The role of titanium at the interface of hematite photoanode in multisite mechanism:Reactive site or cocatalyst site?

Hematite(α-Fe_(2)O_(3))constitutes one of the most promising photoanode materials for oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Recent research on Fe_(2)O_(3) have found a fast OER rate dependence on surface hole density,suggesting a multisite reaction pathway.However,the effect of heteroatom in Fe_(2)O_(3) on the multisite mechanism is still poorly understood.Herein we synthesized Fe_(2)O_(3) on Ti substrates(Fe_(2)O_(3)/Ti)to study the oxygen intermediates of OER by light-dark electrochemical scans.We identified the Fe-OH species disappeared and Ti-OH intermediates appeared on Fe_(2)O_(3)/Ti when pH=11‒14,which significantly improved the OER performance of Fe_(2)O_(3)/Ti.Combined with the density functional theory calculations,we propose that Ti atom acts as cocatalyst site and captures proton from neighboring Fe-OH species under highly alkaline condition,thereby promoting the coupling of Fe=O and reducing the energy barrier of the non-electrochemical step.Our work provides a new insight into the role of heteroatom in OER multisite mechanism based on clarifying the reaction intermediates.

Triple points and phase transitions of D-dimensional dyonic Ad S black holes with quasitopological electromagnetism in Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity

By considering the negative cosmological constant Λ as a thermodynamic pressure, we study the thermodynamics and phase transitions of the D-dimensional dyonic Ad S black holes(BHs) with quasitopological electromagnetism in Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet(EGB) gravity. The results indicate that the small/large BH phase transition that is similar to the van der Waals(vdW) liquid/gas phase transition always exists for any spacetime dimensions. Interestingly, we then find that this BH system exhibits a more complex phase structure in 6-dimensional case that is missed in other dimensions.Specifically, it shows for D = 6 that we observed the small/intermediate/large BH phase transitions in a specific parameter region with the triple point naturally appeared. Moreover, when the magnetic charge turned off, we still observed the small/intermediate/large BH phase transitions and triple point only in 6-dimensional spacetime, which is consistent with the previous results. However, for the dyonic Ad S BHs with quasitopological electromagnetism in Einstein–Born–Infeld(EBI) gravity, the novel phase structure composed of two separate coexistence curves observed by Li et al. [Phys. Rev. D105 104048(2022)] disappeared in EGB gravity. This implies that this novel phase structure is closely related to gravity theories, and seems to have nothing to do with the effect of quasitopological electromagnetism. In addition, it is also true that the critical exponents calculated near the critical points possess identical values as mean field theory. Finally, we conclude that these findings shall provide some deep insights into the intriguing thermodynamic properties of the dyonic Ad S BHs with quasitopological electromagnetism in EGB gravity.

In situ generation of oxyanions-decorated cobalt(nickel)oxyhydroxide catalyst with high corrosion resistance for stable and efficient seawater oxidation

The development of efficient and robust anode materials for stable alkaline seawater electrolysis is severely limited by chlorine evolution reaction and chloride corrosion.Here,the sulfur-doped cobalt-nickel bimetallic phosphides(CoNiPS)are specifically designed as a pre-catalyst for navigating a surface reconstruction to fabricate the anions(PO^(3-)_(4) and SO^(2-)_(4))-decorated Co(Ni)OOH catalyst(R-CoNiPS)with exceptional durability and high activity for stable alkaline seawater oxidation(ASO).Various experiment techniques together with theoretical simulations both demonstrate that the in situ-generated PO^(3-)_(4) and SO^(2-)_(4) anions on catalyst surface can improve the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)activity,regulating and stabilizing the catalytic active species Co(Ni)OOH,as well as make a critical role in inhibiting the adsorp-tion of chloride ions and extending the service life of electrode.Therefore,this R-CoNiPS electrode exhi-bits superb OER activity toward AsO and stands out among the non-precious ASO electrocatalysts reported recently,requiring low overpotentials of 420 and 440 mV to attain large current densities of 500 and 1000 mA cm^(-2) in an alkaline natural seawater electrolyte,respectively.Particularly,the catalyst displays a negligible chloride corrosion at room temperature during ASO operation(>200 h)at 500 mA cm^(-2).This work opens up a new viewpoint for designing high-activity and durable electrocata-lystsforseawaterelectrolysis.

