Theories and Methods of Landscape Architecture Heritage Protection

This paper firstly made an overview of foreign and domestic theories and methods of landscape architecture heritage protection.It studied the landscape architecture heritage from policies and regulations,investment management,talent cultivation,and popular science education.Then,it discussed problems of landscape architecture heritage protection in China:lack of legislation,weak awareness of heritage resources,overdevelopment of heritage resources,and vacancy in management and monitoring of heritage resources.Finally,it came up with recommendations that competent authorities of Chinese government should attach greater importance to heritage management,talent cultivation,and fund input,integrate with advanced management methods of developed countries,and exploring a landscape architecture heritage protection and management mode suitable for national conditions of China at levels of thought,methods,and technology.

The Preference of Sculpture Landscape Types among College Students in Different Psychological States

In this paper, characteristics of sculptures and tiie preference for sculptures of college students in different state of mind were analyzed. A total of 165 college students were invited to participate in the study. The method of image fating was employed to investigate these students,landscape preferences after they completed the Profile of Mood States （POMS）. The results showed that when the sculptures were placed alone, students in a positive mood had a preference for abstract sculptures, students in a negative mood had a preference for figumtive sculptures with unique symbolic meanings, and paftidpatofy sculptures were populous among college students in different emotional states. When sculptures were placed in the environmentj natural elements of die sculptures greatly affected college students, preference＊ Students in a positive mood tended to choose sculpture landscapes combined with plants, and students in a negative mood had a preference for sculpture landscapes with water bodies. There were difFefences in the types of sculptxiie landscapes that the college stxidents in different moods thought can telieve their bad moods. Apart from tiieir current dominant emotions, the results of the stxidy were related to their past experiences, cultural backgrounds,and fimctions,social attributes and symbols of the landscape.

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Rural Landscapes Based on the AVC Theory: A Case Study of Nandoujiao Village in Shaanxi Province

The comprehensive evaluation of rural landscapes is the theoretical basis and evaluation system of tourism planning and landscape design with the goal of comprehensive revitalization of rural landscapes. It is an important component of rural landscapes research. Based on the AVC theory, this study constructed a comprehensive evaluation system of rural landscapes, determined the indicator score by means of the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods and the weights indicator by the analytic hierarchy process(AHP), and established an evaluation model to comprehensively evaluate the landscapes of Nandoujiao Village in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. The results showed that the comprehensive landscape score of Nandoujiao Village fell into the good category, whose rural economic vitality was high, followed by social attraction and environmental carrying capacity, which provided a good resource basis for the development of rural tourism. However, its single industrial structure and the low landscape diversity had limited the development of rural tourism.

The Development of Mountainous Rural Landscapes in Southern Shaanxi from the Perspective of Ecotourism

This study introduced the connotation of rural ecotourism,and analyzed the advantages of tourism resources development of mountainous rural landscapes in southern Shaanxi.On this basis,it expounded the existing problems of mountainous rural landscape development in southern Shaanxi,and concluded that its rural landscape resource tourism development was not enough,ecological awareness needed to be strengthened,and the characteristics of rural landscapes were not fully explored.Furthermore,the suggestions and measures for the protection and sustainable development of the ecological environment pattern and the inheritance and excavation of the characteristic culture of the rural landscape were proposed,with a view to providing a reference for the development and construction of rural landscape tourism in China.

Enhancement of the Beauty of Human Landscape Based on Metro Artistic Dimension： A Case Study of Line 1, Line 2, and Line 3 of Xi＇an Metro

As a means of transportation to reduce traffic congestion, the metro has drawn increasing attention. In order to effectively enhance the beauty of the city's human landscape, authors of this paper, based on the public art dimension of metro, explore the artistic expression, problems, and countermeasures related to the enhancement of the beauty of human landscape, and solutions to the common failing of metropolises in the evolution of urban civilization, so as to optimize and spread the urban culture. It is hoped that this paper can cover the shortage of relevant domestic and international studies and provide a theoretical reference for the majority of man-made landscape researchers.

Regional Cultural Vocabulary of Landscape Facilities

Modern landscape design starts from the local regional cultural characteristics, historical imprints and geographical features. Through the use of regional cultural vocabulary design, people can change the image perception and cultural awareness of the city, and promote the construction of urban spiritual civilization, thus strongly demonstrating and inheriting urban and regional culture and shaping the urban temperament. In this paper, the application of cultural vocabulary of landscape facilities is illustrated by actual cases on the basis of analyzing the significance of the expression of cultural vocabulary of landscape facilities.

