Land Reclamation Feasibility of Youfanggou Reservoir in Yilong County

The large-scale development of reservoir resources has caused excavated land and deposited land,and the damage is quite serious;a large portion of damaged land is arable land.The arable land resources are limited in China,and land reclamation is an effective way to achieve " balance between occupying and compensation" for arable land and ensure basic arable land.Youfanggou Reservoir in Yilong County is a new reservoir,and after it is built,the temporary land needs to be reclaimed into original land.Based on the statistics about type and area of temporary land in four areas of Youfanggou Reservoir,this paper analyzes the reclamation feasibility,in order to provide a reference for the land use in the region.

Geology and mineralization of the Pulang supergiant porphyry copper deposit(5.11 Mt)in Shangri-la,Yunnan Province,China:A review

The porphyry copper belt in the Geza island arc in southwestern China is the only Indosinian porphyry copper metallogenic belt that has been discovered and evaluated so far.The Pulang porphyry copper deposit(also referred to as the Pulang deposit)in this area has proven copper reserves of 5.11×106 t.This deposit has been exploited on a large scale using advanced mining methods,exhibiting substantial economic benefit.Based on many research results of previous researchers and the authors’team,this study proposed the following key insights.(1)The Geza island arc was once regarded as an immature island arc with only andesites and quartz diorite porphyrites occurring.This understanding was overturned in this study.Acidic endmember components such as quartz monzonite porphyries and quartz monzonite porphyries have been identified in the Geza island arc,and the mineralization is mainly related to the magmatism of quartz monzonite porphyries.(2)Complete porphyry orebodies and large vein orebodies have developed in the Pulang deposit.Main orebody KT1 occurs in the transition area between the potassium silicate alteration zone of quartz monzonite porphyries and the sericite-quartz alteration zone.Most of them have developed in the potassium silicate alteration zone.The main orebody occurs as large lenses at the top of the hanging wall of rock bodies,with an engineering-controlled length of 1920 m and thickness of 32.5‒630.29 m(average:187.07 m).It has a copper grade of 0.21%-1.56%(average:0.42%)and proven copper resources of 5.11×10^(6) t,which are associated with 113 t of gold,1459 t of silver,and 170×10^(3) t of molybdenum.(3)Many studies on diagenetic and metallogenic chronology,isotopes,and fluid inclusions have been carried out for the Pulang deposit,including K-Ar/Ar-Ar dating of monominerals(e.g.,potassium feldspars,biotites,and amphiboles),zircon U-Pb dating,and molybdenite Re-Os dating.The results show that the porphyries in the Pulang deposit are composite plutons and can be classified into pre-mineralization quartz diorite porphyrites,quartz monzonite porphyries formed during the mineralization,and post-mineralization granite porphyries,which were formed at 223±3.7 Ma,218±4 Ma,and 207±3.9 Ma,respectively.The metallogenic age of the Pulang deposit is 213‒216 Ma.(4)The petrogeochemical characteristics show that the Pulang deposit has the characteristics of volcanic arc granites.The calculation results of trace element contents in zircons show that quartz monzonite porphyries and granite porphyries have higher oxygen fugacity.The isotopic tracing results show that the diagenetic and metallogenic materials were derived from mixed crust-and mantle-derived magmas.

Petrogenesis of an Early Cretaceous Xiabie Co I-type Granite in Southern Qiangtang,Tibet:Evidence from Geochemistry,Geochronology,Rb-Sr,Sm-Nd,Lu-Hf and Pb isotopes

