Transcriptome and Metabolome Revealed the Mechanism of NtBRL3 Overexpression Tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.K326)in Response to Drought Stress

Drought has severely affected the yield and quality of commercial crops.The BRI1 family plays an important role in plant response to drought stress,and BRL3 gene plays an important role in the study of drought in Arabidopsis thaliana.In this study,NtBRL3 was constructed as a vector and genetically transformed to obtain‘N.Tobacco K326’overexpression of NtBRL3.The enzyme activities of transgenic tobacco and wild-type tobacco were measured and transcriptome and metabolome analyses were performed.The results showed that the antioxidant enzymes of transgenic tobacco were more active under drought conditions,and 85 significantly differentially metabolites and 106 significantly differentially expressed genes were identified in the metabolome and transcriptome analyses,respectively.Transgenic tobacco NtBRL3ox demonstrated an excessive accumulation of droughtrelated metabolites,sugars such as sucrose and maltotetraose,and amino acids such as proline,compared with WT.We discovered drought-related differential genes in the root transcriptome,among which LOX6,RD22,WSD1,CCD8,and UGT were key genes which play an important role in plant response to drought stress.Our results demonstrate that NtBRL3 overexpression in K326 enhances drought resistance in transgenic tobacco.

Study on the Cultivation Problems and Strategies for New Professional Tobacco Farmers in China

At present,there are still many difficulties in China s tobacco farmers,such as unreasonable age structure,generally low education level,lack of management ability,and low planting efficiency.It is necessary to cultivate new professional tobacco farmers.Based on the practical problems existing in the cultivation of professional tobacco farmers in China,such as vague screening criteria,lack of pertinence in training content,single training mode,immature evaluation system,insufficient follow-up support and unsystematic cultivation mechanism,this study put forward corresponding strategies and suggestions.

Facile preparation and efficient MnxCoy porous nanosheets for the sustainable catalytic process of soot

The pursuit of high-performance is worth considerable effort in catalysis for energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. To develop redox catalysts with superior performance for soot combustion, a series of Mn_(x)Co_(y) oxides were synthesized using MgO template substitution.This method greatly improves the preparation and catalytic efficiency and is more in line with the current theme of green catalysts and sustainable development. The resulting Mn_(1)Co_(2.3) has a strong activation capability of gaseous oxygen due to a high concentration of Co^(3+) and Mn^(3+). The Mn doping enhanced the intrinsic activity by prompting oxygen vacancy formation and gaseous oxygen adsorption. The nanosheet morphology with abundant mesoporous significantly increased the solid–solid contact efficiency and improved the adsorption capability of gaseous reactants. The novel design of Mn_(1)Co_(2.3)oxide enhanced its catalytic performance through a synergistic effect of Mn doping and the porous nanosheet morphology, showing significant potential for the preparation of high-performance soot combustion catalysts.

A mite parasitoid,Pyemotes zhonghuajia,negatively impacts the fitness traits and immune response of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda

Parasitoids are key regulators in ecological communities and widely used as agents in biocontrol programmes.The fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda,recently invaded multiple continents and caused substantial economic losses in agriculture.Pyemotes zhonghuajia,a newly identified mite parasitoid,has shown potential for controlling various agricultural insect pests.Therefore,this study tested the performance of P.zhonghuajia in parasitising S.frugiperda.We also investigated the sublethal effects of parasitism by P.zhonghuajia on host fitness traits,transgenerational impacts,and cellular and humoral immunity.Our result showed that the fifth-instar larvae of S.frugiperda parasitised by 40 P.zhonghuajia were all dead(i.e.,a lethal effect),while parasitism by 5 or 10 P.zhonghuajia was considered sublethal since many S.frugiperda survived to adulthood and produced offspring after mating.The sublethal influences from parasitism by P.zhonghuajia resulted in reduced pupal weight,adult emergence rate and fecundity,but increased developmental time and longevity.Parasitism at both lethal(40 mites)and sublethal(10 mites)levels impaired the cellular and humoral immunity of S.frugiperda.This study presents the first empirical evidence that mite parasitoids can negatively influence host immunity.Moreover,it provides insights into the biocontrol potential of mite parasitoids and their interactions with hosts.

