Profit Allocation Scheme among Partners in Virtual Enterprises Based on Fuzzy Shapley Values

Fuzzy Shapley values are developed based on classical Shapley values and used to allocate profit among partners in virtual enterprises （VE）. Axioms of the classical Shapley value are extended to Shapley values with fuzzy payoffs by using fuzzy sets theory. Fuzzy Shapley function is defined based on these extended axioms. From the viewpoint the allocation for each partner should be a crisp value rather a fuzzy membership function at the end of cooperation, a crisp allocation scheme based on fuzzy Shapley values is proposed.

The Translation of Idioms of Animals and Plants in Different Cultures

We all know that idioms which contain plants and animals play an essential role in our daily life, an idiom full of cultural connotation can polish one's words and make it more lively. There are a large number of animals and plants both in Chinese and English idioms, and the similarities and dissimilarities of figurative images between English and Chinese idioms containing with animals and plants can reflect different characteristics of Chinese and Western cultures. This thesis introduces the relation between culture and translation, and then gives some examples to illustrate the same animals and plants' similarity and dissimilarity in idioms between Chinese and English. The thesis also enumerates a lot of idioms of animals and plants which gives reader a deeper understanding to idioms and have a clear definition about the connotation of animals and plants in different culture and introduces the main methods of translation.

An Analysis of The Influence on SLA Caused by Age Factor

Various characteristics play very important role in the process of students' second language acquisition and language development,including age,gender,personality,cognitive ability,motivation,learning strategies and so on.Among all these factors mentioned,age factor received much attention in second language research.In this essay,two opposing views on age factor are discussed.In the last part,on the basis of the theory,some strategies on the real classroom teaching are provided after the discussion.

Influence of Motivation Related to Second Language Learning

As far as second language acquisition concerned, there are various factors in relation to individual differences that may affect language development. And all the effects of those factors are considerable for teachers to design appropriate and efficient classroom strategies and activities to cater for learners' differences. In this essay, the influence of one of the factors, motivation,is firstly explored before actually designing strategies and activities.

Health risk assessment of dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Taiyuan, China

Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were determined in 24 duplicate-diet samples from people in Taiyuan during summer and winter in 2009. Dietary intake of PAHs for 2862 participants was subsequently estimated by a survey in Taiyuan. Results from these 24 samples were compared with a raw food study in Taiyuan in 2008. Three main sources of dietary PAHs are vegetables, wheat flour and fruits, the sum of which contributes 75.95% of PAHs in dietary food. Compared to the estimated value in raw food, much more B[a]Peq （benzo[a]pyrene equivalents） were detected in food samples collected in the duplicate-diet study in Taiyuan （60.75 ng/day）. The cooking process may introduce more B[a]Peq into food, and the relative contribution of 16 PAHs in the diet would be changed during the cooking procedure.

Negation in English

Every language has its own unique ways of negation and English is no exception. More importance should be attached to when a negative English sentence is translated into its Chinese equivalent. Negation in English can be realized in many different ways. In the first place, the different types of negation in English will be analyzed. In addition, the affixes and lexicons used to denote negation will be investigated. The last part is mainly concerning the idioms and other expressions which denote negative meanings. In order to make the views much more clearly, some Chinese equivalents of the English sentences will be offered here.

Reflection on Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure

In cross-cultural communication,we often encounter several problems resulted from cross-cultural pragmatic failure.The reason for this phenomenon is that,as communicators,people often ignore the existence of pragmatic differences in social contact and human relations between Chinese and other foreign languages,and we are often confused about when,where,how,what and to whom we should speak.In this paper,I will try to discuss cross-cultural pragmatic failure,pragmatic differences between Chinese and the native speakers of English and what we should pay attention to in our ESL teaching.

Growth characteristics of spherical titanium oxide nanoparticles during the rapid gaseous detonation reaction

The nanosize grain growth characteristics of spherical single-crystal titanium oxide （TiO2） during the rapid gaseous detonation reaction are discussed. Based on the experimental conditions and the Chapman-Jouguet theory, the Kruis model was introduced to simulate the growth characteristics of spherical TiO2 nanoparticles obtained under high pressure, high temperature and by rapid reaction. The results show that the numerical analysis can satisfactorily predict the growth characteristics of spherical TiO2 nanoparticles with diameters of 15-300 nm at different affecting factors, such as concentration of particles, reaction temperature and time, which are in agreement with the obtained experimental results. We found that the increase of the gas-phase reaction temperature, time, and particle concentration affects the growth tendency of spherical nanocrystal TiO2, which provides effective theoretical support for the controllable synthesis of multi-scale nanoparticles.