purpose in this study is to introduce the notion of fuzzy double Laplace transform,fuzzy conformable double Laplace transform(FCDLT).We discuss some basic properties of FCDLT.We obtain the solutions of fuzzy partial differential equations(both one-dimensional and two-dimensional cases)through the double Laplace approach.We demonstrate through numerical examples that our proposed method is very successful and convenient for resolving partial differential equations.

Enhancing cotton resilience to challenging climates through genetic modifications

Cotton is one of the most important fiber crops that plays a vital role in the textile industry.Its production has been unstable over the years due to climate change induced biotic stresses such as insects,diseases,and weeds,as well as abiotic stresses including drought,salinity,heat,and cold.Traditional breeding methods have been used to breed climate resilient cotton,but it requires a considerable amount of time to enhance crop tolerance to insect pests and changing climatic conditions.A promising strategy for improving tolerance against these stresses is genetic engineering.This review article discusses the role of genetic engineering in cotton improvement.The essential concepts and techniques include genome editing via clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9(CRISPR-Cas9),overexpression of target genes,downregulation using RNA interference(RNAi),and virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS).Notably,the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation has made significant contributions to using these techniques for obtaining stable transgenic plants.

Comparative analysis of SIMILAR to RCD ONE(SRO)family from tetraploid cotton species and their diploid progenitors depict their significance in cotton growth and development

Background SRO(Similar to RCD1)genes family is largely recognized for their importance in the growth,develop-ment,and in responding to environmental stresses.However,genome-wide identification and functional characteri-zation of SRO genes from cotton species have not been reported so far.Results A total of 36 SRO genes were identified from four cotton species.Phylogenetic analysis divided these genes into three groups with distinct structure.Syntenic and chromosomal distribution analysis indicated uneven distribu-tion of GaSRO,GrSRO,GhSRO,and GbSRO genes on A2,D5 genomes,Gh-At,Gh-Dt,Gb-At,and Gb-Dt subgenomes,respectively.Gene duplication analysis revealed the presence of six duplicated gene pairs among GhSRO genes.In promoter analysis,several elements responsive to the growth,development and hormones were found in GhSRO genes,implying gene induction during cotton growth and development.Several miRNAs responsive to plant growth and abiotic stress were predicted to target 12 GhSRO genes.Organ-specific expression profiling demonstrated the roles of GhSRO genes in one or more tissues.In addition,specific expression pattern of some GhSRO genes dur-ing ovule development depicted their involvement in these developmental processes.Conclusion The data presented in this report laid a foundation for understanding the classification and functions of SRO genes in cotton.

Rhizosphere Bacteria for Biocontrol of Bacterial Blight and Growth Promotion of Rice

Several bacterial strains were isolated from different rhizospheres. Among these, strain PDY7 exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the rice bacterial blight （BB） pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae （Xoo） by the laboratory dual plate assays. The antibacterial property of the strain PDY7 was further investigated for the production of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol （DAPG）, which amplified a characteristic of 629-bp DNA fragment by PCR-based screening method using phlD primers. The application of phlD positive strains was carefully evaluated for disease control and growth promotion of rice plants under field conditions. The selected strain PDY7 suppressed the rice BB by 58.83% and 51.88% under glass house and field conditions, respectively. In addition, the strain PDY7 showed significant two-fold increase in root length （18.08 cm）, shoot length （29.81 cm）, and grain yield （96.07 g）. Strain PDY7 promoted the growth of rice plants by production of indole-3-acetic acid （IAA）, which was determined by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） analysis. Our findings suggest that PDY7 belongs to the P. fluorescens group and can serve as potential biocontrol of BB as well as biofertilizer agent for growth promotion of rice.

Pharmacognostic studies of insect gall of Quercus infectoria Olivier(Fagaceae)

Objective:To study the detailed pharmacognostic profile of galls of Quercus infectoria Olivier(Q.infectoria olivier)(Fagaceae),an important medicinal plant used in the Indian system of medicine.Methods:Samples of galls of Q.infectoria were studied by macroscopical,microscopical,physiochemical,phytochemical.fluorescence analysis and othjer methods for standardization as recommended by WHO.Results:Macroscopically,the crude drug is globose with horny appearances on external surface(1.4-2.3 cm in length and 1-1.5 cm in diameter),with greyish-brown to brownish-black in colour externally and dark brown buff colored.Surface is smooth with numerous horny protuberances giving rough touch,and witfi unpleasant odour.Microscopically,a wide zone of radially elongated parenchyma cells between upper and lower epidermis were found.The vascular strands were present at all places and radially elongated sclerides touched the lower epidermis.In physico-chemical studies,the moisture,total ash,acid insoluble ash,alcohol soluble,water soluble,petroleum ether,chloroform extractive value and tannin content were found to be 2.790,5.020,0.110,38.780,41.210,0.402,1.590 and 49.200 percentage respectively.Prcliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenols,flavonoids,steroids,triterpenes,tannins,saponins and alkaloids.Cooclusions:The results of the present study serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identification of this medicinally important plant drug material for future investigations and applications.

