Applications of SMILE-extracted lenticules in ophthalmology

AIM:To review recent innovations,challenges,and applications of small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)extracted lenticule for treating ocular disorders.METHODS:A literature review was performed in the PubMed database,which was last updated on 30 December 2021.There was no limit regarding language.The authors evaluated the reference lists of the collected papers to find any relevant research.RESULTS:Due to the simplicity and accuracy of modern femtosecond lasers and the extensive development of SMILE surgery,many healthy human corneal stromal lenticules were extracted during surgery,motivating some professionals to investigate the SMILE lenticule reusability in different ocular disorders.In addition,new approaches had been developed to preserve,modify,and bioengineer the corneal stroma,leading to the optimal use of discarded byproducts such as lenticules from SMILE surgery.The lenticules can be effectively re-implanted into the autologous or allogenic corneas of human subjects to treat refractive errors,corneal ectasia,and corneal perforation and serve as a patch graft for glaucoma drainage devices with better cosmetic outcomes.CONCLUSION:SMILE-extracted lenticules could be a viable alternative to human donor corneal tissue.

A Research Note on the Adsorption of CO2 and N2

实验在典型吸附物上为 CO2 和 N2 的吸附被做可能引起吸附机制的变化的吸附温度和压力象那些一样调查多孔的结构和吸附物的表面亲密关系的效果。极的表面趋于扩大 CO2 和 N2 之间的吸附差别，这被显示出，并且差别比有非极的表面的吸附物对温度更敏感。有非极的表面的吸附物不对水蒸汽的效果敏感，尽管水蒸汽介入分离显著地。分离系数线性地每联合起来与 micropore 体积增加激活的碳的表面区域，而是没有规则在 mesoporous 硅材料上被显示出。分离上的吸附机制的功能不是像期望一样。

The efficacy of chemical topping in field-grown cotton is mediated by drip irrigation amount in irrigated agricultural area

Background:Cotton production in China is challenged by high labor input including manual topping(MT).Recently,to replace MT in the Xinjiang cotton region of China,mepiquat chloride(MC)was applied once more than the traditional multiple-application;this was designated as chemical topping(CT),but it is unclear whether the amount of irrigation needs to be adjusted to accommodate CT.Results:The main plots were assigned to three drip irrigation amounts[300(I_(1))480(I_(2)), and 660(I_(3))mm],and the subplots were assigned to the CT treatments[450(MC)750(MC_(2)),and 1050(MC_(3))mL·hm^(-2)25%MC]with MT as a control that was performed after early bloom.The optimum drip irrigation amount for CT was explored based on leaf photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence,biomass accumulation,and yield.There were significant influe nces of drip irrigation,topping treatme nts and their interaction on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics,gas exchange parameters and biomass accumulation characteristics as well as yield.The combination of I_(2) and MC_(2)(I_(2)MC_(2))performed best.Compared with I_(2)MC_(2)the net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatai conductance(Gs),transpiration rate(Tr),and photochemical quenching coefficient(qP)of I_(2)MC_(2)significantly increased by 4.0%~7.2%,6.8%〜17.1%,5.2%~17.6%,and 4.8%~9.6%,respectively,from the peak flowering to boll opening stages.Moreover,I_(2)MC_(2) showed fast reproductive organ biomass accumulation and the highest seed cotton yield;the latter was 6.6%~12.8%higher than that of I_(2)MT.Further analysis revealed that a 25%MC emulsion in water(MCEW)application resulted in yield improvement by increasing Pn,φPSⅡ,and qP to promote biomass accumulation and transport to reproductive organs.Conclusion:The results showed that the 480 mm drip irrigation combined with 750 mL·hm^(-2)MC increased the rate of dry matter accumulation in reproductive organs by increasing Pn,φPSⅡ and qP to improve photosynthetic performance,thus achieving higher yield.

