Regional Study on Economical Supporting Capacity of Land Resources in Shandong Province

Taking the land resources of 17 cities in Shandong Province as the basic data, the article studied on the economical supporting capacity of land resources in terms of the effect of land on economy. The author classified 17 cities of Shandong Province into four types according to the economical supporting capacity of land resources by quantitatively estimating the evaluation indices of the total amount of land resources, the potential of urban and other nonagricultural land, and the integrated economical sup- porting capacity of land resources, etc. The author proposes the questions requiring further study at the end of this article.

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Urban Land Uses in Modern Urbanization of China

Taking social statistic data as basic data,this paper extended the meaning of urban land uses,highlighted the meaning of urban land uses in modern urbanization,which includes direct,indirect and induced land uses,quantitatively simulated the indirect and induced land uses by the substitution method of agricultural consumption and urban carbon emission and then,analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution of urban land uses in China during 1952–2005 by spatial analysis tool of Geographic Information System. The results indicate that the area of urban land use in China had been increasing since 1952,showing an inversed pyramid structure,i.e.,the direct<the indirect<the induced. Specifically,Chinese urban land use has changed from concentrated distribution in Northwest China to balanced spatial distribution,and the eastern coastal area is under great pressure. Moreover,the northeastern region has moved into the induced dominant stage,while the western region remains at the indirect dominant stage. Finally,it is proposed that in order to guarantee the future demand of urban land use in China,ensuring the induced land use in the eastern region should be taken as a priority goal of Chinese developing policy.

Analysis of Coupling between Soil and Water Conservation and Economic-social Development

The coupling relation exists in water and soil conser-vation and economic-social development. The article analyses the relation of soil and water conservation and economic-social development stages as well as the coupling analytical method. Then calculates the expecting income by dispersing Markov decision and calculates the correlation coefficient and the re-lationship degree. The article obtains the relationship of soil and water conservation investments and all kinds of incomes. Finally, it analyzes the important meaning in socio-economic development of water and soil conservation.

Eco-compensation of Wetlands in Yellow River Delta of Shandong Province,China

Wetlands play an important ecological role and provide many functions for people,yet wetlands are cur-rently decreasing and deteriorating.The ability to calculate an economic value for the loss of wetlands is becoming in-creasingly important for policy makers.In this study,remote sensing,field investigations,department visits,and other methods were used to survey wetland types,assess wetland area changes,and calculate wetland economic value.Mar-ket value loss and ecological function value loss,caused by reduction of wetland area and environmental pollution were calculated using commonly accepted methods of market valuation,ecological valuation,environmental protection investment cost analysis,and outcome parameters.According to market value loss and ecological function value loss,preliminarily fund allocation for wetland and ecological compensation was calculated.This will provide an important reference for future Yellow River Delta eco-compensation studies.

The mass-balance characteristics and sensitivities to climate variables of Laohugou Glacier No.12,western Qilian Mountains,China

Due to global warming, glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are experiencing widespread shrinkage; however, the mechanisms controlling glacier variations across the TP are still rather unclear, especially on the northeastern TP. In this study, a physically based, distributed surface-energy and mass-balance model was used to simulate glacier mass balance forced by meteorological data. The model was applied to Laohugou No. 12 Glacier, western Qilian Mountains, China, during2010~2012. The simulated albedo and mass balance were validated and calibrated by in situ measurements. The simulated annual glacier-wide mass balances were-385 mm water equivalent(w.e.) in 2010/2011 and-232 mm w.e. in 2011/2012,respectively. The mean equilibrium-line altitude(ELA) was 5,015 m a.s.l., during 2010~2012, which ascended by 215 m compared to that in the 1970 s. The mean accumulation area ratio(AAR) was 39% during the two years. Climatic-sensitivity experiments indicated that the change of glacier mass balance resulting from a 1.5 °C increase in air temperature could be offset by a 30% increase in annual precipitation. The glacier mass balance varied linearly with precipitation, at a rate of130 mm w.e. per 10% change in total precipitation.

Evaluation of the Rural Human Settlement in Shandong Province

Taking Shandong Province as the research object,this paper uses the principal component analysis method to evaluate the status of the rural human settlement in Shandong Province.It establishes the evaluation index system of the rural residential environment in Shandong Province,including living environment,economy,infrastructure,public service facilities,and ecological environment,in total five comprehensive index,and 20 secondary indexes.Through measurement and sorting of rural human environment development level of Shandong Province in 2010,the 17 cities are divided into-excellent,good,ordinary,poor-four development areas and are analyzed based on the restriction factor in the development of the region.

