Health Disparities among the Western, Central and Eastern Rural Regions of China after a Decade of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Programming

Health disparities between the western, central and eastern regions of rural China, and the impact of national health improvement policies and programming were assessed. A total of 400 counties were randomly sampled. ANOVA and Logistic regression modeling were employed to estimate differences in health outcomes and determinants. Significant differences were found between the western, central and eastern rural regions in community infrastructure and health outcomes. From 2000 to 2010, health indicators in rural China were improved significantly, and the infant mortality rate(IMR), maternal mortality rate(MMR) and under 5 mortality rate(U5MR) had fallen by 62.79%, 71.74% and 61.92%, respectively. Central rural China had the greatest decrease in IMR(65.05%); whereas, western rural China had the greatest reduction in MMR(72.99%) but smallest reduction in U5MR(57.36%). Despite these improvements, Logistic regression analysis showed regional differences in key health outcome indicators(odds ratios): IMR(central: 2.13; western: 5.31), U5MR(central: 2.25; western: 5.69), MMR(central: 1.94; western: 3.31), and prevalence of infectious diseases(central: 1.62; western: 3.58). The community infrastructure and health outcomes of the western and central rural regions of China have been improved markedly during the first decade of the 21 st century. However, health disparities still exist across the three regions. National efforts to increase per capita income, community empowerment and mobilization, community infrastructure, capacity of rural health facilities, and health literacy would be effective policy options to attain health equity.

The Current Status of Health Literacy in China

The overall level of health literacy(HL) in China in 2013 stood at 9.48%,contrasting the rural level of 6.92%with theurban level of 13.80%.The level of HL in Eastern China was 12.81%,while it was 6.93%in West China and 7.10%in Central China Region.The level of HL for female was 9.73%,higher than the male level of9.23%.In addition,the HL rates of health knowledge and concept,health skills,and health life-style and behaviors was 20.42%,12.47%and 10.62%respectively.The HL rates of chronic diseases prevention,infectious diseases prevention,basic medical care,afety and first aid,scientific healthconcept,and health information was respectively11.59%,17.12%,8.30%,43.53%,32.12%and 18.46%.The results suggest that the level of health literacy of Chinese urban and rural residents is low,but still differs substantially across different areas and sub-populations.

Obesity intervention efforts in China and the 2022 World Obesity Day

Obesity has become a serious public health problem globally.China has the world’s largest number of people with obesity or overweight.More than 50%of adults and about 20%of children and adolescents in China are overweight or obese.Over the past 20 years,China has made many efforts in obesity intervention,while obesity rates continued rising.In recent years,China has taken more actions for obesity prevention.The World Obesity Day(WOD)was established in 2015 by the World Obesity Federation,and is a unified day of action calling for a cohesive,cross-sector response to fight obesity.WOD has drawn increasing attention in recent years.China formally joined the WOD activities this year,promoted by The Obesity Prevention and Control Section of Chinese Nutrition Society,which cooperated closely with other organizations in carrying out a series of activities during the 2022 WOD.These efforts aimed to encourage the whole society to pay attention to the obesity problem and take more practical actions.The activities include:(1)The 2022“World Obesity Day”China Summit;(2)a specifically developed WOD obesity prevention education video;and(3)the launch of The Expert Consensus on Obesity Prevention and Treatment in China.These can serve as examples for other organizations and countries to consider in future intervention efforts.To fight the global obesity epidemic,all counties and people need to act.Countries can learn from each other’s successful practices.

Health Status of Left-Behind Children and Parenting Behaviors of Caregivers in Poor Rural Areas-6 Provinces,China,2018

What is already known about this topic?China has a significant population of left-behind children,and their health and living environments remain a major public health challenge.Children under 6 years old are especially vulnerable to poor health knowledge and behaviors of their caregivers.What is added by this report?The prevalence of stunting,being underweight,and often sick were 13%,3.4%,and 5%,respectively.Only 53.9%of left-behind children could eat meat often,and 59.5%could control their intake of sugary drinks.The proportions of children who had a safe home environment,a safe play environment,and no family violence were 22.5%,75.3%,and 45.9%,respectively.The percentages of caregivers who ensured that they rarely left their children alone and were always in their sight are 76.1%and 92.4%,respectively.What are the implications for public health practice?The implementation of early home visits is necessary to improve the physical health and safety of the living environment of left-behind children.Primary health workers should pay attention to improving the health knowledge and behaviors of caregivers.