Knowledge Map Analysis of the Domestic Rural Landscape Research Situation From 1998 to 2018 Based on CNKI

Urban-rural integration and beautiful rural construction have become an important way to improve the ecological environment of urban and rural areas,improve the quality of people’s lives and seek spiritual civilization.Rural landscape has become the research focus of scholars and elites in colleges and universities.In order to better clarify the context and hot spots of domestic rural landscape research,the study took the Chinese journal full-text database(CNKI)as the data source,took 2,079 rural landscape research papers published in the 20 years from 1998 to 2018 as a sample,and used CiteSpace software to carry out a literature econometric analysis of the study samples.According to the analysis results,the main research hotspots of rural landscape were combed and summarized,and the future trend of rural landscape research were predicted,in order to provide reference for researchers to carry out relevant research.

Influence of Chinese and Western Culture on Modern Church Architecture in Yan’an Area

Based on the historical records and field investigation, this paper aims at elaborating the architectural styles, interior space design and architectural landscape of modern church architecture in Yan’an, analyzing the influence of Chinese and western culture on modern church architecture in Yan’an and expounding the historical and cultural value as church architecture, which will play a great role in the protection, inheritance and utilization of modern architecture in Yan’an area.

Landscape Design Mode Based on the Integration of Ecology, Production and Life

Taking landscape design of Suburban Park in Yulin City for example, this paper applied the design thoughts of integrating multiple planning, defining concepts and objectives, specified the design strategies of restoring ecology, improving life and promoting production, and disclosed the landscape design mode based on the integration of ecology, production and life in which ecological landscapes, productive landscapes and living landscapes promote and coexist harmoniously with each other.

The Evolution of Landscape Patterns of and Optimization Measures for Urban Core Areas Against the Background of Urbanization: A Case Study of Yangling Demonstration Zone

Studying tiie urban landscape pattern plays a crucial role in scientific land use and management and in improving the urban ecological environment In this paper, AutoCAD, ArcGIS, Fragstats, and other software were used to analyse the data of the fourth phase of land use in the core atea of Yangling Demonstration Zone. The results showed that： ① in the core area, the percentage of construction land incteased from 18.22% to 61.72%, and the percentage of agricultufal land decreased from 58.36% to 11.14%. And the fafm land was fragmented, and traffic connectivily was strengthened. The afea of garden land was reduced from 251.89 hm2 to 50.38 hm^2, and the landscape metric of forest land showed an inverted V-shaped curve. ②The year 2009 in four phases witnessed the greatest landscape fragmentation, both Edge Density （ED） and Ingest Patch Index （LPI） increased, and human interference enhanced the overall landscape complexity. Measures were fotmulated in terms of deaf development goals, optimized allocation of land resoutces, effective protection of ecological ted lines, and definite ecological responsibility, so as to optimize the urban landscape pattern.

The Application of Bamboo Elements in “New Chinese-Style” Landscape Design

Bamboo is dosdy related to Chinese traditional gardens in terms of culture and application. This research analyzed tiie application value of bamboo elements in landscapes, compared methods of using bamboo in traditional gardens and cenew Chinese-styie＂ gardens, and summarised the application method of bamboo elements in the Wnew Chinese-style＂ landscape from three aspects of modern constitution techniques, texture blending, and landscape continuation and softening, and put forward the development and application directions of bamboo elements.

Landscape Environment Design on the Front Area of Campus Square:A Case Study of Northwest A & F University

How to design a graceful campus with its culture and landscape respect is always a hot research topic of contemporary campus environment construction because the campus is very essential to promote the harmonious development of people’s physical and mental health. For the design of campus, the most important issue is to make the green landscape become the carrier of cultural heritage. The center square of campus is the core of space in the campus area, which is the key carrier to reflect the campus culture and the essence of environment.“Harvest Square” is the front part of the campus in Northwest A&F University, which takes green as theme to show the cultural taste and campus features. The article takes this square as an example to elaborate its design ideas, in order to explain the landscape design of front greening square in campus.

