Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus.Elucidating the pathophysiological metabolic mechanism impels the generation of ideal therapies.However,existing limited treatments for diab...Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus.Elucidating the pathophysiological metabolic mechanism impels the generation of ideal therapies.However,existing limited treatments for diabetic peripheral neuropathy expose the urgent need for cell metabolism research.Given the lack of comprehensive understanding of energy metabolism changes and related signaling pathways in diabetic peripheral neuropathy,it is essential to explore energy changes and metabolic changes in diabetic peripheral neuropathy to develop suitable treatment methods.This review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanism of diabetic peripheral neuropathy from the perspective of cellular metabolism and the specific interventions for different metabolic pathways to develop effective treatment methods.Various metabolic mechanisms(e.g.,polyol,hexosamine,protein kinase C pathway)are associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy,and researchers are looking for more effective treatments through these pathways.展开更多
Accurate species identification is a key component of biodiversity research.DNA barcoding is an effective molecular method used for fish species identification.We aimed to study the DNA barcoding of fish in Zhoushan c...Accurate species identification is a key component of biodiversity research.DNA barcoding is an effective molecular method used for fish species identification.We aimed to study the DNA barcoding of fish in Zhoushan coastal waters,explore the differences and applicability of two gene fragments(12S rRNA and COI)of DNA barcoding in fish species identification,and established a comprehensive fish barcoding reference database.Two hundred and eighty-seven captured fish samples from Zhoushan coastal waters were identified using morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding.A total of 26412S rRNA sequences(belonging to eight orders,31 families,55 genera,and 66 species)and 188 COI sequences(belonging to seven orders,30 families,48 genera,and 58 species)were obtained.The lengths of the 12S rRNA sequences ranged from 165 to 178 bp,and the guanine-cytosine(GC)content was 45.37%.The average 12S rRNA interspecific and intraspecific genetic distances(K2P)were 0.10%and 26.66%,respectively.The length of the COI sequence ranged 574–655 bp,and the content of GC was 45.97%.The average 12S rRNA interspecific and intraspecific genetic distances(K2P)were 0.16%and 27.45%,respectively.The minimum interspecific genetic distances of 12S rRNA and COI(1.23%and 1.86%)were both greater than their maximum intraspecific genetic distances(2.42%and 8.66%).Three molecular analyses(NJ tree,ABGD,and GMYC)were performed to accurately identify and delineate species.Clustering errors occurred when the 12S rRNA sequences were delimited using the NJ tree method,and the delimitation results of ABGD and GMYC are consistent with the final species identification results.Our results demonstrate that DNA barcoding based on 12S rRNA and COI can be used as an effective tool for fish species identification,and 12S rRNA has good application prospects in the environmental DNA(eDNA)metabarcoding of marine fish.展开更多
The genes of the major histocompatibility complex(MHC) encode cell surface proteins that are essential for adaptive immunity. MHC genes show the most prominent genetic diversity in vertebrates,reflecting the adaptatio...The genes of the major histocompatibility complex(MHC) encode cell surface proteins that are essential for adaptive immunity. MHC genes show the most prominent genetic diversity in vertebrates,reflecting the adaptation of populations to their evolving environment, population survival and reproduction. In the present study, we used nextgeneration sequencing(NGS) to study the loci polymorphism of exon 3 of the MHC class Ⅰ genes in an ovoviviparous skink, the many-lined sun skink,Eutropis multifasciata and five other species of Scincidae, to quantify genetic variation. In addition,we genotyped the same MHC class Ⅰ genes of E.multifasciata using clone sequencing, to directly compare the effectiveness of both analytical techniques for MHC genotyping. NGS detected 20MHC class Ⅰ alleles in E. multifasciata, and 2 to 15 alleles in the other five Scincidae species. However,clone sequencing detected only 15 of those MHC class Ⅰ alleles in E. multifasciata. In addition, transspecies polymorphism of MHC class Ⅰ genes was studied by constructing a phylogenetic tree using the gene sequences obtained by NGS. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that MHC class I alleles were shared among different species of Scincidae with trans-species polymorphism, and did not exhibit specific genealogical inheritance. These results have important implications for understanding polymorphism interspecies diversity in the MHC genes of Scincidae, and the evolution of the MHC more broadly.展开更多
Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)is an important economic crop for food,feed and industrial raw materials.In the present research,112 barley landraces from the Shanghai region were genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing(GB...Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)is an important economic crop for food,feed and industrial raw materials.In the present research,112 barley landraces from the Shanghai region were genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS),and the genetic diversity and population structure were analyzed.The results showed that 210,268 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms(SNPs)were present in total,and the average poly-morphism information content(PIC)was 0.1642.Genetic diversity and population structure analyses suggested that these barley landraces were differentiated and could be divided into three sub-groups,with morphological traits of row-type and adherence of the hulls the main distinguishing factors between groups.Genotypes with similar or duplicated names were also investigated according to their genetic backgrounds and seed appearances.This study provided valuable information on barley landraces from the Shanghai region,and showed that all these barley landraces should be protected and used for future breeding programs.展开更多
We studied sexual dimorphism in body size and shape and female reproductive characteristics in the Hainan Water Skink(Tropidophorus hainanus)from Hainan,South China.In our sample the largest female and male were 61.1 ...We studied sexual dimorphism in body size and shape and female reproductive characteristics in the Hainan Water Skink(Tropidophorus hainanus)from Hainan,South China.In our sample the largest female and male were 61.1 and 55.2 mm snout-vent length(SVL),respectively.The mean SVL was larger in adult females(52.0 mm)than in adult males(48.3 mm).Juveniles were sexually dimorphic in head length but not in other examined morphological variables.Adult males were longer in head length and shorter in abdomen length and fore-limb length than adult females of the same SVL.Ontogenetic shifts in sexual dimorphism in body shape were evident,as revealed by the fact that morphological differences between the sexes were more pronounced in adults than in juveniles.Females produced a single litter of 3–6 offspring per season from early August to early September.Litter size,litter mass and offspring(neonate)mass were positively related to female SVL.Neonate mass was independent of relative fecundity.From the above findings we draw three main conclusions.First,females are the larger sex in T.hainanus,and sexual dimorphism in body shape is more pronounced in adults than in juveniles.Second,larger female T.hainanus produce more and larger offspring and thus heavier litters than smaller ones.Third,the offspring size-number trade-off does is not evident in T.hainanus.展开更多
In the training of aquaculture professionals,there are problems such as unreasonable structure of teachers,unclear understanding of aquaculture by parents and students,poor practical ability of students,lack of grass-...In the training of aquaculture professionals,there are problems such as unreasonable structure of teachers,unclear understanding of aquaculture by parents and students,poor practical ability of students,lack of grass-roots aquaculture talents,and imperfect multi-party cooperation training mechanism.In view of the above situation,the training mode of applied talents in aquaculture needs to be reformed and innovated.In this paper,some measures to establish the training mode of aquaculture professionals were proposed,including strengthening students’correct understanding of the major,improving the curriculum system for cultivating applied talents,establishing a training model for practical teaching,improving the practical ability of teachers,increasing the provision of high-quality educational resources,and adopting school-enterprise cooperation,so as to cultivate high-quality and high-tech aquatic talents under the training mechanism of applied talents.展开更多