View of thermodynamic phase transition of the charged Gauss-Bonnet AdS black hole via the shadow

We examine thermodynamic phase transition(PT)of the charged Gauss-Bonnet Ad S black hole(BH)by utilizing the shadow radius.In this system,we rescale the corresponding Gauss-Bonnet coefficientαby a factor of 1/(D-4),and ensure thatαis positive to avoid any singularity problems.The equation derived for the shadow radius indicates that it increases as the event horizon radius increases,making it an independent variable for determining BH temperature.By investigating the PT curve in relation to shadows,we can observe that the shadow radius can be used as an alternative to the event horizon radius in explaining the phenomenon of BH PT.Furthermore,the results indicate that an increase in the parameterαcorresponds to a decrease in the temperature of the BH.By utilizing the relationship between the temperature and the shadow radius,it is possible to obtain the thermal profile of the Gauss-Bonnet AdS BH.It is evident that there is an N-type variation in temperature for pressures P<P_(c).Additionally,as the parameterαincreases,the region covered by shadow expands while the temperature decreases.The utilization of BH shadows as a probe holds immense significance in gaining a deeper understanding of BH thermodynamic behavior.

Estimation of cancer cell migration in biomimetic random/oriented collagen fiber microenvironments

Increasing data indicate that cancer cell migration is regulated by extracellular matrixes and their surrounding biochemical microenvironment,playing a crucial role in pathological processes such as tumor invasion and metastasis.However,conventional two-dimensional cell culture and animal models have limitations in studying the influence of tumor microenvironment on cancer cell migration.Fortunately,the further development of microfluidic technology has provided solutions for the study of such questions.We utilize microfluidic chip to build a random collagen fiber microenvironment(RFM)model and an oriented collagen fiber microenvironment(OFM)model that resemble early stage and late stage breast cancer microenvironments,respectively.By combining cell culture,biochemical concentration gradient construction,and microscopic imaging techniques,we investigate the impact of different collagen fiber biochemical microenvironments on the migration of breast cancer MDA-MB-231-RFP cells.The results show that MDA-MB-231-RFP cells migrate further in the OFM model compared to the RFM model,with significant differences observed.Furthermore,we establish concentration gradients of the anticancer drug paclitaxel in both the RFM and OFM models and find that paclitaxel significantly inhibits the migration of MDA-MB-231-RFP cells in the RFM model,with stronger inhibition on the high concentration side compared to the low concentration side.However,the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel on the migration of MDA-MB-231-RFP cells in the OFM model is weak.These findings suggest that the oriented collagen fiber microenvironment resembling the late-stage tumor microenvironment is more favorable for cancer cell migration and that the effectiveness of anticancer drugs is diminished.The RFM and OFM models constructed in this study not only provide a platform for studying the mechanism of cancer development,but also serve as a tool for the initial measurement of drug screening.

Detection of Gravitational Waves with Semi Classical Features and Resulting Cosmological Implications

The author argues in this document that initial vacuum state values possibly responsible for GW generation in relic conditions in the initial onset of inflation may have a temporary unsqueezed, possibly even coherent initial value, which would permit in certain models classical coherent initial gravitational wave states. Furthermore, several arguments pro and con as to if or not initial relic GW should be high frequency will be presented, with the reason given why earlier string models did NOT favor low frequency relic GW from the big bang. What is observed is that large higher dimensions above our 4 Dimensional space time, if recipients of matter-energy from collapse and re birth of the universe are enough to insure low relic GW. The existence of higher dimensions, in itself if the additional dimensions are small and compact will have no capacity to lower the frequency limit values of relic GW, as predicted by Giovannini, et al. in 1995.

