PSO-based Parameter Tuning for a TwoDegree-of-Freedom IMC Scheme and Its Application to Paper Basis Weight Control

Basis weight is an important indicator for evaluating paper quality and a major factor directly affecting the economic benefits of enterprises.Focusing on the large time-delay,time-varying,and nonlinear characteristics of a basis weight control system,a two-degree-of-freedom(TDF)internal model control(IMC)method based on a particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm was proposed.The method took the integral of time multiplied by the absolute error(ITAE)as the objective function,and the PSO algorithm was used to optimize the time constant of the tuning IMC filter.The simulation results for the control system under the proposed TDF-IMC method based on the PSO algorithm demonstrate good set-point tracking performance,strong anti-interference capabilities,and good robustness properties.The application results revealed that the basis weight fluctuation range of the paper was±2 g/m2,which significantly improved both the control quality and the product quality.

Evaluation and Improvement of Antioxidant Activity of Water-soluble Lignin Products from Steam Explosion Processing of Corn Stalk

In this study,corn stalk was pretreated by steam explosion under various processing conditions,and the antioxidant activity of hydrolysates in the post-process washing liquor was analyzed using the 1,1'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH•)scavenging method.The yield and composition of the hydrolysates obtained under different treatment conditions were also determined;the results indicated that the steam explosion extent had a significant effect on both properties.Under optimized conditions(1.5 MPa,20 min),the obtained hydrolysate had the highest phenolic compound yield(18.6 mg/g untreated corn stalk)and the highest radical scavenging capacity(IC_(50)=0.24 mg/mL).To confirm the positive effect of phenolic compounds on the antioxidant activity of the hydrolysate,one-step ethanol fractionation was carried out.Due to the enrichment of phenolic compounds,the ethanolsoluble fraction(ESF)exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant activity with an IC_(50) value of 0.06 mg/mL,which was close to that of butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT,IC_(50)=0.056 mg/mL).Consequently,this work indicated that phenolic compounds have a significant effect on the antioxidant activity of hydrolysate from steam-exploded corn stalk and that simple one-step ethanol fractionation is an effective way to enrich the phenolic compounds in the hydrolysate and improve the antioxidant activity.

Enhancing Low-Frequency Microwave Absorption Through Structural Polarization Modulation of MXenes

Two-dimensional carbon-based materials have shown promising electromagnetic wave absorption capabilities in mid-and high-frequency ranges,but face challenges in low-frequency absorption due to limited control over polarization response mecha-nisms and ambiguous resonance behavior.In this study,we pro-pose a novel approach to enhance absorption efficiency in aligned three-dimensional(3D)MXene/CNF(cellulose nanofibers)cavities by modifying polarization properties and manipulating resonance response in the 3D MXene architecture.This controlled polarization mechanism results in a significant shift of the main absorption region from the X-band to the S-band,leading to a remarkable reflection loss value of-47.9 dB in the low-frequency range.Furthermore,our findings revealed the importance of the oriented electromagnetic coupling in influencing electromagnetic response and microwave absorption properties.The present study inspired us to develop a generic strategy for low-frequency tuned absorption in the absence of magnetic element participation,while orientation-induced polarization and the derived magnetic resonance coupling are the key controlling factors of the method.

Cushioning Performance of Hilbert Fractal Sandwich Packaging Structures under Quasi-Static Compressions

The sandwich structure of cushioning packaging has an important influence on the cushioning performance.Mathematical fractal theory is an important graphic expression.Based on Hilbert fractal theory,a new sandwich structure was designed.The generation mechanism and recurrence formula of theHilbert fractal were expressed by Lin’s language,and the second-orderHilbert sandwich structure was constructed fromthermoplastic polyurethane.The constitutive model of the hyperelastic body was established by using the finite element method.With the unit mass energy absorption as the optimization goal,the fractal sandwich structure was optimized,and the best result was obtained when the order was 2.5 and the unit layer thickness was 0.75 mm.TheHilbert sandwich structure was compared with the rice-shaped sandwich structure commonly used in industry,and the Hilbert fractal structure had better energy absorption.This has practical significance for the development and application of newcushioning packaging structures.

