Medium and long-term thermal coal contract embedded reparations from the perspective of an evolutionary game

Coal-fired electricity enterprises are caught in the dilemma of relative fixed prices and rising costs under the scenario of decarbonization.Meanwhile,soaring market-oriented coal pricing results in coal enterprises’increasing defaults on thermal coal medium-and long-term contracts(MLC).To investigate the implementation of MLC at the micro-level,this study formalized the contractual behaviors of coal and coal-fired electricity enterprises based on the asymmetric evolutionary game.We formalized the evolving behaviors of both parties using replicator dynamics equations and proved that there were two evolutionary stabilization strategies(ESSs):compliance and coal enterprises’unilateral default.A multi-agent-based simulation was applied to verify the evolving process of ESSs and determine the critical values of MLC design by sensitive analysis.From the simulation results,coal-fired electricity enterprises do not stop generation under the current carbon quota allocation mechanism,even if carbon emission trading increases electricity generation costs.Coal enterprises choose to“default”when the market price of coal is higher than the contracted price by 18%.However,if the original reparation is increased by 5%,the compliance rate of the coal enterprises improves.Dynamic reparations embedded in the MLC improved enforcement during the contracting period.Moreover,the proposed policy implications have practical significance for enhancing the coordinated operation of coal-electricity energy supply chains.

包菜废弃物好氧堆肥初始条件研究

为建立适宜叶类蔬菜废弃物的快速好氧堆肥工艺,以包菜废弃物为主要堆肥原料,探索包菜废弃物直接堆肥或添加少量辅料情况下堆肥的可能性,以及叶菜废弃物细碎程度对堆肥效果的影响,共设置两个试验。试验一,调节包菜废弃物和秸秆粉混合物料初始含水量分别至70%、65%、60%、55%、50%,结果表明,当含水量低于70%时,混合物料外观以秸秆粉的黄褐色为主,且含水量在最优状态时(50%~60%),碳氮比难以在理想状态(20~40)。试验二,以不粉碎、不添加秸秆的包菜废弃物堆肥为对照,设置不粉碎、粗粉碎、细粉碎3个处理(均添加5%秸秆),测定堆肥温度、pH、有机质、养分、种子发芽指数和电导率。结果表明,包菜废弃物直接堆肥能完成整个堆肥过程;相较于对照,添加秸秆粉显著提升了堆肥温度、pH、有机质及种子发芽指数,降低了养分含量和电导率;粉碎程度对有机质、养分、种子发芽指数、电导率没有显著影响。因此,高含水量的包菜废弃物在不脱水、不粉碎的情况下,添加少量秸秆即可取得较好的堆肥效果。

Power generation expansion planning approach considering carbon emission constraints

Decarbonization of the power sector in China is an essential aspect of the energy transition process to achieve carbon neutrality.The power sector accounts for approximately 40%of China’s total CO_(2) emissions.Accordingly,collaborative optimization in power generation expansion planning(GEP)simultaneously considering economic,environmental,and technological concerns as carbon emissions is necessary.This paper proposes a collaborative mixedinteger linear programming optimization approach for GEP.This minimizes the power system’s operating cost to resolve emission concerns considering energy development strategies,flexible generation,and resource limitations constraints.This research further analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of current GEP techniques.Results show that the main determinants of new investment decisions are carbon emissions,reserve margins,resource availability,fuel consumption,and fuel price.The proposed optimization method is simulated and validated based on China’s power system data.Finally,this study provides policy recommendations on the flexible management of traditional power sources,the market-oriented mechanism of new energy sources,and the integration of new technology to support the attainment of carbon-neutral targets in the current energy transition process.

Covalent sulfur as stable anode for potassium ion battery

The potassium bis(fluoro-sulfonyl)imide(KFSI)-based electrolyte has great application prospects in potassium ion batteries (PIBs). However, their development has been limited by the decomposition of electrolytes and the corrosion of Al foils (current collector) at high potential. Here, a N-doping, sulfur-rich chemically bonded porphyrin organic framework (SPOF) with a high potential plateau were synthesized as an anode to lower the redox potential of full cells and further inhibit the corrosion of Al foils. SPOF as anode delivers high reversible capacity (557 mAh g^(−1) at 50 mA g^(−1)), excellent cycling performance (94% capacity retention over 1000 cycles at 500 mA g^(−1)), and superior rate performance. Meanwhile, the ex-situ FTIR, Raman, and HRTEM revealed the stability of N-doping and the reversible covalent sulfur and S–S bonds changes during potassiation/depotassiation. In addition, full cells using SPOF anode and PTCDA cathode showed outstanding performance (high capacity of 300 mAh g^(−1) at 200 mA g^(−1)). And the Al current collector of the full cell was not corroded after 150 cycles. Yet, the Al foils with PTCDA as cathode were seriously corroded. This work provides a new strategy for realizing ultra-high reversible capacity and cyclic stability of PIBs, and also accelerates the process of early commercial application of PIBs.

生物降解地膜降解特性及其应用对辣椒生长发育的影响

为明确不同材质生物可降解地膜在湿润气候下的降解特性和对辣椒生长发育的影响,通过大田试验研究了聚乙烯地膜(PE)、淀粉基降解膜(BM1)、聚合类降解膜(聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)、聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)等)(Bm_(2)、BM_(3)、BM_(4)对土壤温度、田面覆盖降解性能和辣椒农艺性状的影响,通过埋土试验评估各地膜不同埋土深度的降解过程。结果表明:(1)辣椒生育前期(覆膜后0~58 d)是地膜发挥保温效果关键期,覆膜种植主要提高该时期0~5和5~10 cm土层14:00和17:00的土壤温度。其中,BM_(3)和BM_(4)的增温效果与PE相近,0~5和5~10 cm土层平均温度比CK提高了约4℃。(2)地膜降解过程受降解材质影响,淀粉基降解膜地面覆盖79 d达到无膜期,埋土60 d内完全降解。聚合类降解膜诱导期在覆膜后51~93 d,辣椒收获后处于碎裂期或无膜期。通过拟合方程可知,埋土深度影响BM_(4)的降解,降解率达95%时BM_(4)翻埋20 cm比翻埋10 cm少77 d。(3)BM_(4)主要提高成熟期茎粗、茎高和干物质量,对辣椒生长的促进效果接近或者优于PE。BM_(4)和PE辣椒产量分别比CK提高11305.3和11096.8 kg/hm^(2)。因此,适宜辣椒覆膜栽培的降解膜诱导期约79 d并且在辣椒全部收获后达到碎裂期或无膜期,埋土深度为10~20 cm能够满足降解地膜的降解需求。