Gedankenexperiment for Modified ZPE and Planck’s “Constant”, h, in the Beginning of Cosmological Expansion, Partly Due to NLED

We initially look at a non singular universe representation of entropy, based in part on what was brought up by Muller and Lousto. This is a gateway to bringing up information and computational steps (as defined by Seth Lloyd) as to what would be available initially due to a modified ZPE formalism. The ZPE formalism is modified as due to Matt Visser’s alternation of k (maximum) ~ 1/(Planck length), with a specific initial density giving rise to initial information content which may permit fixing the initial Planck’s constant, h, which is pivotal to the setting of physical law. The settings of these parameters depend upon NLED.

Application of deep learning methods combined with physical background in wide field of view imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes

The High Altitude Detection of Astronomical Radiation(HADAR)experiment,which was constructed in Tibet,China,combines the wide-angle advantages of traditional EAS array detectors with the high-sensitivity advantages of focused Cherenkov detectors.Its objective is to observe transient sources such as gamma-ray bursts and the counterparts of gravitational waves.This study aims to utilize the latest AI technology to enhance the sensitivity of HADAR experiments.Training datasets and models with distinctive creativity were constructed by incorporating the relevant physical theories for various applications.These models can determine the type,energy,and direction of the incident particles after careful design.We obtained a background identification accuracy of 98.6%,a relative energy reconstruction error of 10.0%,and an angular resolution of 0.22°in a test dataset at 10 TeV.These findings demonstrate the significant potential for enhancing the precision and dependability of detector data analysis in astrophysical research.By using deep learning techniques,the HADAR experiment’s observational sensitivity to the Crab Nebula has surpassed that of MAGIC and H.E.S.S.at energies below 0.5 TeV and remains competitive with conventional narrow-field Cherenkov telescopes at higher energies.In addition,our experiment offers a new approach for dealing with strongly connected,scattered data.

Part 2: Review of Tokamak Physics as a Way to Construct a Device Optimal for Graviton Detection and Generation within a Confined Small Spatial Volume, as Opposed to Dyson’s “Infinite Astrophysical Volume” Calculations

Review of arguments in refutation of Dyson’s alleged prohibition against use of device physics as to determining if Gravitons can be determined to exist is followed up by use of a hot Plasma within a Tokamak in a redo of the amplitude of alleged Gravitational waves. This overlaps with gravitons, and we follow up with an analysis of the pertinent form of Gravitons, i.e. do we have massless or massive gravitons. In addition we also obtain GW of amplitude as low as five meters above the Tokamak center such low strain values are extremely close to brane world GW, and strain values in early universe cosmology. This is after our device analysis. Using Grischuk and Sachin (1975) amplitude for the GW generation due to plasma in a toroid, we generalize this result for Tokamak physics. We obtain evidence for strain values up to?in a Tokamak center. These values are an order of magnitude sufficient to allow for possible detection of gravitational waves. The critical breakthrough is in utilizing a burning plasma drift current, which relies upon a thermal contribution to an electric field. Such low strain values are extremely close to brane world GW, and strain values in early universe cosmology. We conclude with statements as to comparing our basic results with those of Yan-Gang Miao, Ying-Jie Zhao as to their generalized HUP which gives support to the suppositions given in our comparison of the character of gravitons which are initially at the start of inflation versus those of our present era, as measured by the Tokamak.