Progress and Prospect of Livable City Researches in China

Livable city research involves multiple disciplines such as urban geography, city planning, architectural design. Research background of livable city in China was elaborated from three aspects: accelerating urbanization, increasing city problems, the construction of livable city becoming a requirement of the times. Then the researches of livable city were overviewed from four aspects: concept and connotation, evaluation standard, evaluation method, organization and classification of the correlative references. And prospects of livable city researches were given.

Estimation on wetland loss and its restoration potential in Modern Yellow River Delta,Shandong Province of China

Wetland is one of the most important ecosystems with varied functions and structures,and its loss has been a major issue.Wetland loss in Modem Yellow River Delta(MYRD) becomes a serious environmental problem,so its restoration attracts a great deal of attention from academia and governments.This article proposes a GIS-based multi-criteria comprehensive evaluation methodology for potential estimation of wetland restoration,using MYRD as an example.The model uses four kinds of data(hydrology,terrain,soil,and land use) and could be adapted by planners for use in identifying the suitability of locations as wetland mitigation sites at any site or region.In the application of the model in the MYRD,the research developed a lost wetland distributed map taking the better wetland situation of 1995 as the reference,and elevated the overall distribution trends of wetland restoration potential based on wetland polygon.The results indicated that the total area of wetland loss from 1995 to 2014 was 568.12 km^2,which includes 188.83 km^2 natural wetland and 21.80 km^2 artificial wetland,respectively.The areas of lost wetland with low,middle,and high resilience ability are 126.82 km^2,259.92 km^2,and 119.59 km^2,occupying 25.05%,51.33%,and 23.62%,respectively.The high-restoration-potential wetland included98.47 km^2 of natural wetland and 21.12 km^2 of artificial wetland,which are mainly bush,reed,and ponds.The highrestoration-potential wetland is mainly distributed in the vicinity of Gudong oil field,the Yellow River Delta protected areas,and the eastern sides of Kenli county and Dongying city.

Study on Development of the West of Shandong Province Based on Overall Regional Development Planning Pattern

The overall regional development planning pattern has been considered to be a new and effective pattern as for development of provincial economy.The article analyzed the current conditions of the west of Shandong Province and tried to find the generation mechanisms of current non-balanced economic development of Shandong Province.And then approaches to regional development were put forward according to the theory of regional development pattern as a whole.

Chemical characteristics of precipitation and wet deposition of major ions in Liaozhong County of Liaoning Province,Northeast China

The chemical characteristics of precipitation were analyzed based on the chemical composition of principal ionic within acid rain(from February 2007 to January 2008)of Liaozhong Meteorological Station located in Malong Village in Liaozhong County of Northeast China,meteorological conditions on the corresponding period ground,and variation of several air pollutants concentration.The results indicated that:(1)The precipitation average pH value of all samples was4.76;the frequency of acid rain during the observation period was 70.7%;the frequency was 82.8%in summer and autumn.(2)In the chemical composition of precipitation,the primary anions were SO_4^(2-)and NO_3^-;the primary cations were NH_4^+and Ca^(2+).(3)All concentration of anions was higher in summer and winter,but relatively low in spring and autumn.This showed that the relationship between regional rainfall acidification and pollution was not significant.(4)Rainwater acidity and nearly floor gaseous pollution concentration were different from each other,and pH and NO_x,CO,NO_2 and O_3concentrations showed significant negative correlation,but was not obvious with SO_2 concentration.However,the pH and alkaline pollutants,such as particulate,was positively correlative.

Analysis and Countermeasures on Effective Land Use of Rural Residential Area in Jinan, Shandong Province

With the improvement of urbanization and the expansion of urban size, the cultivated land decreases gradually but the demand for urban land increases, thereby resulting in the conflict of land use. Analyzing the status quo of land use of rural residential area, this paper points out that two main problems, namely, the low degree of land use, and the waste of land resources that are prevalent in the rural residential area. Based on the above analysis, the author states that the emphasis on land use will be the plain regions in the future, and adoption of reasonable economic measures will be the new solution to the problems.

