Up-regulation of Bcl-2 is required for the progression of prostate cancer cells from an androgen-dependent to an androgen-independent growth stage

Bcl-2 是 anti-apoptotic oncoprotein，它的蛋白质层次相反地在许多癌症与预后被相关。然而，在前列腺癌症的前进的 Bcl-2 的角色不是清楚的。这里，我们报导 Bcl-2 从一个雄激素依赖者为 LNCaP 前列腺癌症细胞的前进被要求到一个雄激素无关的生长阶段。Bcl-2 的信使 rna 和蛋白质层次显著地在雄激素无关的前列腺癌症被增加在雄激素无关的前列腺癌症房间的 Bcl-2 的调停 cells.shRNA 的基因 silencing 导致 promotesUV 的 apoptosis 并且压制前列腺肿瘤的生长体内。在在形成的雄激素剥夺条件结果下面的 Growingandrogen 依赖的房间 ofandrogen 独立的殖民地；并且到 androgen-independentgrowth 的从雄激素依赖者的转变被 Bcl-2 对手 Bax 或 Bcl-2 shRNA 的宫外的表示堵住。因此，我们的结果证明 Bcl-2 为 androgen-independentprostate 癌症细胞的幸存是批评的不仅，但是也为前列腺癌症细胞的前进被要求从对一个雄激素无关的生长阶段 anandrogen 依赖。

Mechanism and kinetics of hydrothermal replacement of magnetite by hematite

The replacement of magnetite by hematite was studied through a series of experiments under mild hydrothermal conditions(140 -220℃, vapour saturated pressures) to quantify the kinetics of the transformation and the relative effects of redox and non-redox processes on the transformation. The results indicate that oxygen is not an essential factor in the replacement reaction of magnetite by hematite, but the addition of excess oxidant does trigger the oxidation reaction, and increases the kinetics of the transformation. However, even under high O_2(aq) environments, some of the replacement still occurred via Fe^(2+) leaching from magnetite. The kinetics of the replacement reaction depends upon temperature and solution parameters such as pH and the concentrations of ligands, all of which are factors that control the solubility of magnetite and affect the transport of Fe^(2+) (and the oxidant) to and from the reaction front. Reaction rates are fast at ~200℃, and in nature transport properties of Fe and,in the case of the redox-controlled replacement, the oxidant will be the rate-limiting control on the reaction progress. Using an Avrami treatment of the kinetic data and the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy for the transformation under non-redox conditions was calculated to be 26 ± 6 kJ mol^(-1).This value is in agreement with the reported activation energy for the dissolution of magnetite, which is the rate-limiting process for the transformation under non-redox conditions.

The radio environment of the 21 Centimeter Array:RFI detection and mitigation

Detection and mitigation of radio frequency interference （RFI） is the first and also the key step for data processing in radio observations, especially for ongoing low frequency radio experiments towards the detection of the cosmic dawn and epoch of reionization （EoR）. In this paper we demonstrate the tech- nique and efficiency of RFI identification and mitigation for the 21 Centimeter Array （21CMA）, a radio interferometer dedicated to the statistical measurement of EoR. For terrestrial, man-made RFI, we concen- trate mainly on a statistical approach by identifying and then excising non-Gaussian signatures, in the sense that the extremely weak cosmic signal is actually buried under thermal and therefore Gaussian noise. We also introduce the so-called visibility correlation coefficient instead of conventional visibility, which allows a further suppression of rapidly time-varying RFI. Finally, we briefly discuss removals of the sky RFI, the leakage of sidelobes from off-field strong radio sources with time-invariant power and a featureless spec- trum. It turns out that state of the art technique should allow us to detect and mitigate RFI to a satisfactory level in present low frequency interferometer observations such as those acquired with the 21CMA, and the accuracy and efficiency can be greatly improved with the employment of low-cost, high-speed computing facilities for data acquisition and processing.