Using correlation and path analysis, the genetic correlation between weight traits and morphological traits was determined in the marine gastropod Glossaulax reiniana. A total of 100 G. reiniana individuals from a wil...Using correlation and path analysis, the genetic correlation between weight traits and morphological traits was determined in the marine gastropod Glossaulax reiniana. A total of 100 G. reiniana individuals from a wild population were used. Shell width( X 1), shell height( X 2), umbo-callus height( X 3), body width( X 4), operculum length( X 5), operculum width( X 6), body weight( Y 1) and soft-tissue weight( Y 2) were measured, and the correlation coefficient matrix calculated. Morphological traits were used as independent variables and weight traits as dependent variables for path coefficient analysis. Path coefficients, correlation indices and determination coefficients were also determined. Results indicate that the correlation coefficients associated with each morphological and weight trait were all highly significant( P <0.01). After deleting redundant independent variables, the following optimum multiple regression equations were obtained using stepwise multiple regression analysis: Y 1 =- 29.317+0.362 X 2 +0.349 X 4 + 1.190 X 5 for body weight; and Y 2 =- 17.292+0.166 X 1 +0.171 X 2 +0.703 X 5, for soft-tissue weight. Operculum height had the highest positive direct correlation with both body weight and soft-tissue weight, which was in accordance with the test results obtained from determinate coefficient analysis. The indication of high genetic correlations between weight traits and morphological traits will provide valuable information for G. reiniana breeding programs.展开更多
This study examined the effects of salinity on embryonic development, survival, and growth of the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. The embryos, larvae, and juveniles of C. hongkongensis were held in artific...This study examined the effects of salinity on embryonic development, survival, and growth of the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. The embryos, larvae, and juveniles of C. hongkongensis were held in artificial seawater at three different salinities(low, 15; medium, 23; and high, 30) to determine the optimum hatchery and nursery conditions for mass production of the seeds. Results showed that the percentage production of straight-hinged larvae from fertilized eggs was significantly lower at the high salinity than at the low- and medium-salinities(P < 0.05). The survival rates of larvae and juveniles differed significantly among the three salinity trials, with the highest survival rate observed at the low salinity(P < 0.05). The shell height of larvae was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities from days 9 to 15(P < 0.05), whereas that of juveniles was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities on day 70(P < 0.05). These results indicate that the larvae and juveniles of C. hongkongensis are tolerant to a wide range of salinities(15 to 30), but show better growth and survival at relatively low salinities. Thus, it is recommended to use relatively low salinities in hatchery and nursery systems for improved yields of C. hongkongensis.展开更多
Catalase (CAT) and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) play a vital role in protecting organisms against various oxidative stresses by eliminating H202, The objective of this paper is to evaluate th...Catalase (CAT) and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) play a vital role in protecting organisms against various oxidative stresses by eliminating H202, The objective of this paper is to evaluate the roles of these antioxidant molecules in the ridgetail white prawn Exopalaemon carinicauda in response to low salinity stress. A complementary DNA (cDNA) containing the complete coding sequence of CAT was cloned from the hepatopancreas using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The full-length cDNA of CAT (2 649 bp) contains a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 78 bp, a 3'- UTR of 1 017 bp, with a poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame of 1 554 bp encoding a 517-amino-acid polypeptide with predicted molecular mass of 58.46 kDa and estimated isoelectric point of 6.64. This CAT sequence contained the proximal active site signature (60FDRERIPERWHAKGAG76), proximal heme-ligand signature sequence (350RLFSYPDTH358) and three catalytic amino acid residues (His71, Asn144 and Tyr354). Sequence comparison showed that the CAT deduced amino acid sequence of E. carinicauda shared 68%-92% of identities with those of other species. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that CAT mRNA was widely expressed in the hepatopancreas (highest), hemocyte, eyestalk, heart, gill, muscle, ovary and stomach. Under low salinity stress, CAT and GPx mRNA expression levels both in the gill and hepatopancreas increased significantly at the first 48 h and 6 h respectively, indicating a tissue- and time-dependent antioxidant response in E. carinicauda. All these results indicate that E. carinicauda CAT is a member of the CAT family and might be involved in the acute response against low salinity stress.展开更多
Two modes of regulating the water quality of experimental ponds in indoor raceway culture of Litopenaeus vannamei were evaluated using simple water treatment facilities.A self-made water purifying net,aeration stone,c...Two modes of regulating the water quality of experimental ponds in indoor raceway culture of Litopenaeus vannamei were evaluated using simple water treatment facilities.A self-made water purifying net,aeration stone,composite microbe preparation,and Ceratophyllum demersum were placed in the experimental ponds and the culture water was circulated along the raceway inside the pond using a paddle wheel aerator.In addition,the water quality in the experimental pond was improved by draining effluent from the pipeline at the bottom of ponds 7 and 8 (mode I) and exchanging the circulating water in pond 10 (mode II) with the reservoir water in pond 9 using a pump and pipeline.The water quality in the experimental ponds was similar in response to regulation using mode I or mode II.Water quality parameters in the experimental ponds were controlled within a suitable range by simple facilities during culture period without using any chemical treatments.The rich content of dissolved oxygen was maintained by the circular flow and continuous aeration of the pond water.The respective average values of the main water parameters in experimental ponds 7 and 10 in response to regulation of the water quality using modes I and II were as follows:pH 8.17 and 7.99;DO 5.16 mg/L and 5.97 mg/L;CODMn 18.45 and 12.61 mg/L;TAN (NH3-N) 0.854 mg/L (0.087 mg/L) and 0.427 mg/L (0.012 mg/L);NO2-N 0.489 mg/L and 0.337 mg/L.Moreover,the average body length and body weight of harvested shrimp of pond 7 and pond 10 were 7.56 cm and 8.99 cm,5.10 g and 8.33 g,respectively.Furthermore,the survival rate,average biomass yield and average condition factor of the shrimp harvested were 70% and 60%,2.54 kg/m2 and 2.14 kg/m2,and 0.675 g/cm and 0.927 g/cm,respectively.Linear equations describing the relationship between body length and culture time and cubic or power functions describing the relationship between body weight and body length were obtained based on evaluation of the growth data of shrimps throughout the culture period.展开更多
