Enhanced air-coupled impact echo technique by phase analysis of signals from multiple sensors

This paper presents an air-coupled impact echo(IE)technique that relies on the phase spectrum of the collected data to find the frequencies corresponding to the reflections from delaminations.The proposed technique takes advantage of the fact that the IE compression wave is not a propagating wave,but it is the 1st order symmetrical(S1)mode Lamb wave at zero group velocity(S1-ZGV).Therefore,it searches the phase spectra of the data collected by multiple sensors to locate the frequency corresponding to the lowest phase difference.As a result,the technique reduces the effect of propagating waves,including the direct acoustic wave and ambient noise.It is named the Constant Phase IE(CPIE).The performance of the CPIE is experimentally compared with the regular amplitude spectrum-based IE technique and two other multisensor IE techniques.The CPIE shows a performance advantage,especially in a noisy environment.

比较三种稳定剂对FeS纳米颗粒的稳定效果及对水土中镉的固定与去除性能的影响

本研究评估了三种多糖稳定剂(羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS)和一种水溶性淀粉)用于稳定FeS纳米颗粒的有效性,并测试了相应稳定化纳米颗粒在水和土壤中固定Cd^(2+)的性能。使用0.010 wt%CMC、0.025 wt%CMS或0.065 wt%淀粉可获得完全稳定的FeS纳米颗粒(100 mg/L FeS)。CMC-FeS表现出较高的zeta负电位,淀粉-FeS保持中性,而CMS-FeS则表现出中等负电位。CMCFeS对Cd^(2+)的吸附速率最快,吸附容量也最高。当用100 mg/L CMC-FeS或CMS-FeS处理一种含Cd土壤(58.3 mg/kg Cd)后,Cd的TCLP浸出率分别降低了88.4%和68.0%。CMC-FeS和CMS-FeS均可在模型土壤中运移,显示出其在土壤中原位固定Cd^(2+)方面的潜力。土壤穿透曲线实验表明,CMC-FeS在4.5个孔体积,CMS-FeS在约25个孔体积处几乎完全穿透。柱实验结果表明,当用55个孔体积的CMC-FeS或CMS-FeS悬浮液(100 mg/L)处理该含Cd土壤后,Cd的水浸出率分别降低了98.2%和98.0%。根据目标污染物、材料在土壤中的传输特性和材料成本,可找到这三种稳定剂在土壤修复中的最佳应用。

Analytical evaluation of steady-state solute distribution in through- diffusion and membrane behavior test under non-perfectly flushing boundary conditions

The through-diffusion and membrane behavior testing procedure using a closed-system apparatus has been widely used for concurrent measurement of diffusion and membrane efficiency coefficients of low-permeability clay-based barrier materials.However,the common assumption of perfectly flushing conditions at the specimen boundaries could induce errors in analyses of the diffusion coefficients and membrane efficiencies.In this study,an innovative pseudo three-dimensional(3D)analytical method was proposed to evaluate solute distribution along the boundary surfaces of the soil-porous disks system,considering the non-perfectly flushing conditions.The results were consistent with numerical models under two scenarios considering different inflow/outflow positions.The proposed model has been demonstrated to be an accurate and reliable method to estimate solute distributions along the bound-aries.The calculated membrane efficiency coefficient and diffusion coefficient based on the proposed analytical method are more accurate,resulting in up to 50%less relative error than the traditional approach that adopts the arithmetic mean value of the influent and effluent concentrations.The retar-dation factor of the clay specimen also can be calculated with a revised cumulative mass approach.Finally,the simulated transient solute transport matched with experimental data from a multi-stage through-diffusion and membrane behavior test,validating the accuracy of the proposed method.

Dynamic regulation of the irrigation-nitrogen-biochar nexus for the synergy of yield,quality,carbon emission and resource use efficiency in tomato