A study on the evolution of land use for modern urbanization in China:1952-2005

Modern cities and towns play as the central places of wealth accumulation for human-being, not only in the ways of settlement and material consumption as they were traditionally in ancient time, but also in the ways of social production and environmental pollution as they are mostly today. With such a transition, the meaning of land use for urbanization has broadened. According to the rule of human ecosystem, land use for modern urbanization can be divided into three types: namely, the direct, the indirect and the induced. However, its structure follows its own way of the direct < the indirect < the induced, rather different from what it normally happens in the natural ecosystem. This paper takes China as an example, calculates the evolution of the land used by cities and towns during 1952-2005 according to statistics, and then analyzes the evolvement of the structure. At last, it puts forward several countermeasures to ensure land resource requirement for urbanization in future.

Policy variables affecting marginal level of low carbon employment: an empirical study based on provincial data of China

Low Carbon Employment is an inevitable choice for the purpose of "energy saving and emission reduction" and "promoting employment". By Multi variable Linear Backward Regression method, this study presents an empirical analysis of the employment impact of policy variables indexes that involves economic pull, industry upgrading, population development, technical inputs and so on. The paper demonstrates that wide range of factors will affect low carbon employment, that industry upgrading will affect low carbon employment remarkably, that to increase years of people education will notably improve low carbon employment level of secondary vocational-technical labor, and that to raise technical inputs will significantly enhance college students' low carbon employment.

Review of pre-processing technologies for ice cores

High-resolution ice core records covering long time spans enable reconstruction of the past climatic and environmental conditions allowing the investigation of the earth system's evolution. Preprocessing of ice cores has direct impacts on the data quality control for further analysis since the conventional ice core processing is time-consuming, produces qualitative data, leads to ice mass loss, and leads to risks of potential secondary pollution. However, over the past several decades, preprocessing of ice cores has received less attention than the improvement of ice drilling, the analytical methodology of various indices, and the researches on the climatic and environmental significance of ice core records. Therefore, this papers reviews the development of the processing for ice cores including framework, design as well as materials, analyzes the technical advantages and disadvantages of the different systems. In the past, continuous flowanalysis(CFA) has been successfully applied to process the polar ice cores. However, it is not suitable for ice cores outside polar region because of high level of particles, the memory effect between samples, and the filtration before injection. Ice core processing is a subtle and professional operation due to the fragility of the nonmetallic materials and the random distribution of particles and air bubbles in ice cores, which aggravates uncertainty in the measurements. The future developments of CFA are discussed in preprocessing, memory effect, challenge for brittle ice, coupling with real-time analysis and optimization of CFA in the field. Furthermore, non-polluting cutters with many different configurations could be designed to cut and scrape in multiple directions and to separate inner and outer portions of the core. This system also needs to be coupled with streamlined operation of packaging, coding, and stacking that can be implemented at high resolution and rate, avoiding manual intervention. At the same time, information of the longitudinal sections could be scanned andidentified, and then classified to obtain quantitative data. In addition, irregular ice volume and weight can also be obtained accurately. These improvements are recorded automatically via user-friendly interfaces. These innovations may be applied to other paleomedias with similar features and needs.

Effect of Earthworm(Pheretimasp.) Density on Revegetation of Lead/zinc Metal Mine Tailings Amended with Soil

The objective of this study was to investigate the ef- fects of earthworm density on the availability of nutrients and heavy metals in metal contaminated soils.Pb/Zn mine tailings were mixed throughly with a red yellow podzolic soil at the ratio (w/w) of 75:25.Earthworms (Pheretima sp.) were introduced to the mixture at four different densities,zero,three,six and nine individuals per pot planted with ryegrass (Loliun multiflorum). The results indicated that earthworm activity significantly en- hanced ryegrass shoot biomass.However,as denser earthworm population was introduced,shoot biomass tended to decrease. Earthworm activity significantly increased soil pH and availability of N,P and K in the tailings and soil mixture.There was a general tendency that uptake of Zn by ryegrass increased after earthworm inoculation,although the increase in extractable Zn in tailings and soil mixture was not significant.On the contrary,there seemed to be a lower uptake of Pb by ryegrass under earthworm inoclation, despite the fact that higher extractable Pb concentrations were observed.The present project indicated that the improved growth of ryegrass was due to improved nutrient availability and other soil conditions,by inoculation of earthworms at an appropriate rate.Further studies are needed to illustrate the relationship be- tween metal availability and earthworm activity in the field.