The Mechanism of Carotenoid Degradation in Flue-Cured Tobacco and Changes in the Related Enzyme Activities at the Leaf-Drying Stage During the Bulk Curing Process

The mechanism of carotenoid degradation and the changes in the activities of related enzymes in flue-cured tobacco at the leaf-drying stage during the bulk-curing process were studied in order to provide theoretical basis for optimization of curing technology. The effect of different rising speeds of temperature on the carotenoid degradation and the related enzymes activities at the color-fixing stage during the bulk curing process was studied by using the electric-heated flue-curing barn designed by Henan Agricultural University, China, based on curing technology with yellowing at low temperature and moderate humidity and leaf drying at moderate humidity. The results showed that the carotenoid degradation components (β-carotene, lutein, neoxanthin, and violaxthin) decreased gradually at the color-fixing stage during the bulk curing process. The carotenoid degradation components viz., β-carotene, lutein, neoxanthin, and violaxthin at the slow heating curing (T1) were relatively higher than the rapid heating curing (T2) accounting for 10, 2, 32 and 32% respectively, but there were no differences among treatments (P > 0.05). The effect of different conditions of curing on the activities of enzymes related to carotenoids degradation were significant. The lipoxygenase, phenylalanine ammonialyase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase enzymes had a bidirectional effect on the quality of tobacco leaves and it was beneficial to form more premise matter of aroma based on the higher enzyme activities at the early leaf-drying stage. The slow heating could regulate the change in various enzymes’ activities reasonably, making cell redox reaction to reach the dynamic balance and make the degradation of carotenoids adequately. Meanwhile, it could avoid the occurrence of browning reaction and provide foundation for improving the quality of tobacco and optimization of technology for bulk curing and further enhancing aroma.

Detection and Quantitative Analysis of Dominant Bacteria On Aging Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves

[Objective] The aim was to construct the internal motivation of flued-cured tobacco natural aging. [Method] The variation of DNA copies of Bacillus megaterium, amylase activity, PPO, peroxydase and content of starch, neutro-protein, polyphenol in different aging period were investigated using Henan flue-cured tobacco leaves. [Result] Results showed that the DNA copies of Bacillus megaterium increased initially but decreased subsequently with the aging time. The DNA copies of Bacillus per gram of tobacco leaf surface reached the maximum number at 6 months aging. The activities of four enzymes showed the same variation trend as in DNA copies, and also reached the highest level at 6 months aging. Chemical ingredients, however, displayed a downward trend. The variation of enzyme activity and content of chemical composition were reflected in the changes of DNA copies in Bacillus megaterium. [Conclusion] The result indicate that Bacillus megaterium was the internal motivation of flue-cured tobacco natural aging.

Determination of Heavy Metals in Tobacco by ICP-MS and Analysis of Uncertainty

The research aims to set up the determination method of heavy metals in tobacco by ICP-MS and analyze its uncertainty. Microwave digest technique is used for decomposition of the tobacco samples. Bi,Sc,Ge and In are employed as internal standards to eliminate the interference of the matrix. A method is developed for simultaneous determination of Cr,Cu,As,Cd,Hg and Pb in tobacco from Yunnan Province by ICP-MS,and the measurement uncertainty is evaluated by metrological method. The test results indicate that in the content range of0- 1. 0 g / ml,the linearly dependent coefficient of six elements is 1. 0000,and the RSD achieves 1. 5%- 11%( n = 8). The elemental content in tobacco is as follows: Cr( 2. 92,0. 24) mg / kg,Cu( 3. 64,0. 24) mg / kg,As( 0. 467,0. 025) mg / kg,Cd( 3. 12,0. 15) mg / kg,Hg( 0. 035,0. 006) mg/kg,Pb( 4. 62,0. 36) mg/kg. The uncertainty of sample size,the constant volume of the sample solution can be neglected. It is concluded that the method is accurate,simple,sensitive and rapid.

Effects of Organic Fertilizers Made from Distiller＇s Grains on the Growth and Development of Flue-cured Tobacco

Pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of different organic fertilizers made from distiller's grains on the physiological characteristics and growth of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that the agronomic traits and biomass of flue-cured tobacco in the three treatments were higher than that of the control group,and the mixed application of different organic fertilizers made from distiller's grains and compound fertilizer could promote the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco significantly.

GIS Based Aroma Characteristic for Regional Distribution of Tobacco Using Kriging Interpolation Method Set in Henan Province of China

To study the regional distribution features of aroma characteristics, the regional distribution maps of aroma characteristics of 225 tobacco leaf samples from Henan Province were drawn by Kriging interpolation method in ArcGIS. The results showed that:(1) the aroma quality of flue-cured tobacco from Henan Province tobacco-growing areas ranged from better to slightly better and aroma quantity ranged from just a little to much. The ability of diffusiveness expressed slight to a little strong and the raw green odour, immature odour and ligneous odour were tiny;(2) there were significant differences between the aroma quality and scorched odour and no statistical differences among the aroma quantity, diffusiveness, raw green odour, ligneous odour and immature odour from different counties;(3) there were trends that scale of aroma quality increased from southwest to both north and east, aroma quantity showed a patchy distribution in space, diffusiveness decreased from east to west, scorched odour increased from west to both north and south, ligneous odour increased from north to south and green odour increased from south to north.

