Investigation of the Appropriate Partial Level Density Formula for Pre-Equilibrium Nuclear Exciton Model

Ericson formula represents the first formula, which was suggested to describe the partial level density (PLD) formula in pre-equilibrium region of the nuclear reactions. Then a number of corrections were added to this formula in order to make it more suitable to physical meaning. In this paper, there are two aims to be done: the first aim is to study the correspondence between one and two-components formulae in Ericson, Pauli, and pairing corrections;the second aim is to compare and study the results of Comprehensive formula, which contents with all corrections, with Ericson, Pauli, and pairing formulae. The Comprehensive formula was suggested to simulate the reality. To achieve these aims the 56Fe and 90Zr nuclei were chosen and the results showed that the difference between one and two-components formulae was too small which can be neglected. Furthermore, the results strongly recommended that for cross section calculations of the nuclear reaction, one must use Comprehensive formula rather than Pauli formula.

Phytoplankton Index of Biological Integrity (P-IBI) in Several Marshes, Southern IRAQ

Indices of Biological Integrity (IBIs) are being increasingly used as useful and direct tools for assessing general health of aquatic ecosystems. Although such ecosystems in Iraq, especially the southern marshes, underwent severe alterations during the last two decades, including extensive desiccation in the 1990s, such tools are largely lacking. Phytoplankton Index of Biological Integrity (P-IBI) was developed from data collected seasonally from 2005 up to 2007 in different sites of the southern marshes of Iraq to evaluate the trend of these ecosystems based on phytoplankton data. Ten metrics were selected for measuring P-IBI for the first time in Iraq as a proposed project from Nature Iraq and Twin Rivers Institute, American University of Iraq-Sulaimani. Although generally fluctuated both spatially and temporally, mean P-IBI scores showed better conditions in Al Hawizeh marsh (Good) as compared to the Central and West & East Al Hammar marshes (Fair to Good). However, the results generally indicated evidence of improvement at the Central and West & East Al Hammar marshes, whereas no recovery of the status of water was evident throughout the data obtained at Al Hawizeh marsh. Values were generally higher in winter. These observations clearly reflect the relative stability of the Hawizeh marsh ecosystem which was not subject to the desiccation process in the 1990s, while the severely dried systems of the Central and Hammar marshes are showing positive responses to the restoration efforts that were started after 2003. Among the ten metrics comprising the index, relative abundance of diatoms had the most prominent effect on the P-IBI value in the three marshes. Metrics such as chlorophyll- a concentration and relative abundance of Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta also played a significant role in determining the index value. Continuous monitoring based on the selection of the most suitable metrics is recommended.

Biodegradation of Kirkuk light crude oil by <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>, Northern of Iraq

This study was conducted to identify the viability of Bacillus thuringiensis bacterial on a bio-degradation process for Kirkuk light crude oil. The viable count of Bacillus thuringiensis showed great capability on the biodegradation of crude oil. These bacteria exhibit the ability to dismantle crude oil through clear emulsion layer of crude oil. And they have a good efficiency to dismantle hydrocarbon compounds by 80%, and total biomass reaches to 5 g/l, while the amount of emulsion reaches to 2.3 g/l. For more evidences on the biodegradation action of Bacillus thuringiensis which have been supported by using the technology of gas-Chromatography which confirms the occurring of biodegradation process. The visual examination of gas-Chromatography shows the disappearance of a number of chemicals, as well as decrease in peak area for some material.

Systematic Investigation of Two-Phase Flow in Special Channels

A systematic study of two-phase(water-air)currents in open channels(water-air)has been conducted by means of experiments and numerical simulations.A dedicated device has been designed and manufactured on purpose.The numerical simulations have been based on the solution of a system of mass,momentum and energy balance equations for a two-phase fluid.The effect of different influential parameters has been explored,namely,velocity and dimensions of the channel,surface pressure and tension.

Synthesis, Reactions and Characterization of 1,1’-(1,4-Phenylenebis(3-amino-6-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4,5-diyl))bis(ethan-1-one)

Reaction of 4,4’-(1,4-phenylene)bis(5-acetyl-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile) (1) with methyl iodide afforded the 4,4’-(1,4-phenylene)bis(5-acetyl-6-methyl-2-(methylthio)nicotinonitrile) (2). The reaction of 2 with hydrazine hydrate followed by diazotization reaction af-forded the 1,1’-(1,4-phenylenebis(3-amino-6-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4,5-diyl))bis(e-than-1-one) (3) and 1,1’-(1,4-phenylenebis(3-(chlorodiazenyl)-6-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]-pyridine-4,5-diyl))bis(ethan-1-one) (4) respectively. On the other hand, reaction of 4 with malononitrile, 2-cyanoethanethioamide, ethyl acetoacetate, acetyl acetone, ethyl benzoylacetate, diethylmalonate, ethyl cyanoacetate and phenacylbromide aiming to build up pyrazolotriazine or pyrazole ring on the ring system of 4. Structures of all newly synthesized heterocyclic compounds in the present study were confirmed by considering the data of IR, 1H NMR, mass spectra as well as that of elemental analyses.