Enhanced dielectric and optical properties of nanoscale barium hexaferrites for optoelectronics and high frequency application

M-type barium hexaferrites with chemical composition Ba1-xDyxFe12-yCryO19(x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and y =0.0, 0.4, 0.5) were synthesized via sol–gel auto-combustion method. The samples were pre-sintered at 400℃ for 3 h and sintered at 950℃ for 5 h. The changes in the structural, dielectric, and optical properties were studied after the substitution of Dy3+and Cr3+ions. X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis confirms the formation of single phase hexaferrites with the absence of secondary phase. FTIR analysis gives an idea of the formation of hexaferrites with the appearance of two peaks at 438 cm-1and 589 cm-1. The field emission scanning electron micrographs(FESEM) show a combination of crystallites with large shapes close to hexagonal platelet-like shape and others with rice or rod-like shapes, whereas EDX and elemental analysis confirm the stoichiometry of prepared samples. The calculated band gap from UV-vis NIR spectroscopy spectra was found to decreases with increase in Dy3+–Cr3+substitution. The dielectric properties were explained on the basis of Maxwell–Wagner model. Enhancement of dielectric constant at higher frequencies was observed in all the samples. Low dielectric loss is also observed in all the samples and Cole–Cole plot shows that grain boundary resistance(Rgb) contribute most to the dielectric properties. The prepared samples exhibit properties that could be useful for optoelectronics and high frequency application.

Proteasomal degradation unleashes the pro-death activity of androgen receptor

雄激素受体(AR ) 能在雄激素无关的前列腺癌症房间独立于它的抄写活动支持导致压力的房间死亡。然而，内在的机制不完全地被理解。这里，我们报导 AR 的那导致压力的 proteasomal 降级贡献它的支持死亡的活动。在到紫外光和 staurosporine 的暴露之上， AR 经历了 proteasomal 降级。AR 降级的封锁显著地在雄激素无关的前列腺癌症房间压制了导致压力的 apoptosis。没有任何另外的死亡刺激， AR N 终端(AR-N ) 域的宫外的表示，缺乏 DNA 有约束力、 ligand 有约束力的能力，导致了房间死亡。截断分析表明那个 AR-N 领域包含调整 AR 的支持死亡的活动的几子域，明确地开始的 105 氨基酸，哪个是的功能 caspases 在上游的代理的一个最小的支持死亡的领域。AR N 终端碎片的 pro-apoptotic 活动被 Bcl-2 的宫外的表示压制或选择了 caspase 禁止者。因此，我们的结果揭示 AR 在雄激素无关的前列腺癌症房间由支持导致压力的房间死亡的新奇机制。

Swarm Theory, Hydraulic Fracturing, and the Emergence of Natural Spacing within Dyke Swarms

Like all swarming behavior in Nature,the selforganization expressed by the emergence of a natural spacing among a swarm’s members should be considered its most fundamental characteristic,and grasping the

Data inversion of multi-dimensional magnetic resonance in porous media

Since its inception in the 1970s,multi-dimensional magnetic resonance(MR)has emerged as a powerful tool for non-invasive investigations of structures and molecular interactions.MR spectroscopy beyond one dimension allows the study of the correlation,exchange processes,and separation of overlapping spectral information.The multi-dimensional concept has been re-implemented over the last two decades to explore molecular motion and spin dynamics in porous media.Apart from Fourier transform,methods have been developed for processing the multi-dimensional time-domain data,identifying the fluid components,and estimating pore surface permeability via joint relaxation and diffusion spectra.Through the resolution of spectroscopic signals with spatial encoding gradients,multi-dimensional MR imaging has been widely used to investigate the microscopic environment of living tissues and distinguish diseases.Signals in each voxel are usually expressed as multi-exponential decay,representing microstructures or environments along multiple pore scales.The separation of contributions from different environments is a common ill-posed problem,which can be resolved numerically.Moreover,the inversion methods and experimental parameters determine the resolution of multi-dimensional spectra.This paper reviews the algorithms that have been proposed to process multidimensional MR datasets in different scenarios.Detailed information at the microscopic level,such as tissue components,fluid types and food structures in multi-disciplinary sciences,could be revealed through multi-dimensional MR.

