Acoustic characterization of hydrate formation and decomposition in clay-bearing sediments

Understanding the acoustic characteristics of hydrates in various sediments is crucial for hydrate resource detection and safe and efficient exploitation,as hydrate occurrence patterns vary greatly in different sediments.In this work,sediments with different bentonite contents,water saturations,and types were prepared to investigate the characteristics of P-wave velocity(reflecting the magnitude of hydrate saturation in the sediment)and amplitude(reflecting the degree of hydrate-sediment cementation)during hydrate formation and depressurization.During hydrate formation,the P-wave velocity and amplitude have similar trends.As clay content increases,the P-wave velocity increase rates quickened.On the other hand,the increased rate of P-wave velocity slows down with the increase of water saturation in the clay-bearing sediments.Comparing various types of sediment shows that the water absorption and swelling of bentonite reduce the pore space,speeding up the cementation of the hydrate with the sediment and increasing P-wave velocity at a faster rate.Correspondence between P-wave velocity and hydrate saturation is strongly related to sediment type,clay content,and water saturation.The rapidly decreasing amplitude in the early stage of hydrate depressurization indicates that hydrate in clay-bearing sediments is weakly cemented to the sediments,which is prone to stratigraphic instability.The findings of this study offer guidance for hydrate resource assessments in clay-bearing sediments as well as geologic risk estimations during hydrate mining.

The influence of organic sources and environments on source rock deposition during the periods of Cretaceous–Eocene and Oligocene–Miocene,northern Kalimantan

The sedimentary system of Kalimantan has undergone significant development since the Oligocene.Previous research have largely ignored the capacity of the Cretaceous–Eocene sediments to produce hydrocarbons,focusing instead primarily on the Oligocene–Miocene coal as the principal source rocks.Shales and coals from the outcrops in the northern margin of Kalimantan were analyzed with palynological and geochemical methods to characterize the palaeoenvironmental and palaeoecological differences between the Cretaceous–Eocene and the Oligocene–Miocene samples.The high proportion of Cheirolepidoaceae,Schizaeoisporites and Ephedripites in the pollen assemblage from the Cretaceous–Eocene outcrops reflects an arid tropical/subtropical climate.The relatively low abundances of gymnosperm-derived biomarkers including isopimarane,β-phyllocladane,β-kaurane,suggest the gymnosperm features in flora.High C_(27)/C_(29)ααα20R sterane ratios,(C_(19)–C_(29))tricyclic terpanes/C_(30)αβhopane and extremely low oleanane/C_(30)αβhopane,bicadinane T/C_(30)αβhopane,and diterpenoid abundance indicate that there was a dominance of algae relative to higher plants in the organic matter.The gymnosperm-derived biomarkers,including isopimarane,β-phyllocladane,β-kaurane,suggest that palaeovegetation during this period was dominated by gymnosperms.The saline and reducing conditions in the bathyal and abysmal sea,evidenced by rather low Pr/Ph and high Gammarerane index,are beneficial for the preservation of hydrogen-rich organic matter.It is presumed that the Cretaceous–Eocene shales had great hydrocarbon generation potential in the southern South China Sea.During the period of Oligocene to Miocene in the Zengmu Basin and the Baram-Sabah Basin,the climate changed to a dominant humid and warm condition,which is corroborated by abundant pollen of Florschuetzia and Magnastriatites hawardi.Low C_(27)/C_(29)ααα20R sterane ratios,(C_(19)–C_(29))tricyclic terpanes/C_(30)αβhopane,and high oleanane/C_(30)αβhopane,bicadinane T/C_(30)αβhopane suggest that the palaeovegetation was dominated by angiosperms including the mangrove plants.The extremely abundant higher plants provide ample terrigenous organic matter for the formation of coal-measures in delta facies.The low gammacerane index and high Pr/Ph indicate the fresh and sub-oxic water in delta-neriticabysmal faces,which is not beneficial for the accumulation of hydrogen-rich organic matter.Thus,the Oligocene–Miocene marine argillaceous rocks can be potential sources of natural gas.