Analysis of Knowledge Level and Use of Antiretroviral Pre-Exposure and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Among MSM—China,2019–2022

Summary What is already known on this topic?Men who have sex with men(MSM)in China have a high rate of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infection.Pre-exposure prophylaxis(PrEP)and postexposure prophylaxis(PEP)have been shown to be effective in preventing HIV,which may help to contain the HIV epidemic among MSM.What is added by this report?This study found that knowledge and usage of PrEP were low among MSM,indicating that this population is at high risk for HIV infection.Promotion of PrEP and PEP among MSM is necessary to reduce the risk of HIV infection in this population.What are the implications for public health practice?PrEP and PEP are novel HIV prevention strategies that have been demonstrated to be effective and safe.To further reduce HIV transmission among MSM in China,it is necessary to promote the use of PrEP and PEP.

Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on anxiety level and spatial memory of adult rats

是的背景在现代生活的电的设备的普遍使用，人比 ever.Over 更经常暴露于极其低的频率磁场(矮子 MF )过去的十年，流行病学、试验性的研究的一个实质的数字表明了那矮子 MF ( 50 Hz )暴露与学习检验了的在场的各种各样的健康 effects.The 的增加的风险被联系到焦虑水平和成年 rats.Methods 的空间记忆上的矮子 MF 的长期的暴露的效果 50-Hz 矮子 MF 在空间学习和记忆的变化在小时组增加了的 MF 4 在 4 星期每日的 exposure.Results 老鼠以后在莫利斯舞水迷宫被决定有未改变的运动 activity.In 的像焦虑的行为莫利斯舞水迷宫测试，老鼠减少了潜伏发现隐藏的站台并且没有变化，在长期的矮子 MF 暴露有的短期的记忆和运动 activity.Conclusion 改进了站台的以前的地点的长期的记忆老鼠上的 anxiogenic 效果。

A practical community-based response strategy to interrupt Ebola transmission in sierra Leone, 2014–2015

Background:The Ebola virus disease spread rapidly in West Africa in 2014,leading to the loss of thousands of lives.Community engagement was one of the key strategies to interrupt Ebola transmission,and practical community level measures needed to be explored in the field and tailored to the specific context of communities.Methods:First,community-level education on Ebola virus disease(EVD)prevention was launched for the community’s social mobilizers in six districts in Sierra Leone beginning in November 2014.Then,from January to May of 2015,in three pilot communities,local trained community members were organized to engage in implementation of EVD prevention and transmission interruption measures,by involving them in alert case report,contact tracing,and social mobilization.The epidemiological indicators of transmission interruption in three study communities were evaluated.Results:A total of 6016 community social mobilizers from 185 wards were trained by holding 279 workshops in the six districts,and EVD message reached an estimated 631680 residents.In three pilot communities,72 EVD alert cases were reported,with 70.8%of them detected by trained local community members,and 14 EVD cases were finally identified.Contact tracing detected 64.3%of EVD cases.The median duration of community infectivity for the cases was 1 day.The secondary attack rate was 4.2%,and no third generation of infection was triggered.No health worker was infected,and no unsafe burial and noncompliance to EVD control measures were recorded.The community-based measures were modeled to reduce 77 EVD cases,and the EVD-free goal was achieved four months earlier in study communities than whole country of Sierra Leone.Conclusions: The community-based strategy of social mobilization and community engagement was effective in casedetection and reducing the extent of Ebola transmission in a country with weak health system. The successfullypractical experience to reduce the risk of Ebola transmission in the community with poor resources would potentiallybe helpful for the global community to fight against the EVD and the other diseases in the future.