Isolation of prostrate turfgrass mutants via screening of dwarf phenotype and characterization of a perennial ryegrass prostrate mutant

Prostrate turf varieties are desirable because of their increased low mowing tolerance,heat resistance,traffic resistance and ground coverage compared with upright varieties.Mutation breeding may provide a powerful tool to create prostrate varieties,but there are no simple,straightforward methods to screen for such mutants.Elucidation of the molecular basis of the major‘green revolution’traits,dwarfism and semi-dwarfism,guided us to design a simple strategy for isolating dwarf mutants of perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.).We have shown that gamma-ray-mediated dominant dwarf mutants can be easily screened for at the three-leaf stage.About 10%of dwarf mutant lines also displayed a prostrate phenotype at mature stages(>10 tillers).One prostrate line,Lowboy I,has been characterized in detail.Lowboy I had significantly shorter canopy,leaf blade and internode lengths compared with wild type.Lowboy I also exhibited greater tolerance to low mowing stress than wild type.Exogenous gibberellic acid(GA)restored Lowboy I to a wild-type phenotype,indicating that the dwarf and prostrate phenotypes were both due to GA deficiency.We further showed that phenotypes of Lowboy I were dominant and stably inherited through sexual reproduction.Prostrate turfgrass mutants are difficult to screen for because the phenotype is not observed at young seedling stages,therefore our method represents a simple strategy for easily isolating prostrate mutants.Furthermore,Lowboy I may provide an outstanding germplasm for breeding novel prostrate perennial ryegrass cultivars.

The different interactions of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides with two strawberry varieties and the involvement of salicylic acid

The disease symptoms recognized as‘Anthracnose’are caused by Colletotrichum spp.and lead to large-scale strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa Duchesne)losses worldwide in terms of both quality and production.Little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying the genetic variations in the strawberry–Colletotrichum spp.interaction.In this work,Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(C.gloeosporioides)infection was characterized in two varieties exhibiting different susceptibilities,and the involvement of salicylic acid(SA)was examined.Light microscopic observation showed that C.gloeosporioides conidia germinated earlier and faster on the leaf surface of the susceptible cultivar compared with the less-susceptible cultivar.Several PR genes were differentially expressed,with higher-amplitude changes observed in the less-susceptible cultivar.The less-susceptible cultivar contained a higher level of basal SA,and the SA levels increased rapidly upon infection,followed by a sharp decrease before the necrotrophic phase.External SA pretreatment reduced susceptibility and elevated the internal SA levels in both varieties,which were sharply reduced in the susceptible cultivar upon inoculation.The less-susceptible cultivar also displayed a more sensitive and marked increase in the transcripts of NB-LRR genes to C.gloeosporioides,and SA pretreatment differentially induced transcript accumulation in the two varieties during infection.Furthermore,SA directly inhibited the germination of C.gloeosporioides conidia;NB-LRR transcript accumulation in response to SA pretreatment was both dose-and cultivar-dependent.The results demonstrate that the less-susceptible cultivar showed reduced conidia germination.The contribution of SA might involve microbial isolate-specific sensitivity to SA,cultivar/tissue-specific SA homeostasis and signaling,and the sensitivity of R genes and the related defense network to SA and pathogens.

Accessibility Evaluation and Layout Optimization of Urban Parks in Xihu District, Nanchang City Based on Walking of the Elderly People

Urban park is one of the few green spaces that retain natural traces and are easy for the elderly to reach,and it has become the main place for the elderly to carry out leisure,entertainment,physical fi tness and interpersonal activities.The reasonable layout of urban parks is of great signifi cance to improve the quality of life of the elderly in old age.In this article,using the network analysis method in ArcGIS software,the accessibility of urban parks in Xihu District of Nanchang City based on elderly walking was evaluated and analyzed,and three strategies for optimizing the layout of the urban parks were proposed,including increasing the number of urban parks,improving the urban traffic network,and strengthening urban greenway planning and construction.The research results can provide reference for the optimal layout of urban parks in Xihu District,Nanchang City,so that the urban parks can better meet the outdoor leisure needs of the elderly,and the elderly’s sense of well-being and gain is enhanced.

The Principle of Authenticity and the Protection and Renewal of the Qujiang Site in Ancient Chang'an

In order to explore the protection and renewal law of historic sites in the process of contemporary urban construction, combined with the protection and renewal practice of Qujiang garden cultural landscape heritage sites in ancient Chang'an, this paper analyzed the authenticity in the protection and renewal of different historic sites, and explored the possibility of flexible use of the concept of authenticity in the process of protection and renewal of historic sites.