Construction of porous disc-like lithium manganate for rapid and selective electrochemical lithium extraction from brine

In order to satisfy the growing global demand for lithium, selective extraction of lithium from brine has attracted extensive attention. LiMn_(2)O_(4)-based electrochemical lithium recovery system is one of the best choices for commercial applications because of its high selectivity and low energy consumption.However, the low ion diffusion coefficient of lithium manganate limits the further development of electrochemical lithium recovery system. In this work, a novel porous disc-like LiMn_(2)O_(4) was successfully synthesized for the first time via two-step annealing manganese(Ⅱ) precursors. The as-prepared LiMn_(2)O_(4) exhibits porous disc-like morphology, excellent crystallinity, high Li^(+)diffusion coefficient(average 7.6×10^(-9)cm^(2)·s^(-1)), high cycle stability(after 30 uninterrupted extraction and release cycles, the crystal structure hardly changed) and superior rate capacity(93.5% retention from 10-120 mA·g^(-1)). The porous structure and disc-like morphology further promote the contact between lithium ions and electrode materials. Therefore, the assembled electrochemical lithium extraction device with LiMn_(2)O_(4) as positive electrode and silver as negative electrode can realize the rapid and selective extraction of lithium in simulated brine(adsorption capacity of lithium can reach 4.85 mg·g^(-1) in 1 h). The mechanism of disc-like LiMn_(2)O_(4) in electrochemical lithium extraction was proposed based on the analysis of electrochemical characterization and quasi in situ XRD. This novel structure may further promote the practical application of electrochemical lithium extraction from brine.

The applicability and underlying factors of frequency-dependent amplitude-versus-offset(AVO)inversion

Recently,the great potential of seismic dispersion attributes in oil and gas exploration has attracted extensive attention.The frequency-dependent amplitude versus offset(FAVO)technology,with dispersion gradient as a hydrocarbon indicator,has developed rapidly.Based on the classical AVO theory,the technology works on the assumption that elastic parameters are frequency-dependent,and implements FAVO inversion using spectral decomposition methods,so that it can take dispersive effects into account and effectively overcome the limitations of the classical AVO.However,the factors that affect FAVO are complicated.To this end,we construct a unified equation for FAVO inversion by combining several Zoeppritz approximations.We study and compare two strategies respectively with(strategy 1)and without(strategy 2)velocity as inversion input data.Using theoretical models,we investigate the influence of various factors,such as the Zoeppritz approximation used,P-and S-wave velocity dispersion,inversion input data,the strong reflection caused by non-reservoir interfaces,and the noise level of the seismic data.Our results show that FAVO inversion based on different Zoeppritz approximations gives similar results.In addition,the inversion results of strategy 2 are generally equivalent to that of strategy 1,which means that strategy 2 can be used to obtain dispersion attributes even if the velocity is not available.We also found that the existence of non-reservoir strong reflection interface may cause significant false dispersion.Therefore,logging,geological,and other relevant data should be fully used to prevent this undesirable consequence.Both the P-and S-wave related dispersion obtained from FAVO can be used as good indicators of a hydrocarbon reservoir,but the P-wave dispersion is more reliable.In fact,due to the mutual coupling of P-and S-wave dispersion terms,the P-wave dispersion gradient inverted from PP reflection seismic data has a stronger hydrocarbon detection ability than the S-wave dispersion gradient.Moreover,there is little difference in using post-stack data or pre-stack angle gathers as inversion input when only the P-wave dispersion is desired.The real application examples further demonstrate that dispersion attributes can not only indicate the location of a hydrocarbon reservoir,but also,to a certain extent,reveal the physical properties of reservoirs.

Fischer-Tropsch wax catalytic cracking for the production of low olefin and high octane number gasoline: Process optimization and heat effect calculation

To produce low olefin gasoline with high octane number by Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) wax fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process, operating conditions optimization were carried out in the pilot-scale riser and turbulent fluidized bed (TFB) FCC unit. The experimental results in the riser indicated that under the condition of low reaction temperature and regenerated catalyst temperature, large catalyst-to-oil weight ratio (C/O) and long reaction time, the gasoline olefin content could be reduced to 20.28 wt%, but there is large octane number loss owing to a great loss in high octane number olefin. Therefore, a novel FCC process using the TFB reactor was proposed to strengthen the aromatization reaction. The reaction performance of TFB reactor were investigated. The result demonstrated that the TFB reactor has more significant effect in reducing olefins and improving aromatics. At the expense of certain gasoline yield, the gasoline olefin content reduced to 23.70 wt%, aromatics content could increase to 26.79 wt% and the RON was up to 91.0. The comparison of reactor structure and fluidization demonstrated that the TFB reactor has higher catalyst bed density. The reaction heat and coke combustion heat was calculated indicating the feasibility of its industrial application of the TFB process.