Recent progress on equation-oriented optimization of complex chemical processes

Process optimization in equation-oriented(EO)modeling environments favors the gradient-based optimization algorithms by their abilities to provide accurate Jacobian matrices via automatic or symbolic differentiation.However,computational inefficiencies including that in initial-point-finding for Newton type methods have significantly limited its application.Recently,progress has been made in using a pseudo-transient(PT)modeling method to address these difficulties,providing a fresh way forward in EO-based optimization.Nevertheless,research in this area remains open,and challenges need to be addressed.Therefore,understanding the state-of-the-art research on the PT method,its principle,and the strategies in composing effective methodologies using the PT modeling method is necessary for further developing EO-based methods for process optimization.For this purpose,the basic concepts for the PT modeling and the optimization framework based on the PT model are reviewed in this paper.Several typical applications,e.g.,complex distillation processes,cryogenic processes,and optimizations under uncertainty,are presented as well.Finally,we identify several main challenges and give prospects for the development of the PT based optimization methods.

Oxidation of Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide from Polymer Flooding Processes Using Fenton Reagents

The degradation of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(HPAM) found in alkaline/surfactant/polymer flooding sewage was investigated using Fenton-type reagents. Different Fenton reagent treatments for HPAM degradation were compared. The effects of pH, hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)), ferrous ion(Fe^(2+)), and tartaric ion(C_(4)H_(4)O_(6)^(2-)) concentrations were studied. The degradation reaction occurred within a wide range of pH(3–9). The HPAM degradation performance of photo-Fenton processes using solar light and UV were compared with that of the Fenton process. The degradation rate was found to be strongly dependent on the H_(2)O_(2)/Fe^(2+)/C_(4)H_(4)O_(6)^(2-)molar ratio. The HPAM degradation efficiency was 90%, and the chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency was 85%. HPAM could be degraded into a compound with a lower molecular weight, but it was difficult to achieve complete mineralization to CO_(2). The presence of intermediate products hindered further oxidation in the Fenton process.

Cascade refrigeration system synthesis based on hybrid simulated annealing and particle swarm optimization algorithm

Cascade refrigeration system(CRS)can meet a wider range of refrigeration temperature requirements and is more energy efficient than single-refrigerant refrigeration system,making it more widely used in low-temperature industry processes.The synthesis of a CRS with simultaneous consideration of heat integration between refrigerant and process streams is challenging but promising for significant cost saving and reduction of carbon emission.This study presented a stochastic optimization method for the synthesis of CRS.An MINLP model was formulated based on the superstructure developed for the CRS,and an optimization framework was proposed,where simulated annealing algorithm was used to evolve the numbers of pressure/temperature levels for all sub-refrigeration systems,and particle swarm optimization algorithm was employed to optimize the continuous variables.The effectiveness of the proposed methodology was verified by a case study of CRS optimization in an ethylene plant with 21.89%the total annual cost saving.

A pseudo transient nonequilibrium method for rigorous simulation of multicomponent separation columns

Nonequilibrium stage model is a significant improvement in multicomponent separation process simulation,but more equations are involved and the solution of the model equations,which relies on an adequate initial guess for convergence of the Newton method,is difficult.In this work,based on the concept of pseudo-transient continuation approach,we proposed a new pseudo-transient(PT)nonequilibrium method.The proposed method decouples the strongly coupled model equations by introducing dynamic equations for material and energy conservation,as well as transition equations.Thus,the steady-state solution of the nonequilibrium stage model can be obtained through a robust and fast integration process,and the initial guess issue in Newton method can be effectively avoided.Two simulation cases were used to demonstrate the advantages and applicability of the proposed PT nonequilibrium method.