Optimum Design of Tilt Angle and Horizontal Direction of Solar Collectors under Obstacle’s Shadow for Building Applications

Solar collectors can provide clean, renewable, and domestic energy. The tilt angle and horizontal direction of solar collectors significantly affect its efficiency. There are many good methods to search the optimum tilt angle and horizontal direction to realize the maximum total radiation on the solar collector within a particular day or a specific period. However, it is hard to realize it when solar collectors are placed under obstacle’s shadows;especially when some obstacles, such as trees, have irregular shapes. This paper presents algorithms to achieve the best tilt angle and horizontal direction for solar collector’s performance under the free-form surfaces 3D obstacle’s shadow. The solution process is composed of 4 steps. First, it creates a 3D scene, in which a unique color is given to the solar collector. Second, it employs orthographic projection from the point of view to get an image of the scene. Third, the number of pixels is used to represent the efficiency of the solar collector by counting the pixels of the unique color. Fourth, the efficiency of solar collector in each direction in a period of time is calculated with many images to further select the best direction.

Protection and Development of Traditional Villages Rich in Agricultural Cultural Heritage Resources:A Case Study of Nihegou Village in Jiaxian County

Firstly,the composition and value of heritage in Nihegou Village having the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) were analyzed,and then dilemmas,challenges and opportunities for the protection and development of the village were studied.Finally,ways of sustainable development of the vil age were discussed.

Integrative lipidomics profile uncovers the mechanisms underlying high-level α-linolenic acid accumulation in Paeonia rockii seeds

Tree peony(Paeonia rockii)is an excellent woody oilseed crop,known for its highα-linolenic acid(ALA,∼45%)content,which is of great value for human health.However,the mechanisms underlying this high-level ALA accumulation in tree peony seeds are poorly understood.In this study,we evaluated the dynamic changes in the lipidomic profile of P.rockii seeds during development.A total of 760 lipid molecules were identified in P.rockii seeds;triacylglycerol(TAG)lipid molecules showed the highest abundance and diversity,both increasing during seed development.Particularly,ALA was the predominant fatty acid at the TAG sn-3 position.We further characterized two diacylglycerol acyltransferase(DGAT)genes and three phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase(PDAT)genes involved in the transfer of fatty acids to the TAG sn-3 position.Gene expression and subcellular localization analyses suggested that PrDGATs and PrPDATs may function as endoplasmic reticulum-localized proteins in seed TAG biosynthesis.In vitro functional complementation analysis showed different substrate specificities,with PrPDAT2 having a specific preference for ALA.Multiple biological assays demonstrated that PrDGAT1,PrDGAT2,PrPDAT1-2,and PrPDAT2 promote oil synthesis.Specifically,PrPDAT2 leads to preferential ALA in the oil.Our findings provide novel functional evidence of the roles of PrDGAT1 and PrPDAT2,which are potential targets for increasing the ALA yield in tree peony and other oilseed crops.

PhERF2,an ethylene-responsive element binding factor,plays an essential role in waterlogging tolerance of petunia

Ethylene-responsive element binding factors(ERFs)are involved in regulation of various stress responses in plants,but their biological functions in waterlogging stress are largely unclear.In this study,we identified a petunia(Petunia×hybrida)ERF gene,PhERF2,that was significantly induced by waterlogging in wild-type(WT).To study the regulatory role of PhERF2 in waterlogging responses,transgenic petunia plants with RNAi silencing and overexpression of PhERF2 were generated.Compared with WT plants,PhERF2 silencing compromised the tolerance of petunia seedlings to waterlogging,shown as 96%mortality after 4 days waterlogging and 14 days recovery,while overexpression of PhERF2 improved the survival of seedlings subjected to waterlogging.PhERF2-RNAi lines exhibited earlier and more severe leaf chlorosis and necrosis than WT,whereas plants overexpressing PhERF2 showed promoted growth vigor under waterlogging.Chlorophyll content was dramatically lower in PhERF2-silenced plants than WT or overexpression plants.Typical characteristics of programmed cell death(PCD),DNA condensation,and moon-shaped nuclei were only observed in PhERF2-overexpressing lines but not in PhERF2-RNAi or control lines.Furthermore,transcript abundances of the alcoholic fermentation-related genes ADH1-1,ADH1-2,ADH1-3,PDC1,and PDC2 were reduced in PhERF2-silenced plants,but increased in PhERF2-overexpressing plants following exposure to 12-h waterlogging.In contrast,expression of the lactate fermentation-related gene LDH was up-regulated in PhERF2-silenced plants,but downregulated in its overexpressing plants.Moreover,PhERF2 was observed to directly bind to the ADH1-2 promoter bearing ATCTA motifs.Our results demonstrate that PhERF2 contributes to petunia waterlogging tolerance through modulation of PCD and alcoholic fermentation system.