Integrated water and fertilizer management is important for promoting sustainable development of facility agriculture,and biochar plays an important role in guaranteeing food production,as well as alleviating water shortages and the overuse of fertilizers.The field experiment had twelve treatments and a control(CK)trial including two irrigation amounts(I1,100%ETm;I2,60%ETm;where ETm is the maximum evapotranspiration),two nitrogen applications(N1,360 kg ha^(−1);N2,120 kg ha^(−1))and three biochar application levels(B1,60 t ha^(−1);B_(2),30 t ha^(−1)and B3,0 t ha^(−1)).A multi-objective synergistic irrigation-nitrogen-biochar application system for improving tomato yield,quality,water and nitrogen use efficiency,and greenhouse emissions was developed by integrating the techniques of experimentation and optimization.First,a coupled irrigation-nitrogen-biochar plot experiment was arranged.Then,tomato yield and fruit quality parameters were determined experimentally to establish the response relationships between irrigation-nitrogen-biochar dosage and yield,comprehensive quality of tomatoes(TCQ),irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE),partial factor productivity of nitrogen(PFPN),and net greenhouse gas emissions(NGE).Finally,a multi-objective dynamic optimization regulation model of irrigation-nitrogen-biochar resource allocation at different growth stages of tomato was constructed which was solved by the fuzzy programming method.The results showed that the application of irrigation and nitrogen to biochar promoted increase in yield,IWUE and PFPN,while it had an inhibitory effect on NGE.In addition,the optimal allocation amounts of water and fertilizer were different under different scenarios.The yield of the S1 scenario increased by 8.31%compared to the B_(1)I_(1)N_(2) treatment;TCQ of the S2 scenario increased by 5.14%compared to the B_(2)I_(2)N_(1) treatment;IWUE of the S3 scenario increased by 10.01%compared to the B1I2N2 treatment;PFPN of the S4 scenario increased by 9.35%compared to the B_(1)I_(1)N_(2) treatment;and NGE of the S5 scenario decreased by 11.23%compared to the B_(2)I1N1 treatment.The optimization model showed that the coordination of multiple objectives considering yield,TCQ,IWUE,PFPN,and NGE increased on average from 4.44 to 69.02%compared to each treatment when the irrigation-nitrogen-biochar dosage was 205.18 mm,186 kg ha^(−1)and 43.31 t ha^(−1),respectively.This study provides a guiding basis for the sustainable management of water and fertilizer in greenhouse tomato production under drip irrigation fertilization conditions.

Numerical Study of Flow Features Around Submerged Circular and Square Piles at Flat and Scoured Beds Using OpenFOAM

Elucidating the flow features around piles in local scouring processes is crucial for studies of local scouring mechanisms and scour depth estimates.This study details the flow turbulence characteristics of two submerged piles that are determined by solving the Navier-Stokes equations with the improved delayed detached eddy simulation model.This model is verified by comparing experimental and numerical results for hydrodynamic parameters with the literature for both square-crossing piles(SCPs)and circular-crossing piles(CCPs).Original topographies of flat and scoured beds(i.e.,the initial and equilibrium scouring stages)are based on experimental results obtained by the authors in the present paper.SCP and CCP flow features in the scouring process are discussed.The results indicate that during the scouring process,the time-averaged drag coefficient and root mean square(rms)of the lift coefficient increase linearly in the CCP test,while the rms of the lift coefficient in the SCP test decreases linearly.Moreover,the minimum pressure coefficient is always located in the upstream corners in the SCP case but moves from 72.5°to 79.5°when the scour hole is completely developed in the CCP case.Downward flow behind the pile,which is generated by separated boundary layers above the top face of the pile,can reach the sand bed and turn the separated shear layers into patches of small vortices in the near-wake regions.Thus,the high shear stress zones are mainly at the scour edges under scoured-bed conditions.

Theoretical Analysis on Deflection and Bearing Capacity of Prestressed Bamboo-Steel Composite Beams

A theoretical analysis of upward deflection and midspan deflection of prestressed bamboo-steel composite beams is presented in this study.The deflection analysis considers the influences of interface slippage and shear deformation.Furthermore,the calculation model for flexural capacity is proposed considering the two stages of loading.The theoretical results are verified with 8 specimens considering different prestressed load levels,load schemes,and prestress schemes.The results indicate that the proposed theoretical analysis provides a feasible prediction of the deflection and bearing capacity of bamboo-steel composite beams.For deflection analysis,the method considering the slippage and shear deformation provides better accuracy.The theoretical method for bearing capacity matches well with the test results,and the relative errors in the serviceability limit state and ultimate limit state are 4.95%and 5.85%,respectively,which meet the accuracy requirements of the engineered application.