Separation and analysis of six fractions in low temperature coal tar by column chromatography

The low temperature coal tar(CT)is taken as the raw material,and the extraction and column chromatography are used for detailed and accurate characterization in this paper.The n-heptane soluble fraction(CT-HS)and insoluble fraction(CT-HI)were obtained by n-heptane Soxhlet extraction.The extraction rate of CT-HS reached 92.79%(mass),which indicated that there are few heavy compounds in it.Further,different solvents(methylbenzene,benzene,ethyl acetate,methylbenzene-ethanol)were used to elute CT-HS by chromatographic column to obtain five fractions(saturates,aromatics,heteroatoms,phenolics and resins,named CT-SA,CT-AR,CT-HE,CT-PH,CT-RE,respectively).The yields of CTSA,CT-AR,CT-HE,CT-PH,CT-RE are 42.12%,10.43%,2.19%,9.50%and 6.63%(mass),respectively.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of eluting components show that alkanes are the main components in CT,followed by polycyclic aromatics,and the corresponding fractions are CT-SA and CT-AR,respectively.The relative content of aliphatics in CT-SA is 76.93%,and the relative content of aromatics in CT-AR is 75.05%.This separation technology effectively separates and enriches different components in CT,and the activation energy required for the pyrolysis process of a single eluting fraction is lower than that of CT,which is expected to provide an important reference for the separation,analysis and conversion of complex oil products such as coal-oil co-processing products,coal tar and other complex heavy carbon oil products.

Effect of silicon carbide-based iron catalyst on reactor optimization for non-oxidative direct conversion of methane

The conversion of methane to olefins,aromatics,and hydrogen(MTOAH)can be used to stably obtain hydrocarbons when the effect of the catalytic surface is optimized from the reaction engineering perspective.In this study,Fe/Si C catalysts were packed into a quartz tube reactor.The catalytic surfaces of Si C and the impregnated Fe species decreased the apparent activation energies(E_a)of methane consumption in the blank reactor between 965 and 1020℃.Consequently,the hydrocarbon yield increased by 2.4times at 1020℃.Based on the model reactions of ethane,ethylene,and acetylene mixed with hydrogen in the range of 500-1020℃,an excess amount of Fe in the reactor favored the C-C coupling reaction over the selective hydrogenation of acetylene;consequently,coke formation was favored over the hydrogenation reaction.The gas-phase reactions and catalyst properties were optimized to increase hydrocarbon yields while reducing coke selectivity.The 0.2Fe catalyst-packed reactor(0.26 wt%Fe)resulted in a hydrocarbon yield of 7.1%and a coke selectivity of<2%when the ratio of the void space of the postcatalyst zone to the catalyst space was adjusted to be≥2.Based on these findings,the facile approach of decoupling the reaction zone between the catalyst surface and the gas-phase reaction can provide insights into catalytic reactor design,thereby facilitating the scale-up from the laboratory to the commercial scale.

高效填料塔中用柠檬酸/柠檬酸钠溶液进行烟气脱硫的研究

以柠檬酸 柠檬酸钠溶液为缓冲液在高效规整填料塔中进行烟气脱硫。模拟的烟气首先在吸收塔中用柠檬酸钠溶液脱硫 ,然后富液在解吸塔中释放出SO2 ,再生的缓冲液返回吸收塔循环使用。研究了影响吸收及解吸效率的各种重要参数 ,确定了最佳操作条件。对解决SO2

吸附分离CH4／N2可行性研究

The separation between methane and nitrogen is an inevitable and important task in the C1 chemicaltechnology and the utilization of methane from coalbed, yet it is considered to be one of the tough tasks in thefield of separation. Pressure swing adsorption is a preferable technology if an adsorbent that allowing a largecoefficient of separation for the CH4/N2 system is available. The separation coefficients between CH4 and N2were obtained on analyzing the breakthrough curves measured experimentally with nine adsorbents. A technique ofmeasuring the temperature-pulse was incorporated in the experiments, and the reliability of the result was improved.Superactivated carbon with large surface area and plenty of micropores was shown to have the largest separationcoefficient and to be promising for the commercial utilization.