In this paper, systematic studies on the changes in concentrations of the environmental factors and the net-phytoplankton community, and the relationship between them in the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea during 2013 are pre...In this paper, systematic studies on the changes in concentrations of the environmental factors and the net-phytoplankton community, and the relationship between them in the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea during 2013 are presented. The PCA results showed that higher levels of nutrients and dissolved heavy metals in the river-estuary-bay system were closely related to the river runoff. Since the influences of industrial and anthropogenic activities, the Liaodong Bay coastal areas are facing a huge environmental challenge of nutrients and heavy metal pollution. Net-phytoplankton community structure showed obvious seasonal succession, among which the dominant and(or) key species were the main factors affecting community structure change and stability. Under certain environmental conditions, the dominant species and(or) key species dominated the phytoplankton community structure succession. The Bio-ENV results suggested that the seawater temperature, nutrient, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd in Liaodong Bay are important environmental variables that affect the phytoplankton community structure. Anthropogenic activities have significantly contributed to the changes in concentrations of environmental factors and the net-phytoplankton community structure and stability, and the relationship between them.展开更多
In order to determine whether growth performance could be improved by hybridizing full-sib families of Manila clam(Ruditapes philippinarum), crosses between two full-sib families including self and reciprocal crosses ...In order to determine whether growth performance could be improved by hybridizing full-sib families of Manila clam(Ruditapes philippinarum), crosses between two full-sib families including self and reciprocal crosses were carried out. The effects of heterosis, combining ability and interaction on the growth of shell length were estimated. The results showed that the growth of hybrid larvae was intermediate between parents on days 6 and 9. Heterosis on shell length was observed, which varied at juvenile stage. The cross of ♂A×♀B(Hp varied between 10.41% and 68.27%) displayed larger heterosis than ♂B×♀A(Hp varied between 1.89% and 32.33%) did, suggesting that ♂A×♀B was an ideal hatchery method of improving the growth performance of Manila clam. The variances of general combining ability(GCA), special combining ability(SCA) and interaction(I) were significant in shell length(P < 0.05), indicating that both additive and non-additive genetic factors were important contributors to the growth of larvae and juveniles. The GCA for shell length of ♂A×♀B was higher than that of ♂B×♀A at both larval and juvenile stages. This confirmed that the cross between ♂A and ♀B showed great growth in shell length. In summary, the growth of Manila clam seeds could be improved by hybridizing selected parents from large numbers of full-sib families.展开更多
The objectives of this present research were to assess the heritability of growth traits under low temperature conditions in turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.), and to analyze the correlation between body weight(BW) ...The objectives of this present research were to assess the heritability of growth traits under low temperature conditions in turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.), and to analyze the correlation between body weight(BW) and body length(BL). There were 536 individuals from 25 full- and half-sib families involved in this study. During the entire 90-day period, which was initiated at 233 dph(day old) and ended at 323 dph, the individuals' BW and BL were weighed consecutively six times every 18 days. The heritability of BW and BL and the correlation between these two traits were estimated based on an individual animal model with the derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood(DFREML) method. These results showed that the specific growth rates(SGR) of 25 families was from 0.75±0.11 to 1.05±0.14 under water temperature of 10.5–12°C. In addition, the heritability of BW and BL estimated under low-temperature were 0.32±0.04 and 0.47±0.06, respectively. The BW had a medium heritability(0.2–0.4), and the BL had a high heritability(〉0.45), which suggested that selection for increased weight and length was feasible. Moreover, there was potential for mass selection on growth. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between BW and BL were 0.95±0.01 and 0.91±0.01(P 〈 0.01), respectively. A significant correlation between BW and BL showed that BL could be instead of BW for indirect selection, which could be effectively implemented in the breeding program.展开更多
This study investigated the inductive effect of Alexandrium tamarense, a toxic dinoflagellate producing paralytic shellfish poison, on oxidative stress and apoptosis in hepatopancreas of Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus...This study investigated the inductive effect of Alexandrium tamarense, a toxic dinoflagellate producing paralytic shellfish poison, on oxidative stress and apoptosis in hepatopancreas of Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The individuals of F. chinensis were exposed to 200 and 1000 cells m L-1 of A. tamarense with their superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione S-transferase(GST) activities, malonyldialdehyde(MDA) concentration, and caspase gene(Fc Casp) expression in hepatopancreas determined at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. In addition, apoptosis in hepatopancreas of F. chinensis at 96 h after exposure was determined through terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d UTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) assay. The hepatopancreatic SOD and GST activities of F. chinensis exposed to 1000 cells m L-1 of A. tamarense showed a bell-shaped response to exposure time. The hepatopancreatic MDA concentration of F. chinensis exposed to 1000 cells m L-1 of A. tamarense increased gradually from 48 to 96 h, and such a trend corresponded to the decrease of GST activity. The hepatopancreatic Fc Casp transcript abundance of F. chinensis exposed to 1000 cells m L-1 of A. tamarense was positively and linearly correlated to MDA concentration. Results of TUNEL assay showed that exposure to 1000 cells m L-1 of A. tamarense induced apoptosis in the hepatopancreas of F. chinensis. Our study revealed that A. tamarense exposure influenced the antioxidative status of F. chinensis and caused lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in the hepatopancreas of shrimp.展开更多
Substrate is a critical environmental factor affecting the activity of bivalves. To examine the effect of the substrate component on the growth and survival of juvenile sunray surf clam(Mactra chinensis Philippi), a s...Substrate is a critical environmental factor affecting the activity of bivalves. To examine the effect of the substrate component on the growth and survival of juvenile sunray surf clam(Mactra chinensis Philippi), a series of short-term experiments were conducted using a variety of substrates with different ratios of sand to mud. The experimental group cultured without substrate showed poor survival, with all juveniles died after day 20. The juveniles cultured in mud without sand showed a lower survival rate(25.54% ± 0.40% on day 45) than those in other groups. The juveniles cultured in sand without mud, or the mixtures of sand and mud with a ratio of 1:1 and 2:1, respectively, exhibited modest survival at day 45. Maximal weight gain rate(WGR), shell length growth rate(LGR), and specific growth rate(SGR) were observed when the sand concentration was 61.97%, 77.69%, and 64.64%, respectively. As the fast growth and high survival were observed when the sand to mud ratio was 1:1(50% sand) and 2:1(67% sand), a sand concentration of more than 50% is optimal. The optimal concentration of sand in the substrate for rearing juvenile sunray surf clams was 67% which resulted in the fastest growth and highest survival. These results can be used to developing a nursery/farming technique of improving the yield of sunray surf clams.展开更多
Gut microorganisms play an important role in the digestion of their host animals. The purpose of this research was to isolate and assess the enzyme-producing microbes from the Apostichopus japonicus gut. Thirty-nine s...Gut microorganisms play an important role in the digestion of their host animals. The purpose of this research was to isolate and assess the enzyme-producing microbes from the Apostichopus japonicus gut. Thirty-nine strains that can produce at least one of the three digestive enzymes(protease,amylase,and cellulase) were qualitatively screened based on their extracellular enzyme-producing abilities. The enzyme-producing strains clustered into eight groups at the genetic similarity level of 100% by analyzing the restriction patterns of 16 S rDNA amplified with Mbo I. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 37 strains belonged to the genus Bacillus and two were members of the genus Virgibacillus. Enzyme-producing capability results indicate that the main enzyme-producing microflora in the A. japonicus gut was Bacillus,which can produce protease,amylase,and cellulase. Virgibacillus,however,can only produce protease. The high enzyme-producing capability of the isolates suggests that the gut microbiota play an important role in the sea cucumber digestive process.展开更多