How a Laser Physics Induced Kerr-Newman Black Hole Can Release Gravitational Waves without Igniting the Black Hole Bomb (Explosion of a Mini Black Hole in a Laboratory)

Note, that micro black holes last within micro seconds, and that we wish to ascertain how to build, in a laboratory, a black hole, which may exist say at least up to 10^?1 seconds and provide a test bed as to early universe gravitational theories. First of all, it would be to determine, if the mini black hole bomb, would spontaneously occur, unless the Kerr-Newmann black hole were carefully engineered in the laboratory. Specifically, we state that this paper is modeling the creation of an actual Kerr Newman black hole via laser physics, or possibly by other means. We initiate a model of an induced Kerr-Newman black Holes, with specific angular momentum J, and then from there model was to what would happen as to an effective charge, Q, creating an E and B field, commensurate with the release of GWs. The idea is that using a frame of reference trick, plus E + i B = ?function of the derivative of a complex valued scalar field, as given by Appell, in 1887, and reviewed by Whittaker and Watson, 1927 of their “A Course of Modern Analysis” tome that a first principle identification of a B field, commensurate with increase of thermal temperature, T, so as to have artificially induced GW production. This is compared in part with the Park 1955 paper of a spinning rod, producing GW, with the proviso that both the spinning rod paper, and this artificial Kerr-Newman Black hole will employ the idea of lasers in implementation of their respective GW radiation. The idea is in part partly similar to an idea the author discussed with Dr. Robert Baker, in 2016 with the difference that a B field would be generated and linked to effects linked with induced spin to the Kerr-Newman Black hole. We close with some observations about the “black holes have no hair” theorem, and our problem. Citing some recent suppositions that this “theorem” may not be completely true and how that may relate to our experimental situation. We close with observations from Haijicek, 2008 as which may be pertinent to Quantization of Gravity. Furthermore as an answer to questions raised by a referee, we will have a final statement as to how this problem is for a real black hole being induced, and answering his questions in his review, which will be included in a final appendix to this paper. The main issue which is now to avoid the black hole bomb effect which would entail an explosion of a small black hole in a laboratory. Furthermore as an answer to questions raised by a referee, we will have a final statement as to how this problem is for a real black hole being induced, and answering his questions in his review, which will be included in a final appendix to this paper. In all, the main end result is to try to avoid the so called black hole bomb effect, where a mini black hole would explode in a laboratory setting within say 10^?16 or so seconds, i.e. the idea would be to have a reasonably stable configuration within put laser energy, but a small mass, and to do it over hopefully 10^15 or more times longer than the 10^?16 seconds where the mini black hole would quickly evaporate. I.e. a duration of say up to 10^?1 seconds which would provide a base line as to astrophysical modeling of a Kerr-Newman black hole.

Calculating <i>&delta;g_tt</i>at Boundary of Start of Planckian Physics Due to 1 Million Relic Black Holes

We use the ideas of a million black holes, at the boundary of contribution to the shift from Pre-Planckian to Planckian physics, as a summed up contribution from one million primordial black holes. I.e. this is assuming a quantum bounce. This is an extension of work done by the author as to explain the nature of a transition from being tiny to when becomes 1 in value. Taking this into account, this article is a way to delineate the physics, inherent in the transition from to which puts a premium upon the growth of the inflaton, due to , with but with changing from , an 10255 increase in magnitude. This increase in magnitude may be the driver of subsequent inflation. When we have a pre quantum, especially if the inequality becomes an equality, and then the transition to marks the start of quantum gravity, whereas our black hole entropy model used to obtain a non zero entropy contribution from 1 million primordial relic black holes, as referenced, comes from Dr. Sen in an October 10 Run Run Shaw lecture in Stonybrook University.

Examination of Minimum Time Step, from Modified Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, Inflaton Physics and Black Hole Physics

First, we calculate the minimum length for the creation of a 1045 Hz relic Gravitational wave. Next, we look Padamababhan’s inflaton physics, and work done by the author for a modified Heisenberg Uncertainty principle for constraints on a minimum time step. Sciama’s work in “Black hole explosions” (1982) gives us a linkage between a decay rate for black holes, in terms of a life time, and the mass, M of the black hole, which when combined with a simple exposition from Susskind and Hrabovsky (2013) for the most basic evolution the time change in energy E(t), which is how we form a first order treatment of the square of a minimum time step . We then reference what was done by Ng (2008) as far as infinite quantum statistics, for entropy as a particle count, and from first principle get constraints upon entropy production, as a function of boundaries on minimum time step. We assume massive Gravity, and obtain a peak 1036 Giga Hertz frequency range (1045 Hertz) for relic Gravitational waves, and Gravitons.