Cretaceous magmatism is widely distributed on both sides of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone(BNSZ).These rocks record the subduction to closure history of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethys Ocean(BNO)and the collisional history between the Lhasa(LS)and Qiangtang(QT)terranes.The Xiabie Co granite in Nyima County,which located on the southern margin of the QT terrane,Tibet.In this study,whole-rock geochemistry;Rb-Sr,Sm-Nd,and Pb isotopes;and laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)zircon U-Pb ages and Lu-Hf isotopes of the Xiabie Co granite in the Nyima area have been studied to constrain its petrogenesis and tectonic setting.Our study can help explain the tectonic evolution of the BNSZ and crust-mantle interaction.Zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the granite was emplaced at ca.120 Ma.The granite contains a small amount of hornblende and has high silicon(SiO2=73.97-78.03 wt%),potassium(K_(2)O=4.75-6.53 wt%),and total alkali(K_(2)O+Na_(2)O=7.98-8.98 wt%)contents;low calcium content(CaO=2.33-4.11 wt%);and variable A/CNK(1.00-1.18)and A/NK(1.09-1.22)values.The P_(2)O_(5) content of the granite negatively correlated with the SiO_(2)content.Thus,the Xiabie Co granite is a weakly peraluminous I-type granite belonging to the high-K calcalkaline to Shoshone series.It is enriched in light rare earth elements(LREEs)and relatively depleted in heavy rare earth elements(HREEs),with LREE/HREE ratios of 8.03-16.40 and La_(N)/Yb_(N) ratios of 10.2-27.1.Samples show right-leaning chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns with pronounced negative Eu anomalies(Eu/Eu*=0.67-0.76).The primitive-mantle-normalized trace element spider diagrams of the samples are right-leaning zigzag curves,showing relative enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements(LILEs,e.g.,Rb,Th,U,and K)and depletion in high-field-strength elements(HFSEs,e.g.,Nb,P,Ti,and Yb)and displaying striking Sr and Ba negative anomalies.The graniteεHf(t)values were positive(2.9-9.9),whereas the whole-rockεNd(t)values were negative(−2.841 to−2.33).The calculated(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)t,(^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb)t,(^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb)t,and(^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb)t values are 0.7014-0.7057(0.7044 on average),18.422-18.851(18.670 on average),15.625-15.642(15.633 on average),and 38.332-38.681(39.571 on average),respectively.On the basis of the aforementioned data,we propose that the Xiabie Co granite was derived from a primitive magma that originated from partial melting of juvenile lower crust with the addition of mantle materials.In addition,strong fractional crystallization occurred during the rock-forming process.Given the geodynamic setting,our new data,together with previously reported achievements,imply that the Xiabie Co granite was formed during the LS-QT collision.

Feasibility and Prospect about the Cultivation of Apocynum venetum L. in Coastal Salt-affected Soils

[Objective]The aim of this paper was to analyze the feasibility and prospect of Apocynum venetum L.cultivation in coastal salt-affected soils.[Method]The habitat and distribution of Apocynum venetum L.in coastal area of north China were studied.A method to integrate the charicteristics of Apocynum venetum L.（Luobuma） with the utilization of salt-affected soils in this region was proposed.[Result]The introduction,domestication and growth of plants on coastal salt-affected soils can realize the protection of endangered wild species,and achieve the purpose of improving soil.The characteristics of Apocynum venetum L.can produce optimum economic and ecological benefits.[Conclusion]The implementation will provide references for the protection and exploitation of wild plant,and it is of positive significance for the integration of soil and plant resources.

Industrialization model of enterprises participating in ecological management and suggestions: A case study of the Hobq Model in Inner Mongolia

Calling upon all nongovernmental sectors of the society is important to cope with the ecological crisis brought about by rapid development. Enterprises are the active agent of socialist market economic activities and possess a prominent position in the ecological civilization construction of the new age. Making use of the active agent role of enterprises and stimulating the green development of enterprises are essential to realizing the dream of a beautiful China. This paper discusses the development and management experiences of a typical ecological industrialization model, that of the Elion Resources Group in Inner Mongolia. Existing problems are disclosed, and feasible suggestions are given:(1) accelerate the registration of lands to protect legitimate rights and interests,(2) perfect the land-use administration system and make it cover all national land space,(3) perfect the natural resources management system, and(4) compile balance sheets of natural resources and strengthen accountabilities.

Rural Land Development and Use and Integrated Land Consolidation in Tongjiang County

As important means of coordinating human-land relationship and realizing optimum allocation of land resources,land consolidation plays a great role in increasing effective farmland area and realizing dynamic balance of total farmland area. Land consolidation includes reallocation of land in space and adjustment of land relationship. This paper elaborated necessities for integrated land consolidation in Tongjiang County from project implementation,implementation situations,and implementation characteristics.