Sperm motility inhibitory effect of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in langur monkey, Presbytis entellus entellus

Aim： To assess the contraceptive efficacy of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in langur monkeys. Methods： The test substance was given p.o. to five monkeys at 50 mg/kg body weight/day for 360 days. Control animals （n = 3） received olive oil as vehicle. Sperm parameters as per World Health Organization standards, sperm functional tests, morphology of testis and epididymis, haematology, clinical biochemistry, serum testosterone and libido were evaluated. Following completion of 360 days treatment the animals were withdrawn from the treatment and the recovery pattern was assessed by semen analysis and sperm functional tests. Results： Total inhibition of sperm motility was observed following 60 days of treatment that continued until 360 days study period. Sperm count, percent viability and percent normal spermatozoa showed a drastic decline following 30 days of treatment. Sperm morphology showed predominant mid piece abnormalities. Sperm functional tests scored in sterile range. Histology and ultrastructure of testis revealed vacuolization in the Sertoli cells and germ cells. Loss of cytoplasmic organelles was evident in spermatocytes and round spermatids. Histology and ultrastructure of epididymis of treated animals were comparable to those of control animals. Hematological and serum clinical parameters and testosterone levels fluctuated within the control range throughout the study period. Recovery was evident following 60--120 days of treatment withdrawal. Conclusion- The results suggest that the benzene chro- matographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya shows contraceptive efficacy without adverse toxicity, mediated through inhibition of sperm motility. （Asian JAndro12008 Mar; 10： 298-306）

Tree species diversity and stand structure along major community types in lowland primary and secondary moist deciduous forests in Tripura,Northeast India

Tree species diversity and population structure at different community types were described and analyzed for primary and secondary lowland moist deciduous forests in Tripura. Overall 10,957 individual trees belonging to 46 family, 103 genera and 144 species were counted at ≥30 cm DBH （diameter at breast height） using 28 permanent belt transects with a size of 1 ha （10 m × 1000 m）. Four different tree communities were identified. The primary forests was dominated by Shorea robusta （mean density 464.77 trees.ha^-1, 105 species） and Schima wallichii （336.25 trees.ha^-1, 82 species）, while the secondary forests was dominated by Tectona grandis （333.88 trees.ha^-1, 105 species） and Hevea brasiliensis （299.67 trees.ha^-1, 82 species）. Overall mean basal area in this study was 18.01m2.ha^-1; the maximum value was recorded in primary Shorea forest （26.21 m2.ha^-1）. Mean density and diversity indices were differed significantly within four different communities. No significant differences were observed in number of species, genera, family and tree basal cover area. Significant relationships were found between the species richness and different tree population groups across the communities. Results revealed that species diversity and density were increased in those forests due to past disturbances which resulted in slow accumu- lation of native oligarchic small tree species. Seventeen species were recorded with 〈2 individuals of which Saraca asoka （Roxb.） de Wilde and Entada phaseoloides （L.） Men＇. etc. extensively used in local ethnomedicinal formulations. The present S. robusta Gaertn dominated forest was recorded richer （105 species） than other reported studies. Moraceae was found more speciose family instead of Papilionaceae and Euphorbiaceae than other Indian moist deciduous forests. Seasonal phenological gap in such moist deciduous forests influenced the population of Trachypithecus pileatus and capped langur. The analysis of FIV suggested a slow trend of shifting the population of Lamiaceae group by Moraceae species in secondary T. grandis L. dominated community.

Numerical Solution for Accelerated Rotating Disk in a Viscous Fluid

The problem of a disk rotating in a viscous fluid has been investigated. The disk is accelerated with angular velocity proportional to time. Employing suitable similarity transformations the governing partial differential equations are transformed in to ordinary differential form. The resulting equations are solved numerically using SOR method and Simpson’s (1/3) rule. The results have been improved by using Richardson’s extrapolation. The effect of the non-dimensional parameter s which measures unsteadiness is observed on velocity components, skin friction coefficient and torque of the disk.