A Solution of the Cosmological Constant and DE and Arrow of Time, Using Model of a Nonsingular Universe from Rosen from Volume (56) Ettore Majorana International Science Series, Physics, 1991

We reduplicate the Book “Dark Energy” by M. Li, X-D. Li, and Y. Wang, given zero-point energy calculation with an unexpected “length” added to the “width” of a graviton wave just prior to specifying the creation of “gravitons”, using the Rosen and Israelit model of a nonsingular universe. In doing so we are in addition to obtaining a wavelength 1030 times greater than Planck’s length so we can calculate DE, may be able to with the help of the Rosen and Israelit model have a first approximation as to the arrow of time, and a universe with massive gravity. We have left the particulars of the nonsingular starting point undefined but state that the Rosen and Israelit model postulates initial temperatures of 10-180 Kelvin and also a value of about Planck temperature, at 10-3 centimeters radii value which may satisfy initial conditions asked by t’Hooft for describing an arrow of time. A key assumption is that the DE is formed at 10-3 cm, after an expansion of 1030 times in radii, from the Planck length radius nonsingular starting point. The given starting point for DE in this set of assumptions is where there is a change in the cosmic acceleration, to a zero value, according to Rosen and Israel, with time t = 1.31 times 10-42 seconds. That may be where we may specify a potential magnitude, V, which has ties into inflaton physics. The particulars of the model from Rosen and Israelit allow a solution to be found, without discussion of where that nonsingular starting point came from, a point the author found in need of drastic remedies and fixes.

Looking at the Physics of What a Quark Star-Black Hole Binary Would Create in Terms of GW Signals and New Physics

A quark star, black hole pairing as a would-be Gravitational wave generator is brought up. Quark stars are, anyway, likely to be black holes, above a certain mass limit, whereas a quark star in itself obey thermodynamic “laws” which in certain ways differ from the traditional black hole models. We list some of the probable consequences of such a binary, and make predictions as to certain GW phenomenon which will have observational consequences. i.e., a GW “change in energy” from a black hole—Quark star pair would likely be within 90% of that of comparatively massed black hole—black hole binary pair. The electromagnetic “profile” of the two cases would differ dramatically, and we conclude our inquiry with an open question if a generalized uncertainty principle could play a role in comparing the 7th and 8th equations of our presentation.

Application of Newtonian approximate model to LIGO gravitational wave data processing

With the observation of a series of ground-based laser interferometer gravitational wave(GW)detectors such as LIGO and Virgo,nearly 100 GW events have been detected successively.At present,all detected GW events are generated by the mergers of compact binary systems and are identified through the data processing of matched filtering.Based on matched filtering,we use the GW waveform of the Newtonian approximate(NA)model constructed by linearized theory to match the events detected by LIGO and injections to determine the coalescence time and utilize the frequency curve for data fitting to estimate the parameters of the chirp masses of binary black holes(BBHs).The average chirp mass of our results is 22.05_(-6.31)^(+6.31)M_(⊙),which is very close to 23.80_(-3.52)^(+4.83)M_(⊙)provided by GWOSC.In the process,we can analyze LIGO GW events and estimate the chirp masses of the BBHs.This work presents the feasibility and accuracy of the low-order approximate model and data fitting in the application of GW data processing.It is beneficial for further data processing and has certain research value for the preliminary application of GW data.