Positive and negative terrains on northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau

The Loess positive and negative terrains （P-N terrains）, which are widely distributed on the Loess Plateau, are discussed for the first time by introducing its characteristic, demarcation as well as extraction method from high-resolution Digital Elevation Models. Using 5 m-resolution DEMs as original test data, P-N terrains of 48 geomorphological units in different parts of Shaanxi Loess Plateau are extracted accurately. Then six indicators for depicting the geomorphologic landscape and spatial configuration characteristic of P-N terrains are proposed. The spatial distribution rules of these indicators and the relationship between the P-N terrains and Loess relief are discussed for further understanding of Loess landforms. Finally, with the integration of P-N terrains and traditional terrain indices, a series of un-supervised classification methods are applied to make a proper landform classification in northern Shaanxi. Results show that P-N terrains are an effect clue to reveal energy and substance distribution rules on the Loess Plateau. A continuous change of P-N terrains from south to north in Shaanxi Loess Plateau shows an obvious spatial difference of Loess land-forms and the positive terrain area only accounted for 60.5% in this region. The P-N terrains participant landform classification method increases validity of the result, especially in the Loess tableland, Loess tableland-ridge and the Loess low-hill area. This research is significant on the study of Loess landforms with the Digital Terrains Analysis methods.

Effects of copper mining on heavy metal contamination in a rice agrosystem in the Xiaojiang River Basin, southwest China

Metallic ore mining causes heavy metal pollution worldwide.However,the fate of heavy metals in agrosystems with long-term contamination has been poorly studied.Dongchuan District(Yunnan,southwest China),located at the middle reaches of the Xiaojiang River,is a well-known 2000-year-old copper mining site.In this work,a survey on soil heavy metal contents was conducted using a handheld X-ray fluorescence instrument to understand the general contamination of heavy metals in the Xiaojiang River Basin.Furthermore,river water,soil,and rice samples at six sites along the fluvial/alluvial fans of the river were collected and analyzed to implement an environmental assessment and an evaluation of irrigated agrosystem.V,Zn,and Cu soil levels(1724,1047,and 696mg·kg-1,respectively)far exceeded background levels.The geo-accumulation indexes(Igeo)showed that cultivated soils near the mining sites were polluted by Cd and Cu,followed by Zn,V,Pb,Cr,Ni,and U.The pollution index(Pi)indicated that rice in the area was heavily polluted with Pb,Cr,Cd,Ni,Zn,and Cu.The difference in orders of metal concentrations between the soil and rice heavy metal contamination was related to the proportion of bioavailable heavy metals in the soil.The crop consumption risk assessment showed that the hazard quotient exceeded the safe threshold,indicating a potential carcinogenic risk to consumers.The Nemerow integrated pollution index and health index indicated that the middle of the river(near the mining area)was the heaviest polluted site.

Comprehensive benefits assessment of the ecological management model in Hobq Desert of China

The Hobq Desert is the seventh largest desert in China. Since 1988, the effects of ecological management in Hobq Desert have been obvious and a typical desertification control model developed gradually, which is well known as the ＂Hobq model＂. It is important to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of the ＂Hobq model＂, but this has not been addressed in previous studies. Thus, we established an index system to comprehensively evaluate the benefits of the ＂Hobq model＂, using an analytic hierarchy process method from 1988 to 2013. The results show the following： ecological benefits of the ＂Hobq model＂ had a positive trend, but with fluctuations during 2008 and 2009; economic benefits increased by 74% and the maximum value occurred in 2013; and social benefits increased steadily, but with fluctuations in 2010 and 2011. The social benefits were higher than ecological and economic benefits in the same period. Trends in overall benefits of the ＂Hobq model＂ were similar to changes in ecological benefits, which increased each year.

Study on the Development of Agritourism in Wenjiang

Wenjiang has favorable conditions for the development of agritourism and it must seize the opportunity and take action according to local conditions,highlight horticultural specialties,form industrial scale,improve the supporting facilities,combine sightseeing agriculture and tourism,combine to create a good soft environment,focus on the participation of tourists,enhance the interest in project and make agritourism become a new growth point of Wenjiang economy.