In present study, the inbreeding depression(ID) of growth and survival of Manila clam(Ruditapes philippinarum) was investigated at larval and juvenile stages. Nine inbred families(A_2, B_2, C_2, D_2, E_2, F_2, G_2, H_...In present study, the inbreeding depression(ID) of growth and survival of Manila clam(Ruditapes philippinarum) was investigated at larval and juvenile stages. Nine inbred families(A_2, B_2, C_2, D_2, E_2, F_2, G_2, H_2 and I_2) were established by mating within nine full-sib families with expected inbreeding coefficient of 0.25. Inbred families showed significant differences in shell length and hatching rate of D-larvae(straight-hinged larvae). The larvae of the nine inbred families grew slower than those of control group(CG), and their ID value ranged from 0.81% ± 6.09% to 16.10% ± 1.49%. The ID value of larval survival rate varied between 27.47% ± 9.36% and 70.50% ± 13.66%. The ID was also detected for juvenile growth in A_2, B_2, C_2, and D_2, which ranged from 4.60 ± 2.21 to 17.71 ± 7.73. The A_2 family maintained the highest juvenile survival rate, whereas the other inbred families exhibited ID values varying between 62.79% ± 4.54% and 96.14% ± 0.87%. The linear relationship of estimated ID between growth and survival was negatively correlated(R =-0.434, P < 0.05). The results of this study suggested that the ID of growth was common at the larval stage but was less prevalent at juvenile stage. In contrast, the ID of survival increased from larval to juvenile stage. A better understanding of the effect of inbreeding may aid to selective breeding of Manila clam.展开更多
The seasonal variations in biomass, abundance, and species composition of plankton in relation to hydrography were studied in the saline Bange Lake, northern Tibet, China. Sampling was carried out between one to three...The seasonal variations in biomass, abundance, and species composition of plankton in relation to hydrography were studied in the saline Bange Lake, northern Tibet, China. Sampling was carried out between one to three times per month from May 2001 to July 2002. Salinity ranged from 14 to 146. The air and water temperature exhibited a clear seasonal pattern, and mean annual temperatures were approximately 4.8°C and 7.3°C, respectively. The lowest water temperature occurred in winter from December to March at-2°C and the highest in June and July at 17.7°C. Forty-one phytoplankton taxa, 21 zooplankton, and 5 benthic or facultative zooplankton were identifi ed. The predominant phytoplankton species were Gloeothece linearis, Oscillatoria tenuis, Gloeocapsa punctata, Ctenocladus circinnatus, Dunaliella salina, and Spirulina major. The predominant zooplankton species included H olophrya actra, Brachionus plicatilis, Daphniopsis tibetana, Cletocamptus dertersi, and A rctodiaptomus salinus. The mean annual total phytoplankton density and biomass for the entire lake were 4.52×10~7 cells/L and 1.60 mg/L, respectively. The annual mean zooplankton abundance was 52, 162, 322, and 57, 144 ind./L, in the three sublakes. The annual mean total zooplankton biomass in Lakes 1–3 was 1.23, 9.98, and 2.13 mg/L, respectively. The annual mean tychoplankton abundances in Bg1, 2, and 3 were 47, 67, and 654 ind./L. The annual mean tychoplankton biomass was 2.36, 0.16, and 2.03 mg/L, respectively. The zooplankton biomass(including tychoplankton) in the lake was 9.11 mg/L. The total number of plankton species in the salt lake was signifi cantly negatively correlated with salinity.展开更多
The effects of different dietary protein and lipid levels on juvenile greenfin horse-faced filefish(Thamnaconus septentrionalis)was experimentally evaluated in a 56-day study.Fish(initial weight 6.47±0.56 g)were ...The effects of different dietary protein and lipid levels on juvenile greenfin horse-faced filefish(Thamnaconus septentrionalis)was experimentally evaluated in a 56-day study.Fish(initial weight 6.47±0.56 g)were fed with nine different diet combinations containing three varying levels of protein(37%,43%,49%)and lipids(4%,7%,10%)in triplicates,where the protein-to-energy(P/E)ratios of the diets varied in the range of 19.17-26.99mgkJ−1.Results showed that fish fed diets containing 49%protein and 10%lipid exhibited significantly lower feed intake than those fed other diets.The weight gain of fish fed diets with 43%protein was significantly higher than that of fish fed 37%or 49%protein diets.While no significant change in weight gain was observed when lipid content was increased from 4%to 7%,weight gain decreased significantly when lipid increased from 7%to 10%.The protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency were highest when the fish were fed the diet with 49%protein and 7%lipids.Muscle crude lipid content was positively correlated with dietary protein level regardless of lipid level.The diet of 43%protein or 7%lipids significantly reduced the activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in liver.The contents of aspartate aminotransferase,superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde were significantly increased from 4%to 10%lipids in plasma.The plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride contents were positively correlated with dietary lipid level at the same protein level.Our comprehensive analysis concluded that a diet with 43%protein and 7%lipid,with a P/E ratio of 23.07mgkJ−1,significantly promote the growth performance,feed utilization and health of juvenile greenfin horse-faced filefish.展开更多
A bstract Phenotypic and genetic parameters for growth-related traits in the half-smooth tongue sole,Cynoglossus semilaevis,were estimated in 22 full-sib families produced by normal and neo-male breeding stocks. As ph...A bstract Phenotypic and genetic parameters for growth-related traits in the half-smooth tongue sole,Cynoglossus semilaevis,were estimated in 22 full-sib families produced by normal and neo-male breeding stocks. As phenotypic males with female genotypes,neo-males are harmful in C. semilaevis aquaculture because they reduce overall production. The present study evaluated the difference in the growth-related traits: total length(TL),body weight(BW) and square root of body weight(SQ_BW) at the age of 570 days between normal and neo-male offspring(neo-males used as male parents). The difference in the proportion offemales between normal and neo-male offspring was also assessed. Based on the linear mixed model,restricted maximum likelihood(REML) and best linear unbiased prediction(BLUP) were used to estimate various(co)variance components and estimated breeding values(EBVs) of growth-related traits. As a result,all the mean values of the three studied traits were significantly larger in normal offspring than in neo-male offspring. Additionally,the female proportion was significantly larger in normal offspring than in neo-male offspring. Heritability was 0.128±0.066 2 for TL,0.128±0.065 5 for BW and 0.132±0.062 9 for SQ_BW,all of which were low level heritabilities. The correlation coefficients of EBVs and phenotypic values of the target traits were 0.516 for TL,0.524 for BW and 0.506 for SQ_BW,all of which were highly significant( P <0.01). Genetic correlations among TL,BW and SQ_BW were positive high(0.921–0.969) and higher than those of phenotype(0.711–0.748),both of which had low standard errors(0.063–0.123 for genotype,and 0.010–0.018 for phenotype). Compared with normal offspring,neo-male offspring have lower breeding values for each studied trait through EBVs comparison. Therefore,neo-male offspring should not be used as broodstock in a C. semilaevis breeding programs.展开更多
基金supported by the Projects of the National Key R&D Program of China,Nos.2021YFC2400803(to YO),2021YFC2400801(to YQ)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82002290(to YQ),82072452(to YO),82272475(to YO)+5 种基金the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by Cast,No.YESS20200153(to YQ)the Sino-German Mobility Programme,No.M-0699(to YQ)the Excellent Youth Cultivation Program of Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital,No.ynyq202201(to YQ)the Shanghai Sailing Program,No.20YF1436000(to YQ)the Medical Engineering Co-Project of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,10-22-310-520(to YO)a grant from Shanghai Municipal Health Commission,No.202040399(to YO).