Few-layered hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets stabilized Pt NPs for oxidation promoted adsorptive desulfurization of fuel oil

A few-layered hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets stabilized platinum nanoparticles(Pt/h-BNNS)is engineered for oxidation-promoted adsorptive desulfurization(OPADS)of fuel oil.It was found that the few-layered structure and the defective sites of h-BNNS not only are beneficial to the stabilization of Pt NPs but also favor the adsorption of aromatic sulfides.By employing Pt/h-BNNS with a Pt loading amount of 1.19 wt%as the active adsorbent and air as an oxidant,a 98.0%sulfur removal over dibenzothiophene(DBT)is achieved along with a total conversion of the DBT to the corresponding sulfones(DBTO_(2)).Detailed experiments show that the excellent desulfurization activity originates from the few-layered structure of h-BNNS and the high catalytic activity of Pt NPs.In addition,the OPADS system with Pt/h-BNNS as the active adsorbent shows remarkable stability in desulfurization performance with the existence of different interferents such as olefin,and aromatic hydrocarbons.Besides,the Pt/h-BNNS can be recycled 12 times without a significant decrease in desulfurization performance.Also,a process flow diagram is proposed for deep desulfurization of fuel oil and recovery of high value-added products,which would promote the industrial application of such OPADS strategy.

Sensitive measurement of silver ions in environmental water samples integrating magnetic ion-imprinted solid phase extraction and carbon dot fluorescent sensor

Increasing use of silver in various fields has caused Ag^(+)pollution in water environment,taking great threats to people’s health.As a consequence,establishing rapid and reliable methods for sensitive determination of Ag^(+)is of great significance.Fluorescent(FL)sensors based on carbon dots(CDs),an excellent carbonaceous nanomaterial with strong and stable fluorescence,have absorbed extensive attentions in analysis of pollutants due to its advantages of carbon sources being readily available,low cost,easy operation and fast response.Moreover,ion-imprinting is a better way to increase the selectivity of the proposed method.Present work described an effective method for the sensitive measurement of silver ion in water samples in combination with magnetic ion-imprinted solid phase extraction and CDs based fluorescent sensor,which took full advantages of easy separation and high enrichment of magnetic solid phase extraction,high selectivity of ion-imprinting technology,and sensitivity and rapid response of fluorescent sensor from CDs.Sulfur-doped CDs derived from dithizone and magnetic ion-imprinted nanomaterial were prepared,and characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope,etc.Magnetic Ag^(+)imprinted nanomaterial based solid phase extraction was employed for separating and enriching Ag^(+)from water samples.The significant parameters were optimized in detail.Under the optimal conditions,the proposed method provided good linearity in the range of 0.01-0.4μmol/L and low detection limit of 3 nmol/L.The reliability of the proposed method was validated with real water samples,and the results demonstrated that the proposed method was simple,robust,selective and sensitive detection tool for Ag^(+)in real water samples.

One-step synthesis of hydrophobic magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles and their application in flame-retardant polypropylene composites

Hydrophobic magnesium hydroxide(MH) nanoparticles were prepared by a one-step synthesis method in a high-gravity environment generated by a novel impinging stream–rotating packed bed(IS-RPB) reactor. The reactant solutions were simultaneously and continuously pumped into the IS-RPB reactor, and then Tween80 was added as a surface modifier. The morphology, structure, and properties of blank and hydrophobic MH were characterized. The effects of MH nanoparticles on the flame retardancy, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of PP/MH composites were also studied. We found that the obtained MH nanoparticles exhibited hexagonal lamella with a mean size of 30 nm, excellent hydrophobic properties(e.g., high water contact angle of 112°), and improved thermal stability of MH. The limiting oxygen index(LOI) further showed that increased MH loading can significantly improve flame-retardant performance, which reached 29.3% for PP/MH composites with 30 wt% hydrophobic samples. The thermal stability and mechanical properties of the PP/MH composites with hydrophobic samples were also much higher than those of PP/MH composites with blank MH. Results showed that the one-step synthesis had high potential application in the large-scale production of hydrophobic MH nanoparticles.