Global Optimization for the Synthesis of Integrated Water Systems with Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

一个综合的水系统的最佳的合成的问题在这研究被处理，在用过程和水处理操作的水被合为一个单个网络以便淡水和废水处理的全部的费用全球性被最小化的地方。为废水处理合并所有可行设计选择的一座上层建筑，再使用并且再循环，与一个非线性的编程模型一起被综合。一条进化途径—改进的粒子群优化为优化如此的系统被建议。二个简单例子被举用建议算法说明综合的水网络的全球优化。

CO2通过合成聚合物膜的促进传递

Two kinds of fixed carrier membrane materials containing secondary amine and carboxyl groups whichcan be used as carriers of CO2 were prepared. One was poly(N-vinyl-γ-sodium aminobutyrate)(PVSA), whichwas obtained through the hydrolysis of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) synthesized with N-vinylpyrrolidone(NVP) byradical polymerization. The other was poly(N-vinyl-γ-sodium aminobutyrate-co-sodium acrylate)(VSA-SA), whichwas obtained through the hydrolysis of copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone and acrylamide(AAm) (NVP-AAm). Thecomposite membranes were developed with PVSA or VSA-SA as active layer and polysulfone (PS) as supportmembranes. The permeation rates of pure CO2 and CH4 gas as well as binary mixtures of CO2/CH4 throughthe composite membranes were measured. The results show that the composite membranes present better CO2permeation rates than other fixed carrier membranes do reported in literature. For example, at 26℃, 1330 Pa of CO2pressure, the PVSA/PS composite membrane displays a CO2 permeation rate of 5.95 × 10-7 cm3.cm-2.s-1.pa-1with CO2/CH4 ideal separation factor of 212.1. At 20℃, 6400Pa of CO2 pressure, the VSA-SA/PS compositemembrane displays a CO2 permeation rate of 4.24 × 10-8 cm3@cm-2.s-1.Pa-1 with CO2/CH4 ideal separationfactor of 429.7. The results with the gas mixtures are not as good as those obtained with pure gas because ofthe coupling effects between CO2 and CH4. The heat cross-linked membrane shows good separation factor due todensification of the polymer.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose with Different Crystallinities Studied by Means of SEC-MALLS

exo 绗维素酶的反应(cellobiohydrolase， CBH ) 并且 endo 绗维素酶(endoglucanase，例如) 被在酶的水解作用期间分析微晶质的纤维素(MCC ) 和过滤器纸纤维素(FPC ) 的不可溶解的残余调查。包括分子的重量和它的分发，聚合的度，和旋转的半径的分子的参数被排除层析结合了多角度激光光散布的尺寸测量。在 MCC 链的重要变化都没在整个反应时期期间被发现，显示那 CBH 消化跟随一种 layer-by-layer 增溶方式。这个反应模式可能是为纤维素的慢酶的水解作用的主要原因。在另一方面， FPC 的聚合的度在起始的反应很快锁住减少，显示例如，消化跟随一种随机的切断方式，它可以容易为 CBH 创造新结束。为 MCC 和 FPC 的符合构造阴谋的斜坡逐渐地增加，显示在水解作用期间的纤维素的更强壮的链僵硬。

A systematic approach for synthesizing a low-temperature distillation system

In this paper, by combining a stochastic optimization method with a refrigeration shaft work targeting method,an approach for the synthesis of a heat integrated complex distillation system in a low-temperature process is presented. The synthesis problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming(MINLP) problem,which is solved by simulated annealing algorithm under a random procedure to explore the optimal operating parameters and the distillation sequence structure. The shaft work targeting method is used to evaluate the minimum energy cost of the corresponding separation system during the optimization without any need for a detailed design for the heat exchanger network(HEN) and the refrigeration system(RS). The method presented in the paper can dramatically reduce the scale and complexity of the problem. A case study of ethylene cold-end separation is used to illustrate the application of the approach. Compared with the original industrial scheme, the result is encouraging.