Influences of Risk Perception and Sense of Place on Landslide Disaster Preparedness in Southwestern China

The effects of risk perception and sense of place on disaster preparedness have been widely reported.However, most studies have only demonstrated weak relationships and it is unknown whether these are applicable to China. This study investigated such relationships in hazard-threatened areas of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in southwestern China. Data were collected from 348 farming households in landslide-prone areas. Binary logistic and Tobit regression models were constructed to determine whether risk perception and sense of place influence landslide preparedness. The results show that:(1)Farming households' awareness of the need to prepare for disasters was relatively low, and disaster preparedness behaviors were mainly based on self-learning. Among the348 sampled households, 67% exhibited no disaster preparedness behavior, and only 2% adopted four of the five types of disaster preparedness behaviors. About a quarter of farming households consciously learned disaster-related knowledge.(2) Risk perception and sense of place had important influences on disaster preparedness. Respondentswho received higher scores on the perception of the probability of a landslide, the threat of a landslide, and the place dependence variables were more likely to adopt a greater number of disaster preparedness behaviors.Respondents with higher scores on the perception of controllability in the case of a landslide were less likely to adopt a greater number of disaster preparedness behaviors.Additionally, individual and household socioeconomic characteristics—education, loss, distance from hazard site,information acquisition channel, and housing material—were all related to household disaster preparedness behavior. This study contributes to the current literature by improving the understanding of the relationships of risk perception and sense of place to disaster preparedness in farming households threatened by geological disasters in southwestern China.

Meanders of the Jialing River in China: Morphology and formation

As a fundamental category of river system, comparisons in diverse regions and types with quantitative parameters on meander morphology will help to distinguish different characteristics and approach formations and evolutions. It also can provide scientific basis of geomorphology for their protections and exploitation of the meander resources. Based on the images of Google Earth, meanders’ parame- ters are proposed and then measured and calculated. The result suggests that incised meanders in the Jialing River are among the most complex, irregular and sinuous channels. Special river gradient, geological structures, strata and lithology, backwater effect of landform are key factors to shape me- anders of the Jialing River. The evolution of meander in the Jialing River obeys the principle of mini- mum-maximum energy dissipation. Easy acquisitions of remote sensing data make regional and global comparisons possible, and then the differences of formations can be explored. The morphology can probably provide an evidence of antecedent river and demonstrate the channel incisions and crustal uplifts. Meander core in Chinese is named after the isolated hills in the Jialing River. The incised me- ander is a kind of resource and needs to be protected.

Jurassic rocks,bivalves,and depositional environments of the source area of the Yangtze River,Qinghai Province,western China

Jurassic rocks are abundantly developed in the source area of the Yangtze River,South Qinghai,with the greatest thickness of 6311 m,including five stratigraphic units:Qoimaco Formation,Buqu Formation,Xiali Formation,Suowa Formation,and Xueshan Formation.Based on sufficient fossils of bivalves,ammonites,and brachiopods,the major part of these formations is ascribed to the Middle Jurassic Bathonian to Callovian.No diagnostic fossils have been found from the Lower Qoimaco Formation or Upper Xueshan Formation,which could possibly contain in part Bajocian and Oxfordian taxa respectively.

Three Practical Methods for Analyzing Slope Stability

Since the environmental capacity and the arable as well as the inhabitant lands have actually reached a full balance, the slopes are becoming the more and more important options for various engineering constructions. Because of the geological complexity of the slope, the design and the decision-making of a slope-based engineering is still not practical to rely solely on the theoretical analysis and numerical calculation, but mainly on the experience of the experts. Therefore, it has important practical significance to turn some successful experience into mathematic equations. Based upon the abundant typical slope engineering construction cases in Yunnan, Southwestern China, 3 methods for analyzing the slope stability have been developed in this paper. First of all, the corresponded analogous mathematic equation for analyzing slope stability has been established through case studies. Then, artificial neural network and multivariate regression analysis have also been set up when 7 main influencing factors are adopted.

A superarmoured lobopodian from the Cambrian Stage 4 of southern China

A superarmoured lobopodian Collinsium sp.from the Cambrian(Stage 4) Wulongqing Formation in Kunming clearly exhibits dorsal sets of sclerotized spines,suspension feeding appendages with spiniform setae,and annulated walking limbs with a terminal claw.The distinctive body configuration reinforces the remarkable appendage specialization associated with feeding and locomotion and overall morphological disparity in lobopodians during the Cambrian explosion.This finding extends the geographic and stratigraphic ranges of "Collins' monster"-like lobopodians,and provides additional information for a better understanding of the cryptic stemgroup Onychophora.