Simulation and model design of pipe-shell reactor for the direct synthesis of dimethyl ether from syngas

The simulation was made based on the model of pipe-shell reactor that was established by the model of global kinetics of synthesis of dimethyl ether from syngas over a bifunctional catalyst. The results of simulation showed that the selectivity for dimethyl ether （DME） and the conversion of CO were higher but the hot spot was kept below the temperature limit of the pipe-shell reactor. The suitable diameter of the pipe was φ38×2 mm, and the length of the pipe was 5.8 m. The optimal process conditions of the reactor were that the pressure was 5 MPa, the temperature of the cooling water was 240 ℃, and the temperature of the raw gas at inlet of the reactor was 220 ℃. The production of this reactor was 102800 t/y （ton per year） under these conditions.

The Effect of Acid Stress Treatment on Viability and Membrane Fatty Acid Composition of Oenococcus oeni SD-2a

To obtain ready-to-use wine malolactic starter cultures with high viability, the effects of acid stress treatments on the growth, inoculation viability, freeze-drying viability, and membrane fatty acid composition of the native Oenococcus oeni SD-2a strain were studied. The results showed that pH 3.5 and 3.2 adaptive treatments did not strongly decrease cell biomass but increased distinctly inoculation viability and freeze-drying viability. Concerning the membrane fatty acid composition, it was observed that acid stress conditions increased significantly the relative concentration of lactobacillic acid （C19cycl 1） and the unsaturated：saturated fatty acid ratio in cell membrane lipids. We assumed that acid-induced cross protective responses could be used in preparing ready-to-use O. oeni SD-2a malolactic starter cultures, and the accumulation of lactobacillic acid in the membrane of O. oeni SD-2a cells appears as an acid stress response mechanism, which might be related with the enhanced viability.

Synthesis and characterization of 3,4-dinitropyrazole

Nitro-heterocyclic compounds are good candidates for developing new insensitive high-en- ergy explosives with low melting points. A new nitro-heterocyclic compound, 3,4-dinitropyrazole （DNP）, was synthesized. With low melting point, it can be used as an explosive. The compound was characterized by IR, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Its thermal decomposition and phase change were also analyzed with DSC and its melting point was 85 - 87 ℃. Because of its low melting point and good thermal stability, DNP could be used for the design of novel insensitive melt-cast explosive.

Theoretical Insight into the Influence of Molecular Ratio on the Stability, Mechanical Property, Solvent Effect and Cooperativity Effect of HMX/DMI Cocrystal Explosive

Molecular dynamics method was employed to study the binding energies of the selected crystal planes of the 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane（HMX）/1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone（DMI） cocrystal in different molecular molar ratios. The mechanical properties were estimated in different molar ratios. Solvent effects were evaluated and the cooperativity effects were discussed in the HMX···HF···DMI ternary by using the M06-2x/6-311＋G（2df,2p） and MP2（full）/6-311＋G（2df,2p） methods. The results indicate that the substituted patterns（020） and（100） own the highest binding energies. The stabilities of cocrystals in the 1：1 and 2：1 ratios are the greatest, and thus the HMX/DMI cocrystals prefer cocrystallizing in the 1：1 and 2：1 molar ratios, which have good mechanical properties. The sensitivity change of cocrystal originates from not only the formation of intermolecular interaction but also the increment of bond dissociation energy of the N–NO2 bond. The cooperativity effect appears in the linear complex while the anti-cooperativity effect is found in the cyclic system. DMI binding to HMX is not energetically and structurally favored in the presence of HF. This is perhaps the reason that the solvent with large dielectric constant weakens the stability of the HMX/DMI cocrystals. Therefore, the solvents with low dielectric constants should be chosen in the preparation of HMX/DMI cocrystals.

Synthesis and evaluation of poly(N-vinyl caprolactam)-co-tert-butyl acrylate as kinetic hydrate inhibitor