Fast and accurate determination of phase transition temperature via individual generalized canonical ensemble simulation

It is very important to determine the phase transition temperature,such as the water/ice coexistence temperature in various water models,via molecular simulations.We show that a single individual direct simulation is sufficient to get the temperature with high accuracy and small computational cost based on the generalized canonical ensemble(GCE).Lennard–Jones fluids,the atomic water models,such as TIP4P/2005,TIP4P/ICE,and the mW water models are applied to illustrate the method.We start from the coexistent system of the two phases with a plane interface,then equilibrate the system under the GCE,which can stabilize the coexistence of the phases,to directly derive the phase transition temperature without sensitive dependence on the applied parameters of the GCE and the size of the simulation systems.The obtained result is in excellent agreement with that in literatures.These features make the GCE approach in determining the phase transition temperature of systems be robust,easy to use,and particularly good at working on computationally expensive systems.

Research on Transfer Learning in Surface Defect Detection of Printed Products

To advance the printing manufacturing industry towards intelligence and address the challenges faced by supervised learning,such as the high workload,cost,poor generalization,and labeling issues,an unsupervised and transfer learning-based method for printing defect detection was proposed in this study.This method enabled defect detection in printed surface without the need for extensive labeled defect.The ResNet101-SSTU model was used in this study.On the public dataset of printing defect images,the ResNet101-SSTU model not only achieves comparable performance and speed to mainstream supervised learning detection models but also successfully addresses some of the detection challenges encountered in supervised learning.The proposed ResNet101-SSTU model effectively eliminates the need for extensive defect samples and labeled data in training,providing an efficient solution for quality inspection in the printing industry.

Generalizations of Hermite-Hadamard Type Inequalities Involving S-convex Functions

Some new Hermite-Hadamard type's integral equations and inequalities are established. The results in [3] and [6] which refined the upper bound of distance between the middle and left of the typical Hermite-Hadamard's integral inequality are generalized.

Industrialization progress and challenges of cultivated meat

With its more sustainable production mode and higher healthy food supplying,cultivated meat is gradually regarded as the promising alternative meat food in future by human beings.Most of the countries in the planet had participated in the cut-throat competition for sustainable protein searching,especially for the regions with low food self-sufficiency rate.In this paper,by reviewing the commercial market participation,product development stage,and technical research progress related to cultivated meat in detail,we demonstrated the industrialization progress of cultivated meat and explored the challenges of cultivated meat in the near future.1)Seeded cell and serum free medium were the basic raw materials,which were directly related to the food safety regulation,production cost control and productivity improvement;2)Bioreactor and regulation were the cornerstone of industrialization,which were closely related to the capacity expansion,product marketing;3)Technological improvements in taste,texture,safety,scale,cost were the foundation of realizing product iterative upgrade and market acceptance.

Underwater Image Enhancement Based on Multi-scale Adversarial Network

In this study,an underwater image enhancement method based on multi-scale adversarial network was proposed to solve the problem of detail blur and color distortion in underwater images.Firstly,the local features of each layer were enhanced into the global features by the proposed residual dense block,which ensured that the generated images retain more details.Secondly,a multi-scale structure was adopted to extract multi-scale semantic features of the original images.Finally,the features obtained from the dual channels were fused by an adaptive fusion module to further optimize the features.The discriminant network adopted the structure of the Markov discriminator.In addition,by constructing mean square error,structural similarity,and perceived color loss function,the generated image is consistent with the reference image in structure,color,and content.The experimental results showed that the enhanced underwater image deblurring effect of the proposed algorithm was good and the problem of underwater image color bias was effectively improved.In both subjective and objective evaluation indexes,the experimental results of the proposed algorithm are better than those of the comparison algorithm.

Anomaly Detection Method Using Feature Reconstruction Based Knowledge Distillation

In recent years,anomaly detection has attracted much attention in industrial production.As traditional anomaly detection methods usually rely on direct comparison of samples,they often ignore the intrinsic relationship between samples,resulting in poor accuracy in recognizing anomalous samples.To address this problem,a knowledge distillation anomaly detection method based on feature reconstruction was proposed in this study.Knowledge distillation was performed after inverting the structure of the teacher-student network to avoid the teacher-student network sharing the same inputs and similar structure.Representability was improved by using feature splicing to unify features at different levels,and the merged features were processed and reconstructed using an improved Transformer.The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better performance on the MVTec dataset,verifying its effectiveness and feasibility in anomaly detection tasks.This study provides a new idea to improve the accuracy and efficiency of anomaly detection.