Intelligent Diagnosis of Highway Bridge Technical Condition Based on Defect Information

In the bridge technical condition assessment standards,the evaluation of bridge conditions primarily relies on the defects identified through manual inspections,which are determined using the comprehensive hierarchical analysis method.However,the relationship between the defects and the technical condition of the bridges warrants further exploration.To address this situation,this paper proposes a machine learning-based intelligent diagnosis model for the technical condition of highway bridges.Firstly,collect the inspection records of highway bridges in a certain region of China,then standardize the severity of diverse defects in accordance with relevant specifications.Secondly,in order to enhance the independence between the defects,the key defect indicators were screened using Principal Component Analysis(PCA)in combination with the weights of the building blocks.Based on this,an enhanced Naive Bayesian Classification(NBC)algorithm is established for the intelligent diagnosis of technical conditions of highway bridges,juxtaposed with four other algorithms for comparison.Finally,key defect variables that affect changes in bridge grades are discussed.The results showed that the technical condition level of the superstructure had the highest correlation with cracks;the PCA-NBC algorithm achieved an accuracy of 93.50%of the predicted values,which was the highest improvement of 19.43%over other methods.The purpose of this paper is to provide inspectors with a convenient and predictive information-rich method to intelligently diagnose the technical condition of bridges based on bridge defects.The results of this research can help bridge inspectors and even non-specialists to better understand the condition of bridge defects.

The Special Issue on Hot Dry Rock Resource Exploration and Enhanced Geothermal Engineering Preface

Geothermal energy is used worldwide primarily for generating electricity, space heating and spas. The geothermal resources that have been developed, however, produce only a small fraction of the available energy stored in the upper few kilometers of the earth’s crust(Tester et al., 2006). Although heat is present, rocks throughout most of the shallow crust lack the interconnected permeability necessary to form geothermal reservoirs.

藏汉双语指路标志视认效果分析

为研究藏文文字对藏汉双语指路标志视认效果的影响,设计了4种不同藏文字高和高宽比的藏汉双语指路标志,并建立了道路仿真模型.选择藏族和汉族司机各10名,使用驾驶模拟器和眼动仪进行驾驶模拟实验.对眼动仪获取的被试瞳孔直径和视觉识别持续时间数据进行方差分析.结合驾驶模拟器数据统计分析结果和视认体验问卷调查结果,研究得出:在藏文字高为汉字字高的2/3时,藏族司机对指路标志的视认效果优于1/3和1/2汉字字高,说明增加藏文字高有利于提高指路标志的视认效果.藏文高宽比形式对驾驶员视认难易程度无显著影响,但会影响指路标志的美观性.建议提高藏文的推荐字高,以改善藏族司机的视认过程.

建筑拆除废弃物再生骨料颗粒破碎与压缩特性

使用回收的建筑拆除废弃物作为无黏结骨料是路面基层/底基层施工的资源节约型、经济型和生态友好型替代方法之一。单个粗集料颗粒的细观强度和压碎特性会对此类再生无黏结集料的宏观强度和变形行为产生重大影响。本文通过单颗粒压碎试验和侧限压缩试验系统地研究了不同粒径和成分的再生骨料的压碎强度和压缩变形特性。试验结果表明,单颗粒破碎强度具有显著的尺寸效应,对于同种类型的再生骨料,破碎应力峰值随颗粒尺寸的增大而减小。此外,采用双曲线函数可以很好地描述侧限压缩过程的应力-应变关系。在相同的垂直应力水平下,随着粒径的增大,垂直应变和屈服应力值分别逐渐增大和减小。最后,采用颗粒破碎指标B_(r)量化了不同垂直应力水平下各粒度范围的颗粒破碎情况。根据破碎指标Br的预测公式的极限值,可得出各粒度范围的极限破碎状态。

Optimization of anchorage support parameters for soft rock tunnel based on displacement control theory

In the construction of a soft rock tunnel,it is critical to accurately estimate the pre-stressed anchor support parameters for surrounding rock reinforcement;otherwise,engineering disasters may occur.This paper presents a support parameter selection method that aims to allow deformation as a control objective,which was applied to the tunnel located in Muzailing Highway,Min County,Dingxi City,Gansu Province,China.Through theoretical analysis,we have identified five factors that influence pre-stressing anchorages.The selection of mechanical parameters for the rock mass was carried out using an inverse analysis method.Compared with the measured data,the maximum displacement error of the numerical simulation results was only 0.07 m.The length of anchor cable,circumferential spacing of anchor cable,longitudinal spacing,and pre-stress index are adopted as the input parameters for the support vector machine neural network model based on particle swarm optimization(PSO-LSSVM).Besides,the vault subsidence and the maximum deformation of surrounding rock are considered as output values(performance indices).The goodness of fit between the predicted values and the simulated values exceeds 0.9.Finally,all support parameters within the acceptable deformation range are calculated.The optimal support variables are derived by considering the construction cost and duration.The field application results show that it is feasible to construct the sample database utilizing the numerical simulation approach by taking the displacement as the control target and using the neural network to specify the appropriate support parameters.