中国人头发纤维在UVA紫外光老化中的光谱学研究

生活中,日光中的紫外辐射是导致头发光老化/光损伤的重要环境因素。长时间光照可使染发和天然发出现包括颜色褪变在内的退行性变化。以中老年人的自然灰发为样本来源,通过分离和人工漂染处理,获得了包括自然发色、漂白和染黑的六种头发类型,经过UVA（320～400nm）紫外光老化,采用漫反射光谱、三维荧光光谱和衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱对头发纤维的老化特征进行无损分析,结合头发中光产生过氧化氢的定量分析,探讨了不同发色和漂染处理对头发耐光性的影响。结果表明,UVA辐照可通过Ⅱ型电子转移机制诱导头发中的光敏基团产生过氧化氢,导致纤维表面蛋白和色素分子的光氧化降解。自然发色与漂染发在光老化中的颜色变化不同：灰发和白发主要发生光黄化,人工染发和漂白发分别发生光褪色和光漂白。高湿度环境能加速头发的光降解。化学漂染处理会使头发中的光致过氧化氢水平升高,使纤维处于较高的氧化压力从而影响头发的光稳定性;而头发中的黑色素分子,包括天然黑色素和染发剂的人工黑色素,可能具有自由基产生与清除双重性。研究结果为建立中国人头发光损伤的光谱学评价方法和进一步研发针对国人发质的染护发产品提供了重要的实验基准数据。

吉兰-巴雷综合征空肠弯曲菌感染诱导巴马小型猪致周围神经病动物模型的建立

目的使用致吉兰-巴雷综合征的空肠弯曲菌活菌诱导的巴马小型猪建立周围神经病动物模型。方法使用吉兰-巴雷综合征病人粪便中分离的空肠弯曲菌,微需氧培养后口服攻毒30只巴马小型猪,建立周围神经病动物模型。结果实验组在攻毒后14～16天出现临床症状,两周内解剖。临床症状周围神经病重症的占40.9%(9/22),出现周围神经病症状的占81.8%(18/22)。病理学检查锇酸染色可见卵圆体结构,镀银坚固蓝染色见轴索断裂,未见脱髓鞘。结论本实验通过致吉兰-巴雷综合征的空肠弯曲菌活菌构建了巴马小型猪周围神经病动物模型,模拟了自然条件下侵染致病的过程,为研究周围神经病的发病机理提供了大型动物模型。

Inhibition of BACE1, the β-secretase implicated in Alzheimer’s disease, by a chondroitin sulfate extract from Sardina pilchardus

The pharmaceutical and anticoagulant agent heparin,a member of the glycosaminoglycan family of carbohydrates,has previously been identified as a potent inhibitor of a key Alzheimer’s disease drug target,the primary neuronalβ-secretase,β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1(BACE1).The anticoagulant activity of heparin has,however,precluded the repurposing of this widely used pharmaceutical as an Alzheimer’s disease therapeutic.Here,a glycosaminoglycan extract,composed predominantly of 4-sulfated chondroitin sulfate,has been isolated from Sardina pilchardus,which possess the ability to inhibit BACE1(IC50[half maximal inhibitory concentration]=4.8μg/mL),while displaying highly attenuated anticoagulant activities(activated partial thromboplastin time EC50[median effective concentration]=403.8μg/mL,prothrombin time EC50=1.3 mg/mL).The marine-derived,chondroitin sulfate extract destabilizes BACE1,determined via differential scanning fluorimetry(ΔTm–5°C),to a similar extent as heparin,suggesting that BACE1 inhibition by glycosaminoglycans may occur through a common mode of action,which may assist in the screening of glycan-based BACE1 inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease.

Anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oils of Cymbopogon validus(Stapf) Stapf ex Burtt Davy from Eastern Cape, South Africa

Objective: To evaluate the essential oil composition and the anti-inflammatory activity of Cymbopogon validus(C. validus) leaves and flowers. Methods: A total of 300 g of fresh or dry(leaves and flowers) of C. validus were cut into small pieces and subjected to hydro-distillation method for approximately 5 h using the Clevenger apparatus. The extracted essential oils were then used for testing the anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by using egg-albumin induced paw edema. Results: The extracted oils had the following yields 2.2% for fresh leaves, 2.0% for dry leaves and 2.4% v/w for dry flowers. GCMS results revealed that the oils contained artemisia ketone(37.5%), linalool(3.2%-29.6%), northujane(4.4%-16.8%), verbenone(13.5%), naphthalene(1.7%-9.6%), δ-cadinene(0.5%-8.1%), hedycaryol(5.4%-7.6%) and α-eudesmol(6.5%-6.7%) as the major constituents. C. validus essential oils showed significant(P<0.05) anti-inflammatory effects from the first 30 min after albumin injection compared to aspirin which had a later onset of effect. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that the essential oil extracted from C. validus fresh or dry leaves and flowers have anti-inflammatory properties; that might be associated with the major components and the minor components found in the essential oils.

Snapshots of a Viral RNA Polymerase Switching Gears from Transcription Initiation to Elongation

During transcription initiation,RNA polymerase binds tightly to the promoter DNA defining the start of transcription,transcribes comparatively slowly,and frequently releases short transcripts(3-8 nucleotides)in a process called abortive cycling.Transitioning to elongation,the second phase of transcription,the polymerase dissociates from the promoter while RNA synthesis continues.Elongation is characterized by higher rates of transcription and tight binding to the RNA transcript.The RNA polymerase from enterophage T7 (T7 RNAP) has been used as a model to understand the mechanism of transcription in general,and the transition from initiation to elongation specifically.This single-subunit enzyme undergoes dramatic conformational changes during this transition to support the changing requirements of nucleic acid interactions while continuously maintaining polymerase function.Crystal structures,available of multiple stages of the initiation complex and of the elongation complex,combined with biochemical and biophysical data,offer molecular detail of the transition.Some of the crystal structures contain a variant of T7 RNAP where proline 266 is substituted by leucine.This variant shows less abortive products and altered timing of transition,and is a valuable tool to study these processes.The structural transitions from early to late initiation are well understood and are consistent with solution data.The timing of events and the structural intermediates in the transition from late initiation to elongation are less well understood,but the available data allows one to formulate testable models of the transition to guide further research.

Spin-Split Joint Density of States in GdN

We present an investigation of the optical constants of the near stoichiometric GdN films. Transmission and reflection spectra are collected for the paramagnetic and the ferromagnetic GdN in the photon energy range of 0.5-5.5 eV. In the ferromagnetic phase, behaviors of minority and majority spin states are specifically focussed on, which indicate spin-split joint density of states. The results confirm the LSDA＋U estimates of energy gap associated with the majority-spins and also the magnitude of spin splitting.

Paleomagnetism of Metamorphosed Sudbury Dykes, Canada: Relevance to a Theory of Crustal Shortening across the Grenville Collisional Orogen

The 1.235 Ga ESE-trending Sudbury dyke swarm cuts Paleoproterozoic to Archean rocks,but at its SE end becomes deformed and metamorphosed by the;Ga Grenville orogen,a result of collision between Laurentia

X-Ray Diffraction Is a Promising Tool to Characterize Coral Skeletons

The skeletons of corals are made of calcium carbonate by biomineralization process, in the form of aragonite or calcite. To understand the characteristics of coral skeletons, especially mineralogy, crystal phases, organization and structure in individual species, X-ray powder diffraction techniques have gained increased interest in recent years as useful non-destructive tools. This review provides an overview on the recent progress in this field and briefly introduces the related experimental approach. The application of X-ray diffraction (XRD) to elucidating the structural and mechanical properties of mineral crystals in corals is reviewed in terms of characterization of CaCO3 crystal orientation. In addition, we discuss how this technique has increased our understanding of the function of the organic matrix proteins of calcified coral skeletons during mineral formation. Such information is helpful in deducing the mechanical and structural model of corals with respect to biomineralization system of skeletons.