文摘Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus.Elucidating the pathophysiological metabolic mechanism impels the generation of ideal therapies.However,existing limited treatments for diabetic peripheral neuropathy expose the urgent need for cell metabolism research.Given the lack of comprehensive understanding of energy metabolism changes and related signaling pathways in diabetic peripheral neuropathy,it is essential to explore energy changes and metabolic changes in diabetic peripheral neuropathy to develop suitable treatment methods.This review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanism of diabetic peripheral neuropathy from the perspective of cellular metabolism and the specific interventions for different metabolic pathways to develop effective treatment methods.Various metabolic mechanisms(e.g.,polyol,hexosamine,protein kinase C pathway)are associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy,and researchers are looking for more effective treatments through these pathways.
基金Supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Program (No.2021C02047)。
文摘Accurate species identification is a key component of biodiversity research.DNA barcoding is an effective molecular method used for fish species identification.We aimed to study the DNA barcoding of fish in Zhoushan coastal waters,explore the differences and applicability of two gene fragments(12S rRNA and COI)of DNA barcoding in fish species identification,and established a comprehensive fish barcoding reference database.Two hundred and eighty-seven captured fish samples from Zhoushan coastal waters were identified using morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding.A total of 26412S rRNA sequences(belonging to eight orders,31 families,55 genera,and 66 species)and 188 COI sequences(belonging to seven orders,30 families,48 genera,and 58 species)were obtained.The lengths of the 12S rRNA sequences ranged from 165 to 178 bp,and the guanine-cytosine(GC)content was 45.37%.The average 12S rRNA interspecific and intraspecific genetic distances(K2P)were 0.10%and 26.66%,respectively.The length of the COI sequence ranged 574–655 bp,and the content of GC was 45.97%.The average 12S rRNA interspecific and intraspecific genetic distances(K2P)were 0.16%and 27.45%,respectively.The minimum interspecific genetic distances of 12S rRNA and COI(1.23%and 1.86%)were both greater than their maximum intraspecific genetic distances(2.42%and 8.66%).Three molecular analyses(NJ tree,ABGD,and GMYC)were performed to accurately identify and delineate species.Clustering errors occurred when the 12S rRNA sequences were delimited using the NJ tree method,and the delimitation results of ABGD and GMYC are consistent with the final species identification results.Our results demonstrate that DNA barcoding based on 12S rRNA and COI can be used as an effective tool for fish species identification,and 12S rRNA has good application prospects in the environmental DNA(eDNA)metabarcoding of marine fish.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171495 and 31971414)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘The genes of the major histocompatibility complex(MHC) encode cell surface proteins that are essential for adaptive immunity. MHC genes show the most prominent genetic diversity in vertebrates,reflecting the adaptation of populations to their evolving environment, population survival and reproduction. In the present study, we used nextgeneration sequencing(NGS) to study the loci polymorphism of exon 3 of the MHC class Ⅰ genes in an ovoviviparous skink, the many-lined sun skink,Eutropis multifasciata and five other species of Scincidae, to quantify genetic variation. In addition,we genotyped the same MHC class Ⅰ genes of E.multifasciata using clone sequencing, to directly compare the effectiveness of both analytical techniques for MHC genotyping. NGS detected 20MHC class Ⅰ alleles in E. multifasciata, and 2 to 15 alleles in the other five Scincidae species. However,clone sequencing detected only 15 of those MHC class Ⅰ alleles in E. multifasciata. In addition, transspecies polymorphism of MHC class Ⅰ genes was studied by constructing a phylogenetic tree using the gene sequences obtained by NGS. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that MHC class I alleles were shared among different species of Scincidae with trans-species polymorphism, and did not exhibit specific genealogical inheritance. These results have important implications for understanding polymorphism interspecies diversity in the MHC genes of Scincidae, and the evolution of the MHC more broadly.
基金funded by the Shanghai Agriculture Applied Technology Development Program(Grant No.2019-02-08-00-08-F01109)the Climbing Plan(Grant No.PG22211)and the Ear-Marked Fund for CARS(Grant No.CARS-05-01A-02)N.G.H.is supported at Rothamsted Research by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council(BBSRC)via the Designing Future Wheat Programme(BB/P016855/1).
文摘Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)is an important economic crop for food,feed and industrial raw materials.In the present research,112 barley landraces from the Shanghai region were genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS),and the genetic diversity and population structure were analyzed.The results showed that 210,268 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms(SNPs)were present in total,and the average poly-morphism information content(PIC)was 0.1642.Genetic diversity and population structure analyses suggested that these barley landraces were differentiated and could be divided into three sub-groups,with morphological traits of row-type and adherence of the hulls the main distinguishing factors between groups.Genotypes with similar or duplicated names were also investigated according to their genetic backgrounds and seed appearances.This study provided valuable information on barley landraces from the Shanghai region,and showed that all these barley landraces should be protected and used for future breeding programs.
基金supported by grants from the Special Foundation for Basic Work of the Science and Technology Ministry of China (2022FY100500-2)National Natural Science Foundation of China (31470471)+2 种基金Hainan Key Program of Science and Technology (ZDXM20110008)Hainan Specially Supporting Discipline of ZoologyWenzhou Ecological Park Research Project。
文摘We studied sexual dimorphism in body size and shape and female reproductive characteristics in the Hainan Water Skink(Tropidophorus hainanus)from Hainan,South China.In our sample the largest female and male were 61.1 and 55.2 mm snout-vent length(SVL),respectively.The mean SVL was larger in adult females(52.0 mm)than in adult males(48.3 mm).Juveniles were sexually dimorphic in head length but not in other examined morphological variables.Adult males were longer in head length and shorter in abdomen length and fore-limb length than adult females of the same SVL.Ontogenetic shifts in sexual dimorphism in body shape were evident,as revealed by the fact that morphological differences between the sexes were more pronounced in adults than in juveniles.Females produced a single litter of 3–6 offspring per season from early August to early September.Litter size,litter mass and offspring(neonate)mass were positively related to female SVL.Neonate mass was independent of relative fecundity.From the above findings we draw three main conclusions.First,females are the larger sex in T.hainanus,and sexual dimorphism in body shape is more pronounced in adults than in juveniles.Second,larger female T.hainanus produce more and larger offspring and thus heavier litters than smaller ones.Third,the offspring size-number trade-off does is not evident in T.hainanus.
