Earthquake-triggered landslide interpretation model of high resolution remote sensing imageries based on bag of visual word

Traditional visual interpretation is often inefficient due to its excessively workload professional knowledge and strong subjectivity.Therefore,building an automatic interpretation model on high spatial resolution remote sensing images is the key to the quick and efficient interpretation of earthquake-triggered landslides.Aiming at addressing this problem,a landslide interpretation model of high-resolution images based on bag of visual word(BoVW)feature was proposed.The high-resolution images were pre-processed,and then BoVW feature and support vector machine(SVM)was adopted to establish an automatic landslide interpretation model.This model was further compared with the currently widely used Histogram of Oriented Gradient(HoG)feature extraction model.In order to test the effectiveness of the method,typical landslide images were selected to construct a landslide sample library,which was subsequently utilized as the foundation for conducting an experimental study.The results show that the accuracy of landslide extraction using this method reaches as high as 89%,indicating that the method can be used for the automatic interpretation of landslides in disaster-prone areas,and has high practical value for regional disaster prevention and damage reduction.

Failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body with a weak coal interlayer

Using an MTS 815 testing machine,the deformation and failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body containing a weak coal interlayer has been investigated and described in this paper.Uniaxial loading leads to the appearance of mixed cracks in the coal body which induce instability and lead to bursts in coal.If the mixed crack propagates at a sufficiently high speed to carry enough energy to damage the roof rock,then coal and rock bursts may occur-this is the main mechanism whereby coal bumps or coal and rock bursts occur after excavation unloading.With increasing confining pressure,the failure strength of a rock-coal-rock combined body gradually increases,and the failure mechanism of the coal interlayer also changes,from mixed crack damage under low confining pressures,to parallel crack damage under medium confining pressures,and finally to single shear crack damage or integral mixed section damage under high confining pressures.In general,it is shown that a weak coal interlayer changes the form of overall coal damage in a rock-coal-rock combined body and reduces the overall stability of a coal body.Therefore,the whole failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body in large cutting height working faces is controlled by these mechanisms.

Cultivated land information extraction in UAV imagery based on deep convolutional neural network and transfer learning

The development of precision agriculture demands high accuracy and efficiency of cultivated land information extraction. As a new means of monitoring the ground in recent years, unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) low-height remote sensing technique, which is flexible, efficient with low cost and with high resolution, is widely applied to investing various resources. Based on this, a novel extraction method for cultivated land information based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network and Transfer Learning(DTCLE) was proposed. First, linear features(roads and ridges etc.) were excluded based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network(DCNN). Next, feature extraction method learned from DCNN was used to cultivated land information extraction by introducing transfer learning mechanism. Last, cultivated land information extraction results were completed by the DTCLE and e Cognition for cultivated land information extraction(ECLE). The location of the Pengzhou County and Guanghan County, Sichuan Province were selected for the experimental purpose. The experimental results showed that the overall precision for the experimental image 1, 2 and 3(of extracting cultivated land) with the DTCLE method was 91.7%, 88.1% and 88.2% respectively, and the overall precision of ECLE is 90.7%, 90.5% and 87.0%, respectively. Accuracy of DTCLE was equivalent to that of ECLE, and also outperformed ECLE in terms of integrity and continuity.

Investigation of mechanical properties of fractured marbles by uniaxial compression tests

Uniaxial compression tests(UCTs)on 34 naturally fractured marble samples taken from the transportation tunnels of Jinping II hydropower station were carried out using the MTS815 Flex test GT rock testing system.Rockburst proneness index WET is determined for the marble samples with the UCTs.According to the number,size and spatial structure characteristics of the internal natural fractures of the marble samples,fractures are basically divided into 4 types,namely,single fracture,parallel fracture,intersectant fracture and mixed fracture.The mechanical properties of naturally fractured rocks(4 types)are analyzed and compared with those of intact rock samples(without natural fractures).Experimental results indicate that failure characteristics of fractured rocks are appreciably controlled by fracture distribution or fracture patterns.In comparison with intact rocks,the failure of fractured marbles is a locally progressive failure process and finally rocks fail abruptly.Statistically,the uniaxial compressive strengths(UCSs)of rocks with single,parallel,intersectant and mixed fractures are 0.72,0.69,0.59 and 0.46 times those of the intact rocks,respectively.However,the elastic modulus of the fractured Yantang marbles is generally not different from that of intact rocks.But the elastic moduli of Baishan marble with single,intersectant and mixed fractures are 0.61,0.62 and 0.45 times those of intact rocks,respectively.Experimental results also indicate that WET of fractured marbles is generally smaller than that of intact marbles,which implies that rockburst intensity of fractured marble in field may be controlled to some extent.In addition,the bearing capacity of surrounding rocks is also reduced,thus the surrounding rocks should be supported or reinforced timely according to practical conditions.