Dual-functional marigold-like Zn_(x)Cd_(1-x)S homojunction for selective glucose photoreforming with remarkable H_(2)coproduction

The global commitment to pivoting to sustainable energy and products calls for technology development to utilize solar energy for hydrogen(H_(2))and value-added chemicals production by biomass photoreforming.Herein,a novel dual-functional marigold-like Zn_(x)Cd_(1-x)S homojunction has been the production of lactic acid with high-yield and H_(2)with high-efficiency by selective glucose photoreforming.The optimized Zn_(0.3)Cd_(0.7)S exhibits outstanding H_(2)generation(13.64 mmol h^(-1)g^(-1)),glucose conversion(96.40%),and lactic acid yield(76.80%),over 272.80 and 19.21 times higher than that of bare ZnS(0.05 mmol h^(-1)g^(-1))and CdS(0.71 mmol h^(-1)g^(-1))in H_(2)generation,respectively.The marigold-like morphology provides abundant active sites and sufficient substrates accessibility for the photocatalyst,while the specific role of the homojunction formed by hexagonal wurtzite(WZ)and cubic zinc blende(ZB)in photoreforming biomass has been demonstrated by density functional theory(DFT)calculations.Glucose is converted to lactic acid on the WZ surface of Zn_(0.3)Cd_(0.7)S via the photoactive species·O_(2)^(-),while the H_(2)is evolved from protons(H^(+))in H_(2)O on the ZB surface of Zn_(0.3)Cd_(0.7)S.This work paves a promising road for the production of sustainable energy and products by integrating photocatalysis and biorefine.

Rupture stress of liquid metal nanoparticles and their applications in stretchable conductors and dielectrics

Few works had systematically investigated the relationship between the rupture stress of the oxide shell and the diameter of liquid metal nanoparticles(LMNPs).Here,we fabricated a series of elastomer/LMNPs composites,which were based on various polyurethanes with different shore hardness and LMNPs with different diameters,to systematically study the rupture stress of LMNPs.We established a reliable and guidable relationship between the stress–strain curves of elastomers with different shore hardness and rupture stress of LMNPs with various diameters by both experiments and numerical calculations.Based on this guidance,we can facilely prepare stretchable conductors with remarkable stretchability and conductivity(i.e.,24,130 S·cm^(−1)at 500%strain)and stretchable dielectrics with excellent stretchability and permittivity(i.e.,dielectric constant of 76.8 with 580%strain)through controlling the shore hardness of elastomers and diameter of LMNPs.This work will facilitate the systematic study of LMNPs and expand their use in stretchable electronics.

Polysaccharide-based drug delivery system rooted in traditional Chinese medicine unveils a gateway to immunotherapy

Tumor immunotherapy represents a pivotal scientific advancement,and the traditional Chinese medicine tenet of harmonizing the body’s equilibrium through the‘Yin-Yang(Yin and Yang refer to the two basic properties of things and things that are opposed to each other)balance’aligns conceptually with tumor immunotherapy’s goal of reinstating the immune system’s functionality[1].Current research suggests that incorporating the‘Yin-Yang balance’philosophy to guide traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides in immune anti-tumor therapy may amplify their effectiveness in treating tumors[2].However,prevailing studies on the anti-tumor immune response of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides primarily focus on enhancing immune function,often overlooking a comprehensive exploration of immunosuppressive factors.Concurrently,the intricacies involved in analyzing and deciphering the composition and structure of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides have exacerbated the challenges associated with studying their oral absorption metabolism and in vivo mechanisms of action.This article addresses these intricacies by consolidating research on the structure-activity relationship,absorption and metabolism processes,and the molecular mechanisms influencing tumor immunity related to traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides.Furthermore,it proposes a strategic framework for advancing the regulation of tumor immune responses through traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides.This comprehensive exploration aims to establish a robust foundation for the development of novel oral Chinese herbal polysaccharide drugs tailored for the field of tumor immunotherapy.