基金Supported by the Provincial Featured Key Disciplines of Fishery Science for General Colleges and Universities in Hainan Province(Qiongjiaogao[2021]No.148)。
文摘In the training of aquaculture professionals,there are problems such as unreasonable structure of teachers,unclear understanding of aquaculture by parents and students,poor practical ability of students,lack of grass-roots aquaculture talents,and imperfect multi-party cooperation training mechanism.In view of the above situation,the training mode of applied talents in aquaculture needs to be reformed and innovated.In this paper,some measures to establish the training mode of aquaculture professionals were proposed,including strengthening students’correct understanding of the major,improving the curriculum system for cultivating applied talents,establishing a training model for practical teaching,improving the practical ability of teachers,increasing the provision of high-quality educational resources,and adopting school-enterprise cooperation,so as to cultivate high-quality and high-tech aquatic talents under the training mechanism of applied talents.
基金Supported by the Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System(No.CARS-48)
文摘Using correlation and path analysis, the genetic correlation between weight traits and morphological traits was determined in the marine gastropod Glossaulax reiniana. A total of 100 G. reiniana individuals from a wild population were used. Shell width( X 1), shell height( X 2), umbo-callus height( X 3), body width( X 4), operculum length( X 5), operculum width( X 6), body weight( Y 1) and soft-tissue weight( Y 2) were measured, and the correlation coefficient matrix calculated. Morphological traits were used as independent variables and weight traits as dependent variables for path coefficient analysis. Path coefficients, correlation indices and determination coefficients were also determined. Results indicate that the correlation coefficients associated with each morphological and weight trait were all highly significant( P <0.01). After deleting redundant independent variables, the following optimum multiple regression equations were obtained using stepwise multiple regression analysis: Y 1 =- 29.317+0.362 X 2 +0.349 X 4 + 1.190 X 5 for body weight; and Y 2 =- 17.292+0.166 X 1 +0.171 X 2 +0.703 X 5, for soft-tissue weight. Operculum height had the highest positive direct correlation with both body weight and soft-tissue weight, which was in accordance with the test results obtained from determinate coefficient analysis. The indication of high genetic correlations between weight traits and morphological traits will provide valuable information for G. reiniana breeding programs.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31172403)the National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB126406)
文摘This study examined the effects of salinity on embryonic development, survival, and growth of the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. The embryos, larvae, and juveniles of C. hongkongensis were held in artificial seawater at three different salinities(low, 15; medium, 23; and high, 30) to determine the optimum hatchery and nursery conditions for mass production of the seeds. Results showed that the percentage production of straight-hinged larvae from fertilized eggs was significantly lower at the high salinity than at the low- and medium-salinities(P < 0.05). The survival rates of larvae and juveniles differed significantly among the three salinity trials, with the highest survival rate observed at the low salinity(P < 0.05). The shell height of larvae was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities from days 9 to 15(P < 0.05), whereas that of juveniles was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities on day 70(P < 0.05). These results indicate that the larvae and juveniles of C. hongkongensis are tolerant to a wide range of salinities(15 to 30), but show better growth and survival at relatively low salinities. Thus, it is recommended to use relatively low salinities in hatchery and nursery systems for improved yields of C. hongkongensis.
基金The Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System under contract No.CARS-47the National High-tech R&D Program(863 Program) of China under contract No.2012AA10A409+1 种基金the Special Fund for Independent Innovation of Shandong Province under contract No.2013CX80202the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest under contract No.201103034
文摘Catalase (CAT) and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) play a vital role in protecting organisms against various oxidative stresses by eliminating H202, The objective of this paper is to evaluate the roles of these antioxidant molecules in the ridgetail white prawn Exopalaemon carinicauda in response to low salinity stress. A complementary DNA (cDNA) containing the complete coding sequence of CAT was cloned from the hepatopancreas using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The full-length cDNA of CAT (2 649 bp) contains a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 78 bp, a 3'- UTR of 1 017 bp, with a poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame of 1 554 bp encoding a 517-amino-acid polypeptide with predicted molecular mass of 58.46 kDa and estimated isoelectric point of 6.64. This CAT sequence contained the proximal active site signature (60FDRERIPERWHAKGAG76), proximal heme-ligand signature sequence (350RLFSYPDTH358) and three catalytic amino acid residues (His71, Asn144 and Tyr354). Sequence comparison showed that the CAT deduced amino acid sequence of E. carinicauda shared 68%-92% of identities with those of other species. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that CAT mRNA was widely expressed in the hepatopancreas (highest), hemocyte, eyestalk, heart, gill, muscle, ovary and stomach. Under low salinity stress, CAT and GPx mRNA expression levels both in the gill and hepatopancreas increased significantly at the first 48 h and 6 h respectively, indicating a tissue- and time-dependent antioxidant response in E. carinicauda. All these results indicate that E. carinicauda CAT is a member of the CAT family and might be involved in the acute response against low salinity stress.
基金Supported by the Shanghai Commission of Science and Technology (No.063919112073919102)the Shanghai Agricultural Committee (No.2006,9-4)
文摘Two modes of regulating the water quality of experimental ponds in indoor raceway culture of Litopenaeus vannamei were evaluated using simple water treatment facilities.A self-made water purifying net,aeration stone,composite microbe preparation,and Ceratophyllum demersum were placed in the experimental ponds and the culture water was circulated along the raceway inside the pond using a paddle wheel aerator.In addition,the water quality in the experimental pond was improved by draining effluent from the pipeline at the bottom of ponds 7 and 8 (mode I) and exchanging the circulating water in pond 10 (mode II) with the reservoir water in pond 9 using a pump and pipeline.The water quality in the experimental ponds was similar in response to regulation using mode I or mode II.Water quality parameters in the experimental ponds were controlled within a suitable range by simple facilities during culture period without using any chemical treatments.The rich content of dissolved oxygen was maintained by the circular flow and continuous aeration of the pond water.The respective average values of the main water parameters in experimental ponds 7 and 10 in response to regulation of the water quality using modes I and II were as follows:pH 8.17 and 7.99;DO 5.16 mg/L and 5.97 mg/L;CODMn 18.45 and 12.61 mg/L;TAN (NH3-N) 0.854 mg/L (0.087 mg/L) and 0.427 mg/L (0.012 mg/L);NO2-N 0.489 mg/L and 0.337 mg/L.Moreover,the average body length and body weight of harvested shrimp of pond 7 and pond 10 were 7.56 cm and 8.99 cm,5.10 g and 8.33 g,respectively.Furthermore,the survival rate,average biomass yield and average condition factor of the shrimp harvested were 70% and 60%,2.54 kg/m2 and 2.14 kg/m2,and 0.675 g/cm and 0.927 g/cm,respectively.Linear equations describing the relationship between body length and culture time and cubic or power functions describing the relationship between body weight and body length were obtained based on evaluation of the growth data of shrimps throughout the culture period.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31400406)the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean(No.201505019)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province under contract(No.201402 0182)the Science and Technology Project of Liaoning Province(No.2015103044)
文摘In this paper, systematic studies on the changes in concentrations of the environmental factors and the net-phytoplankton community, and the relationship between them in the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea during 2013 are presented. The PCA results showed that higher levels of nutrients and dissolved heavy metals in the river-estuary-bay system were closely related to the river runoff. Since the influences of industrial and anthropogenic activities, the Liaodong Bay coastal areas are facing a huge environmental challenge of nutrients and heavy metal pollution. Net-phytoplankton community structure showed obvious seasonal succession, among which the dominant and(or) key species were the main factors affecting community structure change and stability. Under certain environmental conditions, the dominant species and(or) key species dominated the phytoplankton community structure succession. The Bio-ENV results suggested that the seawater temperature, nutrient, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd in Liaodong Bay are important environmental variables that affect the phytoplankton community structure. Anthropogenic activities have significantly contributed to the changes in concentrations of environmental factors and the net-phytoplankton community structure and stability, and the relationship between them.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (CARS-48)grants from the ‘863’ Project of China (2012AA10AA400)
文摘In order to determine whether growth performance could be improved by hybridizing full-sib families of Manila clam(Ruditapes philippinarum), crosses between two full-sib families including self and reciprocal crosses were carried out. The effects of heterosis, combining ability and interaction on the growth of shell length were estimated. The results showed that the growth of hybrid larvae was intermediate between parents on days 6 and 9. Heterosis on shell length was observed, which varied at juvenile stage. The cross of ♂A×♀B(Hp varied between 10.41% and 68.27%) displayed larger heterosis than ♂B×♀A(Hp varied between 1.89% and 32.33%) did, suggesting that ♂A×♀B was an ideal hatchery method of improving the growth performance of Manila clam. The variances of general combining ability(GCA), special combining ability(SCA) and interaction(I) were significant in shell length(P < 0.05), indicating that both additive and non-additive genetic factors were important contributors to the growth of larvae and juveniles. The GCA for shell length of ♂A×♀B was higher than that of ♂B×♀A at both larval and juvenile stages. This confirmed that the cross between ♂A and ♀B showed great growth in shell length. In summary, the growth of Manila clam seeds could be improved by hybridizing selected parents from large numbers of full-sib families.