Segmentation of High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Images of Mountainous Areas Based on the Improved Mean Shift Algorithm

Using conventional Mean Shift Algorithm to segment high spatial resolution Remote sensing images of mountainous areas usually leads to an unsatisfactory result, due to its rich texture information. In this paper, we propose an improved Mean Shift Algorithm in consideration of the characteristics of these images. First, images were classified into several homogeneous color regions and texture regions by conducting variance detection on the color space. Next, each homogeneous color region was directly segmented to generate the preliminary results by applying the Mean Shift Algorithm. For each texture region, we conduct a high-dimensional feature space by extracting information such as color, texture and shape comprehensively, and work out a proper bandwidth according to the normalized distribution density. Then the bandwidth variable Mean Shift Algorithm was applied to obtain segmentation results by conducting the pattern classification in feature space. Last, the final results were obtained by merging these regions by means of the constructed cost functions and removing the oversegmented regions from the merged regions. It has been experimentally segmented on the high spatial resolution remote sensing images collected by Quickbird and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV). We put forward an approach to evaluate the segmentation results by using the segmentation matching index(SMI). This takes into consideration both the area and the spectrum. The experimental results suggest that the improved Mean Shift Algorithm outperforms the conventional one in terms of accuracy of segmentation.

Vegetation Restoration Monitoring in Yingxiu Landslide Area after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake

A total of more than 50000 landslides has occurred in Sichuan province since the"5·12"Wenchuan earthquake,resulting in serious damage to the surface vegetation in southwestern China.In this study,we select Yingxiu,the epicenter of Wenchuan earthquake,as the experimental area.The vegetation coverage information of the experimental area is extracted from the remote sensing images collected in the year of 2005,2011 and 2013,respectively.The surface vegetation coverage in different periods is analyzed,and the vegetation recovery rate of the whole area is calculated.The experimental results show that in the first three years after the earthquake,the speed of vegetation restoration is slow,and the vegetation coverage rate is less than 20%better than 0.241,while in 2013,the vegetation coverage increases significantly.

Information Detection of Seismic Debris Flow by UAV High-resolution Image Based on Transfer Learning

A large number of debris flow disasters(called Seismic debris flows) would occur after an earthquake, which can cause a great amount of damage. UAV low-altitude remote sensing technology has become a means of quickly obtaining disaster information as it has the advantage of convenience and timeliness, but the spectral information of the image is so scarce, making it difficult to accurately detect the information of earthquake debris flow disasters. Based on the above problems, a seismic debris flow detection method based on transfer learning(TL) mechanism is proposed. On the basis of the constructed seismic debris flow disaster database, the features acquired from the training of the convolutional neural network(CNN) are transferred to the disaster information detection of the seismic debris flow. The automatic detection of earthquake debris flow disaster information is then completed, and the results of object-oriented seismic debris flow disaster information detection are compared and analyzed with the detection results supported by transfer learning.

Preface to the Special Issue on Earthquake-Induced Landslides

Earthquake-induced landslides are the most destructive secondary geological hazards following large earthquakes that can destroy infrastructures and cause loss of lives and properties(Marano K.D.et al.,2010;Xu Chong et al.,2018).In the past few decades,earthquake-induced landslides have captured growing interests of both scientific communities and the public;more and more studies have been carried out(Xu Chong et al.,2010;Xu Chong,2018;Fan Xuanmei et al.,2019).To demonstrate the state-of-the-art on related research,we presented a special issue on earthquake-induced landslides.This special issue includes six columns,including inventory and spatial distribution,hazard assessment,numerical calculation and simulation,shaking table test,early warning,and evolution of earthquake-induced landslides,as well as a few studies about nonseismic landslides.