Evolutionary divergence in Chenopodium and validation of SNPs in chloroplast rbcL and matK genes by allele-specific PCR for development of Chenopodium quinoa-specific markers

The genus Chenopodium comprises about 150 species, of which Chenopodium quinoa and C. album are important for their nutritional value. Evaluation of variation in qualitative morphological traits of plants and SNPs in chloroplast rbc L and mat K gene sequences in 19 accessions representing C. quinoa and C. album indicated that the accessions IC-411824 and IC-411825,which have white seeds, belong to C. quinoa rather than C. album. This observation was also supported by a time tree that indicated IC-411824 and IC-411825 to be a sister clade to accessions of C. quinoa with an estimated age of 1.2 Mya. Whereas multiple alignments of rbc L gene sequences from the 19 accessions revealed 1.26% parsimony-informative sites with 0.68%interspecific sequence diversity, alignment of nucleotide sequences of amplicons representing the mat K gene revealed 4.97% parsimony-informative sites and 2.81% interspecific sequence diversity. Validation of SNPs in the cp rbc L and mat K regions of 36 accessions belonging to C. quinoa and C. album was performed by allele-specific PCR with primers carrying a single base change at the 3′ end. We report the first C. quinoa-specific SNP-based primer, R1RQ-AFR,designed from rbc L sequences, that could differentiate quinoa from 64 genera including13 species of the genus Chenopodium. With an estimated age of 10.5–4.1 million years(Myr), the Himalayan chenopods are evolutionarily younger than the Andean chenopods. The results establish the paraphyletic origin of the genus Chenopodium.

High Refractive Index Ti3O5 Films for Dielectric Metasurfaces

Ti33O55 films are deposited with the help of an electron beam evaporator for their applications in metasurfaces. The film of subwavelength （632nm） thickness is deposited on a silicon substrate and annealed at 400℃. The ellipsometry result shows a high refractive index above 2.5 with the minimum absorption coefficient in the visible region, which is necessary for high efficiency of transparent metasurfaces. Atomic force microscopy analysis is employed to measure the roughness of the as-deposited films. It is seen from micrographs that the deposited films are very smooth with the minimum roughness to prevent scattering and absorption losses for metasurface devices. The absence of grains and cracks can be seen by scanning electron microscope analysis, which is favorable for electron beam lithography. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals the transmission and reflection obtained from the film deposited on glass substrates. The as-deposited film shows high transmission above 60%, which is in good agreement with metasurfaces.

Hydrothermal synthesis of Zn-Mg-based layered double hydroxide coatings for the corrosion protection of copper in chloride and hydroxide media

Layered double hydroxides(LDHs)hinder corrosive elements by forming a double layer and locking them between its layers.Hence,LDHs are interesting materials in corrosion inhibition.In this work,Zn-Mg-based LDHs are grown over a copper substrate by using a hydrothermal method.Two types of Zn-Mg-based LDH coating are prepared based on hydrothermal reaction time.Both types are characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,high-resolution scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive X-ray analysis,atomic force microscopy,and X-ray diffraction.Results show that the two types of LDH coating are successfully grown on copper;however,they differ in thickness and structural configuration.Corrosion testing of the LDH coatings is executed in 0.1 M Na Cl and 0.1 M Na OH through alternating current impedance measurements and Tafel polarization curves.Results show that L48 gives more than 90%protection to copper,which is higher than the protection provided by L24.However,both LDH coatings(L24 and L48)are more effective corrosion inhibitors in Na Cl than in Na OH,suggesting that the LDH coatings can more efficiently exchange Cl ions than OH ions.

The Effects of a Backward Bifurcation on a Continuous Time Markov Chain Model for the Transmission Dynamics of Single Strain Dengue Virus

Global incidence of dengue, a vector-borne tropical disease, has seen a dramatic increase with several major outbreaks in the past few decades. We formulate and analyze a stochastic epidemic model for the transmission dynamics of a single strain of dengue virus. The stochastic model is constructed using a continuous time Markov chain (CTMC) and is based on an existing deterministic model that suggests the existence of a backward bifurcation for some values of the model parameters. The dynamics of the stochastic model are explored through numerical simulations in this region of bistability. The mean of each random variable is numerically estimated and these are compared to the dynamics of the deterministic model. It is observed that the stochastic model also predicts the co-existence of a locally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium along with a locally stable endemic equilibrium. This co-existence of equilibria is important from a public health perspective because it implies that dengue can persist in populations even if the value of the basic reproduction number is less than unity.

New Ninth Order J-Halley Method for Solving Nonlinear Equations

In the paper [1], authors have suggested and analyzed a predictor-corrector Halley method for solving nonlinear equations. In this paper, we modified this method by using the finite difference scheme, which had a quantic convergence. We have compared this modified Halley method with some other iterative methods of ninth order, which shows that this new proposed method is a robust one. Some examples are given to illustrate the efficiency and the performance of this new method.