A comprehensive study on the processing of Co:ZnO nanostructured ceramics:Defect chemistry engineering and grain growth kinetics

In this report,we present a systematic study on the preparation of Co:ZnO ceramics via a standard solid-state route from different Co precursors(Co_(3)O_(4),CoO,and metallic Co)and atmospheres(O_(2)and Ar).Particular emphasis is given to defect chemistry engineering and the sintering growth kinetics.First-principles calculations based on density functional theory are employed to determine the formation en-ergy of the main point defects in ZnO and Co:ZnO systems.Based on the theoretical results,a set of chemical reactions is proposed.Detailed microstructural characterization is also performed to determine the degree of Co incorporation into the ZnO lattice.The samples prepared in Ar atmosphere and metal-lic Co present the highest Co solubility limit(lower apparent Co incorporation activation energy)due to the incongruent ZnO decomposition.Determination of the parameters of the sintering growth kinetics reveals that Co_(3)O_(4)is the best sintering additive to achieve larger grain sizes,and possible higher densi-ties,in both sintering atmospheres,while metallic Co is the best to achieve the smallest grain size with higher Co concentration and homogeneous spatial distribution for a subsequent reduction of dimension-ality.The results show that the sintering in O_(2)effectively promotes zinc vacancies in the ZnO structure,while the sintering in Ar promotes zinc interstitial defects.Our findings contribute to understanding the preparation of Co-doped ZnO ceramics and the sintering growth kinetics,which may improve the state of the art in processing the material at both bulk and nanometric scales.

Effects of varying Alx moles on structure and luminescence properties of ZnAl_(x)O_(1.5x+1):0.1 mol%Tb^(3+)nanophosphors prepared using citrate sol-gel method

Un-doped and ZnAl_(x)O_(1.5x+1):0.1 mol%Tb^(3+)(ZAOT)nano-powders were synthesized via citrate sol-gel method.The AIx moles were varied in the range of 0.25≤x≤5.0.The X-ray powder diffraction(XRD)data reveal that for x<1.5,the prepared samples crystal structure consists of mixed phases of the cubic ZnAl_(2)O_(4) and hexagonal ZnO phases,while for x>1.5 the structure consists of single phase of cubic ZnAl_(2)O_(4).The Raman and Fourier-trans form infrared(FTIR)vibrational spectroscopy show the presence of vibrations emanating ZnAl_(2)O_(4) spinel.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)show the presence of irregular sphere at x>2.0 attributed to ZnAl_(2)O_(4).The photoluminescence(PL)spectroscopy reveals emissions from both the host and Tb^(3+)transitions.Emissions from Tb^(3+)are observed at 382,414,439,458 nm and 489,545,585,621 nm,which were attributed to the^(5)D_(3)→^(7)F_(6,5,4,2) and ^(5^)D_(4)→^(7)F_(6,5,4,3),respectively.The results confirm that the Tb^(3+)occupation site depends on the Alx moles.The International Commission on Illumination(CIE)colour chromaticity shows that the emission colour can be tuned from blue to green by varying the AIx moles.

An Acoustic Analysis of Fluctuations for Inter-and Intra-Speaker Variability in Speech Sounds