Visualization analysis of rainfall-induced landslides hazards based on remote sensing and geographic information system-an overview

In recent years,RS and GIS technologies have played an increasingly important role in various aspects of rainfall induced landslide research.In order to systematically understand their application situation,this paper extensively used various visualization analysis technologies for in-depth analysis of 1,161 documents collected by the WOS data platform in the past 27 years by combining quantitative and qualitative methods.Then,this article focuses on sub domain analysis from four aspects:landslide detection and monitoring,prediction models,sensitivity mapping,and risk assessment.The study found that the number of literature in thisfield has steadily increased and is expected to continue to rise.This literature review has attracted widespread attention from the academic community,but it challenging to meet research needs.Frequent and effective cooperationis between countries,institutions,and authors is very beneficial for promoting progress in thisfield.The future development direction is a new intelligent hybrid model that integrates multiple research methods.This study can provide researchers in thisfield with the core research force,hot topic evolution,and future development trends of future rainfall-induced landslides and contribute to landslide prevention and control decision-making and achieving the United Nations’sustainable development goals.

Visualization of the complex structure and stress field inside rock by means of 3D printing technology

Accurate characterization and visualization of the complex inner structure and stress distribution of rocks are of vital significance to solve a variety of underground engineering problems. In this paper, we incorporate several advanced technologies, such as CT scan, three-dimensional(3D) reconstruction, and 3D printing, to produce a physical model representing the natural coal rock that inherently contains complex fractures or joints. We employ 3D frozen stress and photoelastic technologies to characterize and visualize the stress distribution within the fractured rock under uniaxial compression. The 3D printed model presents the fracture structures identical to those of the natural prototype. The mechanical properties of the printed model,including uniaxial compression strength, elastic modulus,and Poisson's ratio, are testified to be similar to those of the prototype coal rock. The frozen stress and photoelastic tests show that the location of stress concentration and the stress gradient around the discontinuous fractures are in good agreement with the numerical predictions of the real coalsample. The proposed method appears to be capable of visually quantifying the influences of discontinuous,irregular fractures on the strength, deformation, and stress concentration of coal rock. The method of incorporating3 D printing and frozen stress technologies shows a promising way to quantify and visualize the complex fracture structures and their influences on 3D stress distribution of underground rocks, which can also be used to verify numerical simulations.

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE FLARING GATE PIER ON THE SURFACE SPILLWAY IN A HIGH-ARCH DAM

The experimental studies of the flaring gate pier applied on the surface spillway in a high-arch dam show that a shock-wave will appear when the pattern of the flow is kept as super-critical. Meanwhile, the water depth at the outlet increases significantly, the flow moves downward in different directions, and the plunging jet is in a narrow and long shape, with a full longitudinal diffusion. In addition, the variation of the flaring gate pier design parameters affects little the discharge capacity of the surface spillway, these parameters including the contraction ratio , the contraction angle and the spillway chute angle . The pressure on the bottom of the spillway increases along the way and reaches the maximum before the outlet, and then decreases rapidly. Due to the flow impacting, the pressure on both sidewalls increases abruptly at the turning line of the flaring gate pier. To see the characteristics of the flow in the flaring gate pier, a simple calculation method is suggested based on the conversation of energy and mass, and the calculation methods for the jet trajectory and the horizontal length in air are also proposed. The results are found in good agreement with experimental data.

HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTICAL VORTEX AT HYDRAULIC INTAKES

The trace of vertical vortex flow at hydraulic intakes is of the shape of spiral lines,which was observed in the presented experiments with the tracer technique. It represents the fluid particles flow spirally from the water surface to the underwater and rotate around the vortex-axis multi-cycle. This process is similar to the movement of screw. To describe the multi-circle spiral characteristics under the axisymmetric condition,the vertical vortex would change not only in the radial direction but also in the axial direction. The improved formulae for three velocity components for the vertical vortex flow were deduced by using the method of separation of variables in this article. In the improved formulae,the velocity components are the functions of the radial and axial coordinates,so the multi-circle spiral flow of vertical vortex could be simulated. The calculated and measured results for the vertical vortex flow were compared and the causes of errors were analyzed.

LAI scale effect research based on compact airborne spectrographic imager data in the Heihe Oasis