A case of gregarious flowering in bamboo, dominated lowland forest of Assam,India: phenology,regeneration,impact on rural economy,and conservation

We recorded gregarious flowering of three bamboo species viz. Bambusa arundinacea, Bambusa tulda and Melocanna baccifera during rainy season from early March to late May, 2008 at lowland forest of Bajali area of Indo-Burma hotspot region. A regular method of field sampling of various forest types was used to map the bamboo species in Assam, India. Moreover, people＇s perception on bamboo blooming was investigated at 17 sample plots covering 258 respondents inhabiting at the site at an average of 15 in each plots. A floral clump （inflorescence） emerged and developed into a giant panicle comprising of numerous florets. Two types of seeds viz. bacea and caryopsis were recorded in different species. Viviparous germination was noticed in few bacca seeds produced by M. baccifera and this has unusual occurrence in bamboo. Seed viability test shows that 75% caryopsis seeds were viable; these seeds had the potential of germination and can be used for mass regen- eration. Most local respondents believe that bamboo flowering can result in population explosion of rodent, therefore, they think bamboo flower- ing is positively correlated with famine. This traditional belief results in massive destruction of bamboo clumps, which significantly impacts on rural economy.

Multiple Forgery Detection in Video Using Convolution Neural Network

With the growth of digital media data manipulation in today’s era due to the availability of readily handy tampering software,the authenticity of records is at high risk,especially in video.There is a dire need to detect such problem and do the necessary actions.In this work,we propose an approach to detect the interframe video forgery utilizing the deep features obtained from the parallel deep neural network model and thorough analytical computations.The proposed approach only uses the deep features extracted from the CNN model and then applies the conventional mathematical approach to these features to find the forgery in the video.This work calculates the correlation coefficient from the deep features of the adjacent frames rather than calculating directly from the frames.We divide the procedure of forgery detection into two phases–video forgery detection and video forgery classification.In video forgery detection,this approach detect input video is original or tampered.If the video is not original,then the video is checked in the next phase,which is video forgery classification.In the video forgery classification,method review the forged video for insertion forgery,deletion forgery,and also again check for originality.The proposed work is generalized and it is tested on two different datasets.The experimental results of our proposed model show that our approach can detect the forgery with the accuracy of 91%on VIFFD dataset,90%in TDTV dataset and classify the type of forgery–insertion and deletion with the accuracy of 82%on VIFFD dataset,86%on TDTV dataset.This work can helps in the analysis of original and tempered video in various domain.

Computer Geometries for Finding All Real Zeros of Polynomial Equations Simultaneously

In this research article,we construct a family of derivative free simultaneous numerical schemes to approximate all real zero of non-linear polynomial equation.We make a comparative analysis of the newly constructed numerical schemes with a well-known existing simultaneous method for determining all the distinct real zeros of polynomial equations using computer algebra system Mat Lab.Lower bound of convergence of simultaneous schemes is calculated using Mathematica.Global convergence property of the numerical schemes is presented by taking random starting initial approximation and their convergence history are graphically presented.Some real life engineering applications along with some higher degree polynomials are considered as numerical test problems to show performance and efficiency of the derivative free family of numerical methods with comparison of an existing method of same order in literature.Local computational order of convergence,CPU time,graph of computational order of convergence and residual error graphs elaborate efficiency,robustness and authentication of the suggested family of numerical methods in its domain.

Flow on oscillating rectangular duct for Maxwell fluid

This paper presents an analysis for the unsteady flow of an incompress- ible Maxwell fluid in an oscillating rectangular cross section. By using the Fourier and Laplace transforms as mathematical tools, the solutions are presented as a sum of the steady-state and transient solutions. For large time, when the transients disappear, the solution is represented by the steady-state solution. The solutions for the Newtonian fluids appear as limiting cases of the solutions obtained here. In the absence of the fre- quency of oscillations, we obtain the problem for the flow of the Maxwell fluid in a duct of a rectangular cross-section moving parallel to its length. Final!y, the required time to reach the steady-state for sine oscillations of the rectangular duct is obtained by graphical illustrations for different parameters. Moreover, the graphs are sketched for the velocity.

Numerical Solution for a Similar Flow between Two Disks in the Presence of a Magnetic Field

Numerical solutions are obtained for non-steady, incompressible fluid flow between two parallel disks which at time t are separated by a distance H(1-αt)1/2 and a magnetic field proportional to B0(1-αt) -1/2 is applied perpendicular to the disks where H denotes a representative length, BO denotes a representative magnetic field and α-1 denotes a representative time. Similarity transformations are used to convert the governing partial differential equations of motion in to ordinary differential form. The resulting ordinary differential equations are solved numerically using SOR method, Richardson extrapolation and Simpson’s (1/3) Rule. Our numerical scheme is straightforward, efficient and easy to program.