Green–Naghdi理论,B部分:深水波Green–Naghdi(GN)方程

“Green–Naghdi Theory,Part A:Green–Naghdi(GN)Equations for Shallow Water Waves”have investigated the linear dispersion relations of high-level GN equations in shallow water.In this study,the GN equations for deep water waves are investigated.In the traditional GN equations for deep water waves,the velocity distribution assumption involves only one representative wave number.Herein,a new velocity distribution shape function with multiple representative wave numbers is employed.Further,we have derived the three-dimensional GN equations and analyzed the linear dispersion relations of the GN-3 and GN-5 equations.In this study,the finite difference method is used to simulate focus waves in the time domain.Additionally,the GN-5 equations are used to validate the wave profile and horizontal velocity distribution along water depth for different focused waves.

Rational Design of Robust and Universal Aqueous Binders to Enable Highly Stable Cyclability of High-Capacity Conversion and Alloy-Type Anodes

The development of high-performance binders is a simple but effective approach to address the rapid capacity decay of high-capacity anodes caused by large volume change upon lithiation/delithiation.Herein,we demonstrate a unique organic/inorganic hybrid binder system that enables an efficient in situ crosslinking of aqueous binders(e.g.,sodium alginate(SA)and carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC))by reacting with an inorganic crosslinker(sodium metaborate hydrate(SMH))upon vacuum drying.The resultant 3D interconnected networks endow the binders with strong adhesion and outstanding self-healing capability,which effectively improve the electrode integrity by preventing fracturing and exfoliation during cycling and facilitate Li^(+)ion transfer.SiO anodes fabricated from the commercial microsized powders with the SA/0.2SMH binder maintain 1470 mAh g^(-1)of specific capacity at 100 mA g^(-1)after 200 cycles,which is 5 times higher than that fabricated with SA binder alone(293 mAh g^(-1)).Nearly,no capacity loss was observed over 500 cycles when limiting discharge capacity at 1500 mAh g^(-1).The new binders also dramatically improved the performance of Fe_(2)O_(3),Fe_(3)O_(4),NiO,and Si electrodes,indicating the excellent applicability.This finding represents a novel strategy in developing high-performance aqueous binders and improves the prospect of using high-capacity anode materials in Li-ion batteries.

Survival Analysis Using Cox Proportional Hazards Regression for Pile Bridge Piles Under Wet Service Conditions

This paper studies the deterioration of bridge substructures utilizing the Long-Term Bridge Performance(LTBP)Program InfoBridge^(TM)and develops a survival model using Cox proportional hazards regression.The survival anal­ysis is based on the National Bridge Inventory(NBI)dataset.The study calculates the survival rate of reinforced and prestressed concrete piles on bridges under marine conditions over a 29-year span(from 1992 to 2020).The state of Maryland is the primary focus of this study,with data from three neighboring regions,the District of Columbia,Vir­ginia,and Delaware to expand the sample size.The data obtained from the National Bridge Inventory are condensed and filtered to acquire the most relevant information for model development.The Cox proportional hazards regres­sion is applied to the condensed NBI data with six parameters:Age,ADT,ADTT,number of spans,span length,and structural length.Two survival models are generated for the bridge substructures:Reinforced and prestressed concrete piles in Maryland and reinforced and prestressed concrete piles in wet service conditions in the District of Columbia,Maryland,Delaware,and Virginia.Results from the Cox proportional hazards regression are used to construct Markov chains to demonstrate the sequence of the deterioration of bridge substructures.The Markov chains can be used as a tool to assist in the prediction and decision-making for repair,rehabilitation,and replacement of bridge piles.Based on the numerical model,the Pile Assessment Matrix Program(PAM)is developed to facilitate the assessment and main­tenance of current bridge structures.The program integrates the NBI database with the inspection and research reports from various states’department of transportation,to serve as a tool for condition state simulation based on mainte­nance or rehabilitation strategies.