Study of the Effect of Himreen Dam on the Phytoplankton Diversity in Dyala River, Iraq

In present study three stations are located on Diyala River has been investigated to study phytoplankton community, the first station was located in jalawlaa area, second station in Himreen impoundment, while the third station is located after the Himreen Dam in Al-Soddur area, A total 134 taxa of Phytoplankton were identified during the study period, 63, 82 and 84 were identified in stations 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The higher density of Phytoplankton observed in station 3, result ranged between 21.16 - 23.88 × 102 cell/l during September and October respectively, then station 2 which has density ranged between 18.44 - 66.188 × 102 cell/l during January and September respectively, while the station 1 has the lowest values during the study comparable to other stations, the result ranged between 5.495 - 70.62 × 102 cell/l during January and April respectively. Species Richness Index ranged from 2.9 - 7.46 in station 1, 4.08 - 7.85 in station 2 and 5.71 - 8.77 in station 3. The result revels that the station 3 show to increase in Richness index value in the most of the months comparable to other stations. The Similarity index also has been calculated among the common species of Phytoplankton through the three station by using the Hierarchical cluster analysis is the highest Similarity percentage in reach in 43.5% for the common species of Phytoplankton between stations 2 and 3.

A Contribution to the Epipelic Algal Ecology in Lotic Ecosystem of Iraq

The study was conducted on epipleic diatoms in a lotic ecosystem. The Al-Shamiyah River was selected which is a distance from industrial activities. Four sites along the river were selected for sampling during the period from March 2013 to February 2014. A total of 173 species of epipelic diatoms were identified. The pennate diatoms predominated and represented about 92.49% of the total diatoms, while centric diatoms formed only 7.51%. The total number of diatoms ranged between 185.1 - 422.34 cell × 104/cm2. Some of the pennate diatom species were Achnanthes affinis Grunow, Achnanthes mintussima Küetzing, Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta (Ehr.) Cleve, Cymbella affinis Küetzing, Diatoma vulgare Bory, Fragilaria capucina Desmazieres, Gomphonema angustatum var. productu Grun., Navicula lanceolata (Ag.) Kuetzing, Navicula radiosa Küetzing, Navicula viridula Küetzing, Nitzschia palea (Kutz.) W. Smith,?Nitzschia romana Grunow. The physicochemical and epipelic algae species indicated that the water quality of the river was clean to moderate water quality.

Synthesis of Multifunctionalised 2-Substituted Benzimidazoles Using Copper (II) Hydroxide as Efficient Solid Catalyst

Here we demonstrate the synthesis of multifunctionalised benzimidazoles through the coupling of o-phenylenediamine with aldehydes by using Copper (II) hydroxide as an efficient solid catalyst in methanol at room temperature. The Copper (II) hydroxide solid catalyst gave better yields (80%-99%) in short reaction time (4-8 h). These commercially available cheap catalysts are more active than many reported expensive heterogeneous catalysts. Using the Copper hydroxide fresh catalyst, the yield of product 3a was 98%, while the recovered catalyst in the three subsequent cycles gave the yield of 94%, 90% and 88% respectively.

Assessment of Environmental Changes in the Iraqi Marshes by Index of Biological Integrity

Preventing water flow through the marshes in southern Iraq was a policy of the previous regime in Iraq during 1990’s. This phenomena lead to tremendous structural changes in ecosystems, however after 2003 rehabilitation policy applied to the area was implementd in order to re-establish marshes ecosystems. In this study, a zooplankton Index of Biotic Integrity (Z-IBI) was measured for the first time in different sites in the Iraqi marshes. The following eight metrics were used: zooplankton ratio, relative abundance of Calanoid, relative abundance of Cyclopoid, relative abundance of Cladocera, relative abundance of Rotifera, biomass of tolerant species, biomass of sensitive species, and ratio of zooplankton biomass to phytoplankton biomass. Results of application of Z-IBI on the Iraqi marshes in this study indicate a slight improvement of water quality in the central marshes and degradation in other parts of the marshes. This work may fill part of the existing research gap in the application of the IBI index in Iraqi inland waters to illustrate the effects of previous deterioration in water quality.

The High Energy Region of the Absorption Edge of a-Si:H, a Theoretical Study—III

In this paper we try to give a reasonable account for the origin of the experimental optical energy gap Eo of a-Si:H deduced from the plot due to Cody ( vs. E). Using a realistic model density of states diagram for a-Si:H and the constant dipole matrix element assumption, and a reasonable definition of the real optical energy gap EG, a new theoretical equation for ε2(E) was derived. The plot of the square root of this function as a function of the photon energy E for appropriate fitting parameters gives a straight line fit in the energy region of significance extrapolating to the energy axis at a value similar to the experimental optical gap but about 0.1 eV lower than the theoretical optical gap EG proposed in our paper. We conclude that the experimental optical gap Eo does not necessarily coincide with any optical transition threshold in the density of states diagram of a-Si:H.