Background:Variation in the speech of speakers is a crucial issue for the forensic system.The main reason behind incorrect speaker identification is greater intra-speaker fluctuation.In the forensic state of play,a lot of research has been carried out on speaker identification.However inter variations and intra fluctuations in speakers for the Punjabi language is still a grey area.Aims and Objectives:Our aim is to study acoustic analysis of fluctuations for inter and intra speaker variability in speech sounds.In our study,we will consider Punjabi vowel with consonants.The Statistical methods will be applied to analyze the data;firstly,the Shapiro-Wilk test will be checked for normality and then Levene’s Test to assess the equality of variances.Materials and Method:Five vowels were selected with different consonants.They were combined to make meaningful words.Then these meaningful words were embedded in sentences.Ten speakers participated voluntarily.All are students of A.S College at Khanna in Punjab.The individuals were aged between 20-22 years with no hearing or speech disorder.The voice samples were recorded with help of good quality microphone and by Goldwave software in the sound proof lab.Samples were introduced directly into PRAAT software by the use of a Sony microphone and with sampling rate of 44100 Hz frequency.Acoustic Analysis has been done with help of Goldwave software in form of spectrograms.Results and Conclusion:Each formant shows a different value for inter variations and inter speaker fluctuations.F1 and F2 shows lesser speaker variation than the high-frequency region in F3 and F4,so we can say that in comparison with the lower part,high-frequency regions are more valuable.The assumptions for TWO-WAY ANOVA is violated and hence,we have used the non-parametric Friedman Test and performed its Post hoc analysis.From Posthoc analysis,we can say that F1 and F2(p>0.05)and F2 and F3(p>0.05)gave the same type of results.Hence,from the results of these statistical tests,we can conclude that F1 is recommended over F2,F3,and F4.As the frequency of F1 is high as well as in line with the results of statistical tests.Because we prefer more variation among frequencies so that we can easily distinguish different speakers and it would be more beneficial for inter variations and intra fluctuations.

Structure and principles of self-assembly of giant“sea urchin”type sulfonatophenyl porphine aggregates

Principles of molecular self-assembly into giant hierarchical structures of hundreds of micrometers in size are studied in aggregates of meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine(TPPS_(4)).The aggregates form a central tubular core,which is covered with radially protruding filamentous non-branching aggregates.The filaments cluster and orient at varying angles from the core surface and some filaments form bundles.Due to shape resemblance,the structures are termed giant sea urchin(GSU)aggregates.Spectrally resolved fluorescence microscopy reveals J-and H-bands of TPPS_(4)aggregates in both the central core and the filaments.The fluorescence of the core is quenched while filaments exhibit strong fluorescence.Upon drying,the filament fluorescence gets quenched while the core is less affected,showing stronger relative fluorescence.Fluorescencedetected linear dichroism(FDLD)microscopy reveals that absorption dipoles corresponding to J-bands are oriented along the filament axis.The comparison of FDLD with scanning electron microscopy(SEM)reveals the structure of central core comprised of multilayer ribbons,which wind around the core axis forming a tube.Polarimetric second-harmonic generation(SHG)and thirdharmonic generation microscopy exhibits strong signal from the filaments with nonlinear dipoles oriented close to the filament axis,while central core displays very low SHG due to close to centrosymmetric organization.Large chiral nonlinear susceptibility points to helical arrangement of the filaments.The investigation shows that TPPS_(4)molecules form distinct aggregate types,including chiral nanotubes and nanogranular aggregates that associate into the hierarchical GSU structure,prototypical to complex biological structures.The chiral TPPS_(4)aggregates can serve as harmonophores for nonlinear microscopy.

帕米尔高原东部塔合曼大型滑坡体的^(10)Be测年

塔合曼滑坡体是发育在新疆帕米尔高原东部1895年塔什库尔干7级地震区北端的一个大型滑坡体,总体呈"舌"形,由崩塌区、滑坡区和堆积区三部分组成,在滑坡区和堆积区分别形成了平行与垂直于滑坡体滑动方向的滑坡体台阶。本文介绍了该滑坡体的基本特征并采用宇宙成因核素测年技术对其形成年代进行了测定,简要论述了该测年技术的基本原理、野外采样原则及样品前处理过程。采自滑坡体不同部位的6个片麻岩巨砾样品的^(10)Be暴露年龄结果非常一致,表明该滑坡体发生在6.8±0.2ka,同时也表明了^(10)Be暴露测年是研究大型滑坡的有效测年手段。结合该滑坡体被慕士塔格断层断错并形成断层陡坎、滑坡体内发育的冲沟规模以及巨砾表面较厚的岩石漆,我们认为该滑坡体并非1895年地震的产物。