基金The National High Technology Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2012AA10A408-7the Special Funding for Basic Scientific Research of Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute under contract No.2010-cb-04
文摘The objectives of this present research were to assess the heritability of growth traits under low temperature conditions in turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.), and to analyze the correlation between body weight(BW) and body length(BL). There were 536 individuals from 25 full- and half-sib families involved in this study. During the entire 90-day period, which was initiated at 233 dph(day old) and ended at 323 dph, the individuals' BW and BL were weighed consecutively six times every 18 days. The heritability of BW and BL and the correlation between these two traits were estimated based on an individual animal model with the derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood(DFREML) method. These results showed that the specific growth rates(SGR) of 25 families was from 0.75±0.11 to 1.05±0.14 under water temperature of 10.5–12°C. In addition, the heritability of BW and BL estimated under low-temperature were 0.32±0.04 and 0.47±0.06, respectively. The BW had a medium heritability(0.2–0.4), and the BL had a high heritability(〉0.45), which suggested that selection for increased weight and length was feasible. Moreover, there was potential for mass selection on growth. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between BW and BL were 0.95±0.01 and 0.91±0.01(P 〈 0.01), respectively. A significant correlation between BW and BL showed that BL could be instead of BW for indirect selection, which could be effectively implemented in the breeding program.
基金supported by Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of China (Grant No. CARS-47)Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest of China (Grant No. 201103034)the National ‘863’ Project of China (Grant No. 2012AA10A409)
文摘This study investigated the inductive effect of Alexandrium tamarense, a toxic dinoflagellate producing paralytic shellfish poison, on oxidative stress and apoptosis in hepatopancreas of Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The individuals of F. chinensis were exposed to 200 and 1000 cells m L-1 of A. tamarense with their superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione S-transferase(GST) activities, malonyldialdehyde(MDA) concentration, and caspase gene(Fc Casp) expression in hepatopancreas determined at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. In addition, apoptosis in hepatopancreas of F. chinensis at 96 h after exposure was determined through terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d UTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) assay. The hepatopancreatic SOD and GST activities of F. chinensis exposed to 1000 cells m L-1 of A. tamarense showed a bell-shaped response to exposure time. The hepatopancreatic MDA concentration of F. chinensis exposed to 1000 cells m L-1 of A. tamarense increased gradually from 48 to 96 h, and such a trend corresponded to the decrease of GST activity. The hepatopancreatic Fc Casp transcript abundance of F. chinensis exposed to 1000 cells m L-1 of A. tamarense was positively and linearly correlated to MDA concentration. Results of TUNEL assay showed that exposure to 1000 cells m L-1 of A. tamarense induced apoptosis in the hepatopancreas of F. chinensis. Our study revealed that A. tamarense exposure influenced the antioxidative status of F. chinensis and caused lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in the hepatopancreas of shrimp.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (CARS48)grants from the ‘863’ Project of China (2012 AA10AA400)
文摘Substrate is a critical environmental factor affecting the activity of bivalves. To examine the effect of the substrate component on the growth and survival of juvenile sunray surf clam(Mactra chinensis Philippi), a series of short-term experiments were conducted using a variety of substrates with different ratios of sand to mud. The experimental group cultured without substrate showed poor survival, with all juveniles died after day 20. The juveniles cultured in mud without sand showed a lower survival rate(25.54% ± 0.40% on day 45) than those in other groups. The juveniles cultured in sand without mud, or the mixtures of sand and mud with a ratio of 1:1 and 2:1, respectively, exhibited modest survival at day 45. Maximal weight gain rate(WGR), shell length growth rate(LGR), and specific growth rate(SGR) were observed when the sand concentration was 61.97%, 77.69%, and 64.64%, respectively. As the fast growth and high survival were observed when the sand to mud ratio was 1:1(50% sand) and 2:1(67% sand), a sand concentration of more than 50% is optimal. The optimal concentration of sand in the substrate for rearing juvenile sunray surf clams was 67% which resulted in the fastest growth and highest survival. These results can be used to developing a nursery/farming technique of improving the yield of sunray surf clams.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2012AA10A412)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41106145)+2 种基金the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(No.2011BAD13B02)the Science and Technology Development Planning Project of Shandong Province(No.2012GGA06021)the Key Laboratory of Mariculture&Stock Enhancement in North China’s Sea,Ministry of Agriculture,China(No.2014-MSENC-KF-03)
文摘Gut microorganisms play an important role in the digestion of their host animals. The purpose of this research was to isolate and assess the enzyme-producing microbes from the Apostichopus japonicus gut. Thirty-nine strains that can produce at least one of the three digestive enzymes(protease,amylase,and cellulase) were qualitatively screened based on their extracellular enzyme-producing abilities. The enzyme-producing strains clustered into eight groups at the genetic similarity level of 100% by analyzing the restriction patterns of 16 S rDNA amplified with Mbo I. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 37 strains belonged to the genus Bacillus and two were members of the genus Virgibacillus. Enzyme-producing capability results indicate that the main enzyme-producing microflora in the A. japonicus gut was Bacillus,which can produce protease,amylase,and cellulase. Virgibacillus,however,can only produce protease. The high enzyme-producing capability of the isolates suggests that the gut microbiota play an important role in the sea cucumber digestive process.