As one of the key parameters for characterizing crop canopy structure, Leaf Area Index(LAI) has great significance in monitoring the crop growth and estimating the yield. However, due to the nonlinearity and spatial heterogeneity of LAI inversion model, there exists scale error in LAI inversion result, which limits the application of LAI product from different remote sensing data. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct studies on scale effect. This study was based on the Heihe Oasis, Zhangye city, Gansu province, China and the following works were carried out: Airborne hyperspectral CASI(Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager) image and LAI statistic models were adopted in muti-scale LAI inversion. The overall difference of muti-scale LAI inversion was analyzed in an all-round way. This was based on two aspects, "first inversion and then integration" and "first integration and then inversion", and on scale difference characteristics of three scale transformation methods. The generation mechanism of scale effect was refined, and the optimal LAI inversion model was expanded by Taylor expansion. By doing so, it quantitatively analyzed the contribution of various inversion processes to scale effect. It was found that the cubic polynomial regression model based on NDVI(940.7 nm, 712 nm) was the optimal model, where its coefficient of determination R2 and the correlation coefficient of test samples R reached 0.72 and 0.936, respectively. Combined with Taylor expansion, it analyzed the scale error generated by LAI inversion model. After the scale effect correction of one-dimensional and twodimensional variables, the correlation coefficient of CCD-LAI(China Environment Satellite HJ/CCD images) and CASI-LAI products(Compact Airborne Spectro graphic Imager products) increased from 0.793 to 0.875 and 0.901, respectively. The mean value, standard deviation, and relative true value of the two went consistent. Compared with onedimensional variable correction method, the twodimensional method had a better correction result. This research used the effective information in hyperspectral data as sub-pixels and adopted Taylor expansion to correct the scale error in large-scale and low-resolution LAI product, achieving large-scale and high-precision LAI monitoring.

Lattice-Boltzmann simulation of microscale CH_4 flow in porous rock subject to force-induced deformation

Accurate knowledge of the influence of rock deformation on the permeability of fluid flow is of great significance to a variety of engineering applications, such as simultaneous extraction of coal and gas, oil/gas exploitation, CO2 geological sequestration, and underground water conservation. Based on the CT representation of pore structures of sandstones, a LBM(Lattice Boltzmann Method) for simulating CH4 flow in pore spaces at microscale levels and a parallel LBM algorithm for largesize porous models are developed in this paper. The properties of CH4 flow in porous sandstones and the effects of pore structure are investigated using LBM. The simulation is validated by comparing the results with the measured data. In addition, we incorporate LBM and FEM to probe the deformation of microstructures due to applied triaxial forces and its influence on the properties of CH4 flow. It is shown that the proposed method is capable of visually and quantitatively describing the characteristics of microstructure, spatial distribution of flow velocity of CH4,permeability, and the influences of deformation of pore spaces on these quantities as well. It is shown that there is a good consistency between LBM simulation and experimental measurement in terms of the permeability of sandstone with various porosities.

QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO INFLUENCES OF HIGH SEDIMENT LADEN INUNDATION FLOWS ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF FLOODPLAINS

This article mainly aims at developing an integrated 2-D numerical simulation model on inundation, sediment transportation and the morphological variations of floodplains due to high sediment-laden inundation flows. Due to the complexity of inner and outer boundaries and the arbitrary structures within the computational domain of floodplains, an unstructured Finite-Volume Method (FVM) based on an irregular polygon mesh was worked out so that the influences of complex boundaries can be integrated into the simulation. A case study was conducted in the Lower Yellow River Basin, in which a dike-break at the Huayuankou Hydrological Station was assumed to happen when a flood scale of 1982 was suffered in the region. The simulated spatial distribution of sediment deposition and erosion can be used to reasonably explain the natural phenomena of “suspended river” of the lower part of the Yellow River. It is concluded that the inundation process of water is similar to a variable-river-bed condition during the simulation because the sediment deposition and erosion are modified by new values at the end of each time step. The mass and momentum conservation were strictly followed during the simulation. Therefore, theprediction of floodplain evolutions by the integrated simulation model, proposed in this study, can be adequately and accurately given if the real condition of an floodplain can be obtained in detail.

Efficient degradation of sulfamethoxazole by acetylene black activated peroxydisulfate

Acetylene black(AB),as a kind of carbon material with large specific surface area,low density,strong electron transferability,is supposed to have great potential for application in advanced oxidation processes(AOPs).In this study,AB was utilized as a peroxydisulfate(PDS)activator for the catalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole(SMX)in aqueous media.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)techniques,zeta potential and Raman spectra were employed to characterize the features of AB.To verify the excellent performance of AB/PDS systems,a series of control experiments were carried out.Compared to graphite/PDS and biochar/PDS system,AB/PDS system could complete degradation of SMX within 15 min.Besides,the effects of key factors including AB dosage,PDS dosage,initial pH and SMX concentration on SMX degradation in AB/PDS system were elucidated systematically.Furthermore,through the radical quenching experiments,it was proved that singlet oxygen(1 O_(2))was dominantly responsible for the degradation of SMX.Finally,based on the experiment results and compre hensive analysis,a probable reaction mechanism of AB/PDS system for SMX degradation was proposed.This work suggests that AB has a good potential for tackling the hazardous pollutants in environmental remediation.