Low dosage kinetic hydrate inhibitors(KHIs)are a kind of alternative chemical additives to high dosage thermodynamic inhibitors for preventing gas hydrate formation in oil&gas production wells and transportation pipelines.In this paper,a new KHI,poly(N-vinyl caprolactam)-co-tert-butyl acrylate(PVCapco-TBA),was successfully synthesized with N-vinyl caprolactam(NVCap)and tert-butyl acrylate.The kinetic inhibition performances of PVCap-co-TBA on the formations of both structureⅠmethane hydrate and structureⅡnatural gas hydrate were investigated by measuring the onset times of hydrate formation under different conditions and compared with commercial KHIs such as PVP,PVCap and inhibex 501.The results indicated that PVCap-co-TBA outperformed these widely applied inhibitors for both structureⅠand structureⅡhydrates.At the same dosage of KHI,the maximum tolerable degree of subcooling under which the onset time of hydrate formation exceeded 24 hours for structureⅠhydrate was much lower than that for structureⅡhydrate.The inhibition strength increased with the increasing dosage of PVCap-co-TBA;The maximum tolerable degree of subcooling for the natural gas hydrate is more than10 K when the dosage was higher than 0.5%(mass)while it achieved 12 K when that dosage rose to0.75%(mass).Additionally,we found polypropylene glycol could be used as synergist at the dosage of 1.0%(mass)or so,under which the kinetic inhibition performance of PVCap-co-TBA could be improved significantly.All evaluation results demonstrated that PVCap-co-TBA was a very promising KHI and a competitive alternative to the existing commercial KHIs.

Theoretical Investigations on the Structures and Properties of the Side-on Complexes B_2(N_2)_2 and Monocyclic B_n(N_2)_n^m (n=3～6,m=-1～+2)

The structures and energies of the side-on complexes B2（N2）2 and monocyclic Bn（N2）nm （n = 3～6,m = -1～＋2） between N2 （1∑＋g） and B （2P） have been investigated by the DFT-B3LYP and MP2 methods at the 6-311＋G（2d） and aug-cc-pVTZ levels. The analyses of NICS （Nucleus Independent Chemical Shifts）,NBO （nature bond orbital）,AIM （atoms in molecules） and frontal orbitals have been used to reveal the origin of coordination bond between the π-electron donor N2 group and B atom,accompanied by the comparison with the end-on complexes. The results have indicated that the side-on coordination complexes can be formed due to the relative strong fluidity of the π-electrons,and the nature of the coordination bond has been exposed to be that the N2 group offers 1πu electron to the 2p orbital of boron. The coordinate energies of the side-on complexes are less than those of the end-on complexes. Furthermore,the aromaticity of side-on coordination complex is weaker than that of the corresponding end-on coordination complex.

Simulation and assessment of manufacturing ethylene carbonate from ethylene oxide in multiple process routes

Ethylene oxide(EO)is an important raw material for producing ethylene carbonate(EC).However,the traditional method for the separation of EO from mixture gas by water in the refining process is high energy consumption.In this paper,two processes of manufacturing EC from EO mixture gas were studied by process simulation.Two processes for producing EC from EO mixture as raw materials without EO purification,called the OSAC process and the Modified OSAC process,were developed and assessed systematically.Both processes use EC as the absorbent to capture EO,avoiding the separation process of EO from solution.For comparisons,the EC producing process containing EO absorption by water,EO refinement and carbonylation process were also modeled,which was called the ERC process.Three schemes were designed for the EO absorber using EC as absorbent.Compared with the initial absorber scheme,the optimal liquid–vapor ratio is reduced from 1.66 to 1.45(mass).Moreover,the mass distribution analysis for the three processes were carried out in the form of the material chain.It was found that,compared with the ERC process,the energy consumption of the OSAC and the Modified OSAC process is reduced by 56.89%and 30.03%,respectively.This work will provide helpful information for the industrialization of the OSAC process.

Engineering Dual Oxygen Simultaneously Modified Boron Nitride for Boosting Adsorptive Desulfurization of Fuel

Oxygen atoms usually co-exist in the lattice of hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN). The understanding of interactions between the oxygen atoms and the adsorbate, however, is still ambiguous on improving adsorptive desulfurization performance. Herein, simultaneously oxygen atom-scale interior substitution and edge hydroxylation in BN structure were constructed via a polymer-based synthetic strategy.Experimental results indicated that the dual oxygen modified BN(BN–2O) exhibited an impressively increased adsorptive capacity about 12% higher than that of the edge hydroxylated BN(BN–OH) fabricated via a traditional method. The dibenzothiophene(DBT) was investigated to undergo multimolecular layer type coverage on the BN–2O uneven surface via π–π interaction, which was enhanced by the increased oxygen doping at the edges of BN–2O. The density functional theory calculations also unveiled that the oxygen atoms confined in BN interior structure could polarize the adsorbate, thereby resulting in a dipole interaction between the adsorbate and BN–2O. This effect endowed BN–2O with the ability to selectively adsorb DBT from the aromatic-rich fuel, thereafter leading to an impressive prospect for the adsorptive desulfurization performance of the fuel. The adsorptive result was in good accordance with Freundlich and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics model results. Therefore, the designing of a polymer-based strategy could be also extended to other heteroatom doping systems to enhance adsorptive performance.

