About 30%of the world's primary energy consumption is in friction.The economic losses caused by friction energy dissipation and wear account for about 2%-7%of its gross domestic product(GDP)for different countries...About 30%of the world's primary energy consumption is in friction.The economic losses caused by friction energy dissipation and wear account for about 2%-7%of its gross domestic product(GDP)for different countries every year.The key to reducing energy consumption is to control the way of energy dissipation in the friction process.However,due to many various factors affecting friction and the lack of efficient detection methods,the energy dissipation mechanism in friction is still a challenging problem.Here,we firstly introduce the classical microscopic mechanism of friction energy dissipation,including phonon dissipation,electron dissipation,and non-contact friction energy dissipation.Then,we attempt to summarize the ultrafast friction energy dissipation and introduce the high-resolution friction energy dissipation detection system,since the origin of friction energy dissipation is essentially related to the ultrafast dynamics of excited electrons and phonons.Finally,the application of friction energy dissipation in representative high-end equipment is discussed,and the potential economic saving is predicted.展开更多
Mounting evidence suggests that insect hormones associated with growth and development also participate in pathogen defense.We have discovered a previously undescribed midgut transcriptional control pathway that modul...Mounting evidence suggests that insect hormones associated with growth and development also participate in pathogen defense.We have discovered a previously undescribed midgut transcriptional control pathway that modulates the availability of 20-hydroxyecdysone(20E)in a worldwide insect pest(Plutella xylostella),allowing it to defeat the major virulence factor of an insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt).A reduction of the transcriptional inhibitor(PxDfd)increases the expression of a midgut microRNA(miR-8545),which in turn represses the expression of a newly identified ecdysteroid-degrading glucose dehydrogenase(PxGLD).Downregulation of PxGLD reduces 20E degradation to increase 20E titer and concurrently triggers a transcriptional negative feedback loop to mitigate 20E overproduction.The moderately elevated 20E titer in the midgut activates a MAPK signaling pathway to increase Bt tolerance/resistance.These findings deepen our understanding of the functions attributed to these classical insect hormones and help inform potential future strategies that can be employed to control insect pests.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52075284,52105195,51527901,and 11890672)the Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China(Nos.2020M680528 and BX2021151).
文摘About 30%of the world's primary energy consumption is in friction.The economic losses caused by friction energy dissipation and wear account for about 2%-7%of its gross domestic product(GDP)for different countries every year.The key to reducing energy consumption is to control the way of energy dissipation in the friction process.However,due to many various factors affecting friction and the lack of efficient detection methods,the energy dissipation mechanism in friction is still a challenging problem.Here,we firstly introduce the classical microscopic mechanism of friction energy dissipation,including phonon dissipation,electron dissipation,and non-contact friction energy dissipation.Then,we attempt to summarize the ultrafast friction energy dissipation and introduce the high-resolution friction energy dissipation detection system,since the origin of friction energy dissipation is essentially related to the ultrafast dynamics of excited electrons and phonons.Finally,the application of friction energy dissipation in representative high-end equipment is discussed,and the potential economic saving is predicted.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32221004,32172458,and 32372600)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M733828)+1 种基金the earmarked fund for CARS(CARS-23),the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Y2024XK01)the Beijing Key Laboratory for Pest Control and Sustainable Cultivation of Vegetables,and the Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-CSCB-202303).
文摘Mounting evidence suggests that insect hormones associated with growth and development also participate in pathogen defense.We have discovered a previously undescribed midgut transcriptional control pathway that modulates the availability of 20-hydroxyecdysone(20E)in a worldwide insect pest(Plutella xylostella),allowing it to defeat the major virulence factor of an insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt).A reduction of the transcriptional inhibitor(PxDfd)increases the expression of a midgut microRNA(miR-8545),which in turn represses the expression of a newly identified ecdysteroid-degrading glucose dehydrogenase(PxGLD).Downregulation of PxGLD reduces 20E degradation to increase 20E titer and concurrently triggers a transcriptional negative feedback loop to mitigate 20E overproduction.The moderately elevated 20E titer in the midgut activates a MAPK signaling pathway to increase Bt tolerance/resistance.These findings deepen our understanding of the functions attributed to these classical insect hormones and help inform potential future strategies that can be employed to control insect pests.