基金supported by grants from National Science Foundation of China(31502163)the fund earmarked for Modern Agroindustry Technology Research System(CARS-48)
文摘In present study, the inbreeding depression(ID) of growth and survival of Manila clam(Ruditapes philippinarum) was investigated at larval and juvenile stages. Nine inbred families(A_2, B_2, C_2, D_2, E_2, F_2, G_2, H_2 and I_2) were established by mating within nine full-sib families with expected inbreeding coefficient of 0.25. Inbred families showed significant differences in shell length and hatching rate of D-larvae(straight-hinged larvae). The larvae of the nine inbred families grew slower than those of control group(CG), and their ID value ranged from 0.81% ± 6.09% to 16.10% ± 1.49%. The ID value of larval survival rate varied between 27.47% ± 9.36% and 70.50% ± 13.66%. The ID was also detected for juvenile growth in A_2, B_2, C_2, and D_2, which ranged from 4.60 ± 2.21 to 17.71 ± 7.73. The A_2 family maintained the highest juvenile survival rate, whereas the other inbred families exhibited ID values varying between 62.79% ± 4.54% and 96.14% ± 0.87%. The linear relationship of estimated ID between growth and survival was negatively correlated(R =-0.434, P < 0.05). The results of this study suggested that the ID of growth was common at the larval stage but was less prevalent at juvenile stage. In contrast, the ID of survival increased from larval to juvenile stage. A better understanding of the effect of inbreeding may aid to selective breeding of Manila clam.
基金Supported by the China Geological Survey(Resources No.[2002]004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30371112)+1 种基金the Liaoning Science and Technology Foundation(Nos.002119,20022100)the Special Program for Key Basic Research of Ministry of Science and Technology,China(No.2014FY210700)
文摘The seasonal variations in biomass, abundance, and species composition of plankton in relation to hydrography were studied in the saline Bange Lake, northern Tibet, China. Sampling was carried out between one to three times per month from May 2001 to July 2002. Salinity ranged from 14 to 146. The air and water temperature exhibited a clear seasonal pattern, and mean annual temperatures were approximately 4.8°C and 7.3°C, respectively. The lowest water temperature occurred in winter from December to March at-2°C and the highest in June and July at 17.7°C. Forty-one phytoplankton taxa, 21 zooplankton, and 5 benthic or facultative zooplankton were identifi ed. The predominant phytoplankton species were Gloeothece linearis, Oscillatoria tenuis, Gloeocapsa punctata, Ctenocladus circinnatus, Dunaliella salina, and Spirulina major. The predominant zooplankton species included H olophrya actra, Brachionus plicatilis, Daphniopsis tibetana, Cletocamptus dertersi, and A rctodiaptomus salinus. The mean annual total phytoplankton density and biomass for the entire lake were 4.52×10~7 cells/L and 1.60 mg/L, respectively. The annual mean zooplankton abundance was 52, 162, 322, and 57, 144 ind./L, in the three sublakes. The annual mean total zooplankton biomass in Lakes 1–3 was 1.23, 9.98, and 2.13 mg/L, respectively. The annual mean tychoplankton abundances in Bg1, 2, and 3 were 47, 67, and 654 ind./L. The annual mean tychoplankton biomass was 2.36, 0.16, and 2.03 mg/L, respectively. The zooplankton biomass(including tychoplankton) in the lake was 9.11 mg/L. The total number of plankton species in the salt lake was signifi cantly negatively correlated with salinity.
基金This work was supported by the fund of the Key Laboratory of Open-Sea Fishery Development,Ministry of Agriculture,P.R.China(No.LOF 2017-05)the fund of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment,South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences,SCSFRI,CAFS(No.FEEL-2017-10)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province,Depart-ment of Science&Technology of Shandong Province(No.2019GHY112073)the Central Publicinterest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,YSFRI,CAFS(No.20603022017014).
文摘The effects of different dietary protein and lipid levels on juvenile greenfin horse-faced filefish(Thamnaconus septentrionalis)was experimentally evaluated in a 56-day study.Fish(initial weight 6.47±0.56 g)were fed with nine different diet combinations containing three varying levels of protein(37%,43%,49%)and lipids(4%,7%,10%)in triplicates,where the protein-to-energy(P/E)ratios of the diets varied in the range of 19.17-26.99mgkJ−1.Results showed that fish fed diets containing 49%protein and 10%lipid exhibited significantly lower feed intake than those fed other diets.The weight gain of fish fed diets with 43%protein was significantly higher than that of fish fed 37%or 49%protein diets.While no significant change in weight gain was observed when lipid content was increased from 4%to 7%,weight gain decreased significantly when lipid increased from 7%to 10%.The protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency were highest when the fish were fed the diet with 49%protein and 7%lipids.Muscle crude lipid content was positively correlated with dietary protein level regardless of lipid level.The diet of 43%protein or 7%lipids significantly reduced the activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in liver.The contents of aspartate aminotransferase,superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde were significantly increased from 4%to 10%lipids in plasma.The plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride contents were positively correlated with dietary lipid level at the same protein level.Our comprehensive analysis concluded that a diet with 43%protein and 7%lipid,with a P/E ratio of 23.07mgkJ−1,significantly promote the growth performance,feed utilization and health of juvenile greenfin horse-faced filefish.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2012AA10A403-2)the Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province of China
文摘A bstract Phenotypic and genetic parameters for growth-related traits in the half-smooth tongue sole,Cynoglossus semilaevis,were estimated in 22 full-sib families produced by normal and neo-male breeding stocks. As phenotypic males with female genotypes,neo-males are harmful in C. semilaevis aquaculture because they reduce overall production. The present study evaluated the difference in the growth-related traits: total length(TL),body weight(BW) and square root of body weight(SQ_BW) at the age of 570 days between normal and neo-male offspring(neo-males used as male parents). The difference in the proportion offemales between normal and neo-male offspring was also assessed. Based on the linear mixed model,restricted maximum likelihood(REML) and best linear unbiased prediction(BLUP) were used to estimate various(co)variance components and estimated breeding values(EBVs) of growth-related traits. As a result,all the mean values of the three studied traits were significantly larger in normal offspring than in neo-male offspring. Additionally,the female proportion was significantly larger in normal offspring than in neo-male offspring. Heritability was 0.128±0.066 2 for TL,0.128±0.065 5 for BW and 0.132±0.062 9 for SQ_BW,all of which were low level heritabilities. The correlation coefficients of EBVs and phenotypic values of the target traits were 0.516 for TL,0.524 for BW and 0.506 for SQ_BW,all of which were highly significant( P <0.01). Genetic correlations among TL,BW and SQ_BW were positive high(0.921–0.969) and higher than those of phenotype(0.711–0.748),both of which had low standard errors(0.063–0.123 for genotype,and 0.010–0.018 for phenotype). Compared with normal offspring,neo-male offspring have lower breeding values for each studied trait through EBVs comparison. Therefore,neo-male offspring should not be used as broodstock in a C. semilaevis breeding programs.