Accurate Quantification of Pure Thiacloprid with Mass Balance and Quantitative H-NMR

Thiacloprid is the first-generation neonicotinoid insecticide,which is widely used in modern agriculture.Reference materials are essential for sound measurement and traceability of results in chemical analysis.Pure thiacloprid was comprehensively assessed by two orthonormal methods:mass balance(MB) and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(qNMR).From MB,its mass fraction value was 998.4 mg/g with the subtraction of structurally related impurities(99.87%),inorganic impurities(0.006 mg/g),water(0.33 mg/g),and volatile organic solvent(0 mg/g).To guarantee sufficient separation of structurally related purity,peak purity of thiacloprid was evaluated by five points of UV spectra.From the qNMR of hydrogen,its mass fraction value was 995.7 mg/g which was traced to the internal standard(methyl sulfone).Finally,the certified value was assigned to 997 mg/g,together with an expanded uncertainty of 3 mg/g(k=2).This high-purity thiacloprid can be applied to routine monitoring in agriculture and the food fields.

Mixing effects of high-speed jets in gas-solid riser and downer reactors

For the high-temperature and short-contact time gas-solid reaction process,riser and downer are considered appropriate reactors.To realize an intensive and complete mixing of reactants with catalysts,the feed raw is always introduced in the form of high-speed jets.In this study,in order to investigate the mixing effects of different types of high-speed jets in riser and downer,traceable ozone is injected with the high-speed feed jets to react with catalyst particles.By detecting the decomposition of ozone,the gas-solid mixing and reaction in riser and downer under the influence of both co-current and counter-current injections are analyzed.The relative ozone concentration is used to reflect the location reaction extent and its radial nonuniformity index is proposed to compare the results in riser and downer.It is found that the jet influence zone in downer provides a relatively better environment for the mixing of feed jets with catalysts.In the riser,introduction of counter-current injections could improve the uniformity of gas-solid mixing in the initial contact region of feed with catalysts.

Endowing low fatigue for elastocaloric effect by refined hierarchical microcomposite in additive manufactured NiTiCuCo alloy

NiTiCu-based shape memory alloys have been considered as ideal materials for solid-state refrigeration due to their superb cycling stability for elastocaloric effect.However,the embrittlement and deterioration caused by secondary phase and coarse grains restrict their applications,and it is still challenging since the geometric components are required.Here,bulk NiTiCuCo parts with excellent forming quality were fabricated by laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)technique.The as-fabricated alloy exhibits refined three-phases hierarchical microcomposite formed based on the rapid cooling mode of LPBF,composed of intricate dendritic Ti2Ni–NiTi composite and nano Ti2Cu embedded inside the NiTi-matrix.This configuration endows far superior elastocaloric stability compared to the as-cast counterpart.The low fatigue stems from the strong elastic coupling between the interphases with reversible martensite transformation,revealed by in-situ synchrotron high-energy x-ray diffraction.The fabrication of NiTiCuCo alloy via LPBF fills the bill of complex geometric structures for elastocaloric NiTiCu alloys.The understanding of interphase micro-coupling could provide the guide for designing LPBF fabricated shape memory-based composites,enabling their applications for special demands on other functionalities.

One-step selective separation and efficient recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium batteries by phosphoric acid-based deep eutectic solvent

With more and more lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)being put into production and application,precious metals such as lithium and cobalt are scarce,so it is imminent to recover various strategic metal resources from spent LIBs.Meanwhile,the complex and difficult problem of separating and recovering metals from leaching solutions has been an urgent question that needs to be resolved.In this work,a phosphoric acid-based deep eutectic solvent(DES)was developed for extracting metals from spent LIBs and one-step selectively separating and efficiently recovering transition metal.The prepared DES shows excellent extraction performance for Li(100%)and Co(92.8%)at 100°C.In addition,the extraction system can effectively separate and precipitate Co through its own components,avoiding the introduction of new precipitants and the destruction of the original composition structure of DES.This also contributes to the good cycle stability of the extraction system with excellent extraction performance for Li(94.3%)and Co(80.8%)after 5 cycles.This work proposes a green method for one-step selectively separating and recovering valuable metals from spent LIBs.