Hydrogel-supported poly(L-lactic acid) and polystyrene microsphere-based three-dimensional culture systems for in vitro cell expansion

The in vitro expansion of stem cells is important for their application in different life science fields such as cellular tissue and organ repair.An objective of this paper was to achieve static cell culture in vitro through peptide hydrogel-supported microspheres(MSs).The peptides,with their gel-forming properties,microstructures,and mechanical strengths characterized,were found to have good support for the MSs and to be injectable.The internal structures of poly(L-lactic acid)microspheres(PLLA-MSs)and polystyrene microspheres(PS-MSs)made in thelaboratory were observed and statistically analyzed in terms of particle size and pore size,following which the co-cultured MSs with cells were found to have good cell adhesion.In addition,three-dimensional(3D)culturing of cells was performed on the peptide and microcarrier composite scaffolds to measure cell viability and cell proliferation.The results showed that the peptides could be stimulated by the culture medium to self-assembly form a 3D fiber network structure.Under the peptide-Ms composite scaffold-based cell culture system,further enhancement of the cell culture effect was measured.The peptide-Ms composite scaffolds have great potential for the application in 3D cell culture and in vitro cellexpansion.

Self-assembled dandelion-like NiS nanowires on biomass-based carbon aerogels as electrode material for hybrid supercapacitors

Carbon aerogels derived from biomass have low specific capacity due to the underutilized structure,limiting their application in high-performance supercapacitors.In this work,the hierarchical nickel sulfide/carbon aerogels from liquefied wood(LWCA-NiS)were synthesized via a simple two-step hydrothermal method.Benefitting from the unique 3D coral-like network structure of LWCA,selfassembled NiS nanowires with the dandelion-like structure showed high specific surface(389.1 m^(2)·g^(−1))and hierarchical pore structure,which increased affluent exposure of numerous active sites and structural stability,causing superior energy storage performance.As expected,LWCA-NiS displayed high specific capacity(131.5 mAh·g^(−1) at 1 A·g^(−1)),good rate performance,and highly reversible and excellent cycle stability(13.1%capacity fading after 5000 cycles)in the electrochemical test.Furthermore,a symmetrical supercapacitor using LWCA-NiS-10 as the electrode material delivered an energy density of 12.7 Wh·kg^(−1) at 299.85 W·kg^(−1).Therefore,the synthesized LWCA-NiS composite was an economical and sustainable candidate for the electrodes of highperformance supercapacitors.

Anthracene-based Derivatives： Synthesis, Photophysical Properties and Electrochemical Properties

A series of anthracene-based derivatives, namely, 9-（4-phenyl）anthracene（1）, 9-（4-phenylethynyl）- anthracene（2） and 9, 10-bis（phenylethynyl）anthracene（3）, was synthesized by the Suzuki/Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions in good yields. These compounds were fully characterized by X-ray crystallography, thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）, differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）, UV-Vis absorption and fiuorescence（FL） spectroscopy, as well as density functional theory（DFT） calculations. Single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed that the packing structures were influenced by the terminal substitutions. All the compounds exhibited high thermal stability（Td=221---484 ~C） and blue emission with a high quantum yield（~bf =0.20--0.75）. As the number of substituents increased, the decomposition temperatures（Td） of these compounds increased in the following order： 1〈2〈3. Experiments on the photophysical properties revealed that different substituents strongly affected the optical properties. In particular, compound lb with the electron-withdrawing group（--CHO） exhibited a larger Stokes shift（113 nm） than the other compounds. Investigation of the electrochemical properties of these compounds showed that the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps（Egap） decreased obviously as the degree of conjugation increased.

Stability of partially deacetylated chitin nano-fiber dispersions mediated by protonic acids

Partially deacetylated chitin nano-fiber(DAChN)dispersions were prepared using mechanical treatment of partially deacetylated crab shellα-chitin under acidic conditions mediated by various protonic acids.The representative organic acids had a better efficiency in terms of mediating the nanofibrillation of chitin fibers in comparison to the inorganic acid(HCl).The DAChN dispersed in water at a pH of 3.5 mediated by gluconic acid exhibited the highest yield of nano-fibers(88.6%),followed by succinic,itaconic,and ascorbic acids with a nano-fiber yield of 79.9%,73.3%and 66.0%,respectively.The pH,conductivity,viscosity,and light transmittance of dispersions were assessed under different storage times.All of the tested DAChN dispersions were stable for at least 15 weeks at 4℃.