Experimental Investigation of Single-phase Flow in Structured Packing by LDV

迄今为止，许多模型被开发了在由计算液体动力学(CFD ) 收拾行李组织计算流动地技术，而是很少试验性的工作被执行了服务流动模拟的确认。在这个工作，在收拾行李组织的单相的流动的速度侧面在 20.0， 55.7 和 520.1 的雷纳兹数字被测量，用激光 Doppler velocimetry (LDV ) 。三个部件的平均时间、即时的速度同时被获得。CFD 模拟也被执行数字地在组织收拾行李以内预言速度分发。比较表演流动模式，速度分发和狂暴的动能(为狂暴的流动) 在 CFD 预言的水平飞机上，模拟在对 LDV 的好同意测量数据。x 的值 -- 并且 z 速度部件是很好在收拾行李的中心在飞机上预言的份量上，但是预言的 y 部件比试验性的数据显著地小。试验性的测量为 CFD 模型的进一步的改进是重要的，这能被结束。

Synthesis of Enriched 10B Boric Acid of Nuclear Grade

An economic and effective method of preparing enriched 10B boric acid was established by chemical reactionof enriched 10BF3 and CaCO3. A process of boron trifluoride reacting with water was investigated under certainconditions. Calcium carbonate was selected to counteract hydrofluoric acid followed on. Some key operation factorswere investigated, such as temperature, reaction time and the ratio of CaCO3 to 10BF3. The results showed that the yieldof enriched 10B boric acid could reach 97. 2% and the purity was up to 94. 1% under the following conditions： the temperaturewas 50-60,℃, the reaction time was 28 h and the ratio of CaCO3 to 10BF3 was 4. In addition, after recrystallizationand titration analysis, the purity of the product could reach over 99. 2% from 94.1%.

Reduced antioxidant level and increased oxidative damage in intact liver lobes during ischaemia-reperfusion

瞄准：为了决定是否增加了，并且详细描述对在老鼠模型上在肝的外科期间测量抗氧化剂防卫合适的方法，肝的血流能引起氧化应力和 hepatocyte 损坏。方法：在戊巴比妥钠昏迷状态，侧面的左和肝的中间的脑叶被抓紧让 45 min 让全部的血供给通过另外的脑叶流动。全部的抗氧化剂地位，谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和超级氧化物 dysmutase 活动，以及 diene 的集中结合，免费 sulphydril 组织，捐赠 H 能力和肝样品的减少的力量被决定。肝的 Chemiluminescent 紧张也被测量。金属离子(艾尔， Ca， Cu， Fe， Mg， Mn， Zn ) 并且肝的 P 和 S 集中与诱导地联合的血浆被决定光排放分光计和 Se 内容被阴极的的脱衣的 voltammetry 测量。结果：谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和肝的超级氧化物 dysmutase 活动与在假冒的操作的组观察的那些相比在充血组显著地减少了。全部的抗氧化剂地位的水平在充血组也是显著地更低的。捐赠 H 能力，减少的力量和免费 sulphydril 组集中显示出一样的趋势。重要关联(P【0.05 ) 在非特定的抗氧化剂活动在变化之间被发现。这指向了抗氧化剂防卫系统的同时的活动。当 Ca， Fe， Mg， Se 和 P 离子的层次在充血期间是更高的时，艾尔， Cu， Mn， Zn，和 S 比在假冒的操作的组在充血组是更低的。结论：氧化应力在 ischaemia-reperfusion 期间是为未经触动的肝脑叶的损害的主要因素之一。

Energy Recovery Device with a Fluid Switcher for Seawater Reverse Osmosis System

精力恢复设备(ERD ) 是海水反渗透(SWRO ) 的重要部分脱盐系统。主要有二种 ERD，离心的类型和积极排水量(PD ) 类型。PD 类型具有广泛的担心并且在大规模工厂被比较喜欢。在这篇文章，创新液体 switcher 被介绍，有实验室规模液体 switcher 的一个二柱体的水力的精力恢复单位被建立。自来水在 SWRO 脱盐工厂被用作工作媒介而不是实际海水和盐水。在稳态操作条件下面，试验性的结果在压力和流量的变化上被获得到恢复联合起来并且从精力。水力的恢复效率(啊) 有液体的精力恢复单位， switcher 到达了多达 76.83% 。