Atmospheric insight to climatic signals of δ^18O in a Laohugou ice core in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during 1960–2006

Ice documentation and response to prominent warming, especially after the 1990s, is further investigated because it is concerned whether ice records have absence. A δ^18O series of a Laohugou （LHG） shallow ice core （20.12 m） in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau was reconstructed covering the period of 1960–2006. The ice core δ^18O record had sig-nificant positive correlations with the warm season （May–September） air temperatures at adjacent meteorological stations and the 500 hPa temperatures in boreal China, indicating that the δ^18O record could be considered a credible proxy of regional temperature. A clear, cold temperature event in 1967 and rapid warming after the 1990s were captured in the LHG δ^18O series, revealing that it could record extreme air-temperature events on both regional and global scales. The LHG δ^18O variations had evident positive correlations with both the summer surface outgoing longwave radiation （OLR） in the Mongolia region and the summer meridional wind at 500 hPa in the LHG region during 1960–2006, suggesting that the increased OLR in the Mongolia region might have intensified the Mongolia Low and expanded the pressure gradient to the LHG region （the Shulehe High）, which would have pushed the westerlies further north and suppressed southward incursions of cold air into the LHG region, and thus augmented the temperature rise. The regional atmospheric circulation difference （1985–2006 minus 1960–1984） suggested that the anticyclone in the Mongolia region might have developed the easterly wind, which transported warmer air from the east toward the LHG region and weakened the cold penetration of the westerlies, resulting in the temperature rise since the middle 1980s.

Impacts of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on annual runoff in the Chaohe River Basin during 1961-2005

Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area, the characteristics and variation trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961-2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station （Xiahui Station） located at the outlet of the drainage basin and the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations. Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series contrasting method. The referenced period （1961-1980） that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period （1981-2005） that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961-2005 applying double accumulative curve method, mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique. Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff empirical statistical model, impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively. The major results could be summarized as follows： （1） The annual precipitation in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s, the average annual runoff from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970. （2） The annual runoff variations in the drainage basin are significantly related to human activities. （3） During 1981-1990, 1991-2000, 2001-2005 and 1981-2005, the average annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×10^8, 0.28×10^8, 1.10×10^8 and 0.79×10^8 m^3 respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%, 7.13%, 40.71% and 23.79% accordingly. Runoff-reducing effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period.

Experimental Investigation of Dimensionless Velocity and Shearing Stress in Boundary Layer Flow on Continuous Moving Surface in Power Law Fluids

An analysis is carried out to study the steady flow characteristics from a continuous flat surface moving in a parallel free stream of non-Newtonian power law fluid. The constitutive equations of the fluid are transformed into dimensionless ones. The velocity field is measured by Particle Image Velocimetry. Experimental results are obtained for the distribution of velocity. The influence of wall velocity ratio parameter on boundary layer flow field is observed in the experiment. Dimensionless velocity distribution and shearing stress distribution are obtained by post-processing experimental results. The effects of various physical parameters like velocity ratio parameter and similarity variable on various momentum transfer characteristics are discussed in detail and shown graphically. It is indicated that dimensionless velocity increases with velocity ratio parameter and similarity variable, and that dimensionless shearing stress decreases with velocity ratio parameter and similarity variable.

日照市土壤重金属来源解析及环境风险评价（英文）

With rapid economic and social development, soil contamination arising from heavy metals has become a serious problem in many parts of China. We collected a total of 445 samples(0–20 cm) at the nodes of a 2 km×2 km grid in surface soils of Rizhao city, and analyzed sources and risk pattern of 10 heavy metals(As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn). The combination of Multivariate statistics analysis and Geostatistical methods was applied to identify the sources and hazardous risk of heavy metals in soils. The result indicated that Cr, Ni, Co, Mn, Cu, and As were mainly controlled by parent materials and came from natural sources. Cd and Hg originated from anthropogenic sources. Pb and Zn, belonging to different groups in multivariate analysis, were associated with joint effect of parent materials and human inputs. Ordinary Kriging and Indicator Kriging suggested that single element and elements association from the same principal components had similar spatial distribution. Through comprehensive assessment on all elements, we also found the high risk areas were located in the populated urban areas and western study area, which could be attributed to the higher geological background in the western part and strong human interference in the eastern part.