城市化生态水文效应

研究城市化的生态水文效应对于指导河流的保护与生态修复实践具有重要意义。基于河流径流情势在维持河道生态系统完整性方面的重要性,在分析现有生态水文指标体系的特征及可操作性的基础上,建立了以径流历时曲线、洪峰流量频率超出曲线和T0.5(区域径流超出天然状态下重现期为0.5年的降水所产生的洪峰流量的时间占区域有径流总时间的比例)为代表的生态水文指标体系。利用SWMM(Storm Water Management Model)来模拟不同城市化程度下的降雨径流过程,并利用所建立的生态水文指标体系模拟其生态水文效应。结果表明:城市化程度越高,其时段流量幅度及历时越大,洪峰流量及发生的频率越大,T0.5越小。城市化通过改变径流的大小、历时及频率,改变了水域生态系统完整性与多样性,进而对河道生态系统产生了负面影响。

自养型生物过滤器硝化氧化一氧化氮

采用一种新的工程材料多孔碳作为填料 ,在 3个5 0 8mm填充着不同孔径多孔碳和驯化培养好的自养型亚硝酸盐硝化菌的生物过滤器中 ,进行了净化气体中NO的探索性研究 .实验采用亚硝酸盐为唯一氮源 ,在多孔碳的表面培养生物膜 ,采用超声波气溶胶发生器来维持过滤器内的湿度并保持多孔碳表面液膜的厚度较小 .液相硝化试验用来比较 3种不同孔径的多孔碳之间硝化性能的潜力和差异 .结果表明 ,在亚氮 (NO- 2 N)进口负荷约2 0 0～ 80 0g/(L·min)的范围内 ,2 4孔 /cm(PoresPerCentimeter,PPC)多孔碳过滤器的硝化速率最大 ,达到 94%～98%;8PPC和 1 8PPC多孔碳过滤器的硝化速率分别达到 1 5 %～ 2 1 %和 3 0 %～ 40 %.气相试验表明 ,在NO空床停留时间 3 5min、进口浓度 66 97～ 2 67 86mg/m3的范围内 ,2 4PPC多孔碳过滤器对NO的去除效率为 41 %～5 2 %左右 。

路面破损状况检测、评价、预测与管理系统研究进展

高效而准确地对路面破损状况进行评价分析,是路面养护管理的基础和关键。本文对路面破损的数据采集关键技术、评价指标与方法、预测和数据库决策支持系统4个方面进行综述,分析了现有技术和方法的利弊,指出了粗放化管理的问题,提出了建立路面破损状况信息环境的展望。该法有利于建立从数据采集、破损评价分析到预测管理的一整套有机体系,全面准确地掌握路面破损状况。

基于双层连通性检测的路面裂缝图像去噪算法

为了消除路面裂缝图像中的孤立噪声并保护裂缝边缘的细致特征,本文基于像素和裂缝子块两个层级的连通性检测设计了去噪算法,主要包括3个部分：（1）像素连通性检测,剔除连通性差的像素;（2）孤岛噪声消除算法,删除相对孤立的目标区域;（3）8×8裂缝子块去噪算法。然后,提出了算法流程并探讨参数的选择。最后,应用Visual Studio 2008和Open CV编程对本文算法、常用的中值滤波去噪法、长线段和黑色像素比例法进行性能测试,结果表明,本文算法可有效消除孤立噪声并保持边缘连续性,具有更高的准确率（85.06%）和召回率（85.80%）,综合性能指标F1值比后两者分别高0.74%~19.19%和0.20%~12.06%。

超声波法检测挤扩支盘桩轮廓形态模型试验

通过设计制作支盘桩模型进行超声波跨孔法检测支盘桩轮廓尺寸可行性试验。利用超声波透射法采集导管间介质的超声波行程时间和波形等特征,据此判断桩体外轮廓形态。研究表明,波列图首波线形状与模型桩体轮廓对应,初至波线所描绘的轮廓与支盘桩实际轮廓基本吻合,可以用来初步判断桩体外轮廓的形态;检测超声波的传播方向对桩体轮廓尺寸检测结果无显著影响,对接收到的超声波的能量有一定影响,进而影响声测管的有效距离;在本模型桩试验条件下,可假定超声波沿直线穿越介质接触界面,由此建立的桩体轮廓尺寸计算公式的精度能够满足工程桩轮廓检测的需要。

Artificial Neural Network Methods for the Solution of Second Order Boundary Value Problems

We present a method for solving partial differential equations using artificial neural networks and an adaptive collocation strategy.In this procedure,a coarse grid of training points is used at the initial training stages,while more points are added at later stages based on the value of the residual at a larger set of evaluation points.This method increases the robustness of the neural network approximation and can result in significant computational savings,particularly when the solution is non-smooth.Numerical results are presented for benchmark problems for scalar-valued PDEs,namely Poisson and Helmholtz equations,as well as for an inverse acoustics problem.