Bio-inspired environmental adaptability of swarm active matter

How biologically active matters survive adaptively in complex and changeable environments is a common concern of scientists.Genetics,evolution and natural selection are vital factors in the process of biological evolution and are also the key to survival in harsh environments.However,it is challenging to intuitively and accurately reproduce such longterm adaptive survival processes in the laboratory.Although simulation experiments are intuitive and efficient,they lack fidelity.Therefore,we propose to use swarm robots to study the adaptive process of active matter swarms in complex and changeable environments.Based on a self-built virtual environmental platform and a robot swarm that can interact with the environment,we introduce the concept of genes into the robot system,giving each robot unique digital genes,and design robot breeding methods and rules for gene mutations.Our previous work[Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 119 e2120019119(2022)]has demonstrated the effectiveness of this system.In this work,by analyzing the relationship between the genetic traits of the population and the characteristics of environmental resources,and comparing different experimental conditions,we verified in both robot experiments and corresponding simulation experiments that agents with genetic inheritance can survive for a long time under the action of natural selection in periodically changing environments.We also confirmed that in the robot system,both breeding and mutation are essential factors.These findings can help answer the practical scientific question of how individuals and swarms can successfully adapt to complex,dynamic,and unpredictable actual environments.

New Conservation Law and a Consideration as to When Forming a Cosmological Constant Term: Using Fifth Force for Frequency of BEC “Gravitons” and Cosmological Constant Formed before BEC Gravitons Form

We use scalar fields. The scalar field version which we are using is one from Padmanabhan, and the problem is that the scalar field in the Padmanabhan representation is initially only dependent on time. We also refer to a new assumed conservation law which will give new structure as to inflationary expansion and its immediate aftermath. That of the Hubble “constant” is divided by the “time derivative” of the scalar field in the inflation regime and then a long time afterwards. In doing so, we help define when the cosmological constant may form and what they says about the advent of dark energy.

Using “Particle Density” of “Graviton Gas”, to Obtain Value of Cosmological Constant

We use the work of de Vega, Sanchez, and Comes (1997), to approximate the “particle density” of a “graviton gas”. This “particle density” derivation is compared with Dolgov’s (1997) expression of the Vacuum energy in terms of a phase transition. The idea is to have a quartic potential, and then to utilize the Bogomol’nyi inequality to refine what the phase transition states. We utilize Ng, Infinite quantum information procedures to link our work with initial entropy and other issues and close with a variation in the HUP: at the start of the expansion of the universe.

Using “Graviton Gas”, Suggesting Onset of Gravitational Quantum Pressure Using Very Simple Arguments

Using particle density of a “graviton gas” as a spinoff of the Gross-Pitaevskii Poisson system of self-gravitating Bose Einstein condensates, this suggests quantum pressure. We use the quantum pressure suggestion linked to entropy and go to a matter of what energy levels may be suggested.

Fully spin-polarized, valley-polarized and spin-valley-polarized electron beam splitters utilizing zero-line modes in a three-terminal device

Topological zero-line modes(ZLMs) with spin and valley degrees of freedom give rise to spin, valley and spinvalley transport, which support a platform for exploring quantum transport physics and potential applications in spintronic/valleytronic devices. In this work, we investigate the beam-splitting behaviors of the charge current due to the ZLMs in a three-terminal system. We show that with certain combinations of ZLMs, the incident charge current along the interface between different topological phases can be divided into different polarized currents with unit transmittance in two outgoing terminals. As a result, fully spin-polarized, valley-polarized and spin-valley-polarized electron beam splitters are generated. The mechanism of these splitters is attributed to the cooperative effects of the distribution of the ZLMs and the intervalley and intravalley scatterings that are modulated by the wave-vector mismatch and group velocity mismatch. Interestingly, half-quantized transmittance of these scatterings is found in a fully spin-valley-polarized electron beam splitter.Furthermore, the results indicate that these splitters can be applicable to graphene, silicene, germanene and stanene due to their robustness against the spin–orbit coupling. Our findings offer a new way to understand the transport mechanism and investigate the promising applications of ZLMs.