Change of Phosphate Fraction during Composting of Fresh Waste Leaves of Tobacco

Environmental issue has concerned the public with the build-up of soil phosphorus(P) following application of organic manure.This demands a fully understanding of the change of phosphorus during composting of fresh waste leaves of tobacco and finding out the status of P fertilizer in leaf-made manure.This study had shown that water-soluble and HCl-soluble phosphon were the dominant fractions of P in the compost of fresh waste leaves,in the ranges of 19%-41% and 17%-43%,respectively.However,the former declined progressively upon composting time,but the latter increased,indicating transformation of the more vulnerable water soluble P to the more recalcitrant HCl-extractable P.

Com parison of Amino Acids in Root Exudates of Flue-cured Tobacco Varieties with Different Resistances against Black Shank

In order to explore the differences of amino acids in root exudates and plant tissues,we selected four flue-cured tobacco varieties [Yunyan 87(Ⅰ),K326( Ⅱ),NC102( Ⅲ),Hongda( Ⅳ) ]as the test materials and studied the components and mass fractions of amino acids in rhizosphere soil,non rhizosphere soil,roots and leaves via high performance capillary zone electrophoresis. Ten amino acids were detected out from four varieties,including histidine,lysine,tryptophan,phenylalanine,valine,threonine,proline,serine,alanine and glycine. The mass fractions of amino acids in leaves and roots were higher than those in rhizosphere soil and non rhizosphere soil. In rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil,the mass fractions of lysine,phenylalanine,threonine,proline and glycine in susceptible varieties( Ⅲ,Ⅳ) were higher than those in resistant varieties(Ⅰ,Ⅱ). In rhizosphere soil,the total amino acids successively were Ⅳ > Ⅲ >Ⅰ> Ⅱ,and in non rhizosphere soil were Ⅲ > Ⅳ >Ⅰ> Ⅱ. The total amino acids in roots of variety Ⅳ was the highest,up to 6 359. 195 μg / g. In leaves,the total amino acids in varietiesⅠand Ⅱ were higher than those in varieties Ⅲ and Ⅳ. The results indicated that amino acids could secrete to rhizosphere via root secretion,and the compositions and mass fractions of amino acids varied with flue-cured tobacco varieties,thus the secretion amount of susceptible varieties was higher than that of resistant varieties.

Effects of Distiller's Grain Substrate with Acid Regulation on the Growth of Tobacco Seedlings in Floating Breeding System

In order to reduce the use of peat resources and realize the sustainable development of tobacco,the pH of distiller's grain substrate was adjusted with humic acid,and the effects of various distiller's grain substrates on the growth of tobacco seedlings were studied to find out the method of cultivating high-quality tobacco seedlings by using distiller's grain substrate. The results showed that when 60% of humic acid was added to the distiller's grain substrate made from coarse distiller's grains,fine distiller's grains,perlite and vermiculite,both the pH and electrical conductivity decreased significantly and were similar to that of the conventional substrate. Moreover,the emergence rate of tobacco seedlings,the rate of strong tobacco seedlings,leaf number,stem height,root growth and quality of tobacco seedlings were good.

Analysis of the Appearance Quality of Tobacco Leaves in the Tobacco-growing Areas of Qujing City

In order to set up the digitization indices system of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves in Qujing. According to the relevant standards,the quantitative analysis on appearance quality of 39 cutter and upper tobacco leaf samples which were collected from eight fluecured tobacco production regions of Qujing City,Yunnan Province were carried out in 2011,respectively. The results showed that the difference in evaluation score of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco in eight regions was not significant. The tobacco leaves had high maturity,high oil content,loose structure and good appearance quality. The scores of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco in Shizong County and Malong County are higher than other regions. The two regions are suitable for tobacco plantation. The preliminary digitization indices provide reference and guidance to tobacco production and standards system of tobacco leaves base.

Effects of Modular Threshing and Redrying on Color Difference and Polyphenols of Tobacco Leaves

[Objectives]This study was conducted to analyze changes of color difference and polyphenols and their relationship in the process of threshing and redrying.[Methods]The change trends of color difference parameters L,a,b,H^(0),C and polyphenol contents in tobacco leaves in the middle leaf module and the Pearson correlation between them were analyzed.[Results]During threshing and redrying,L and H^(0)of tobacco showed a decreasing trend,but H^(0)changed slightly;the values of a and C showed an inverted"S"change trend,and the differences between various processes were significant;and the value of b decreased first and then increased.The content of chlorogenic acid and scopoletin decreased first,then increased,and then decreased during threshing and redrying;rutin content showed a significant decreasing trend.The value of L was in an extremely significant positive correlation with rutin content;the value of a was in an extremely significant negative correlation with chlorogenic acid content;b value was also significantly correlated with rutin;and H^(0)was in significant correlation and extremely significant correlation with rutin and total polyphenols,respectively.[Conclusions]This study provides technical support for online detection of tobacco leaf components by the color difference method and for the homogenization of threshing and redrying.

Preliminary Studies on Evaluation and Change Trends of Dominant Components in New Types of Tobacco Sheets by Thick Pulp Process

[Objectives]This study was conducted to deeply understand the effects of production process on the quality of new types of tobacco sheets with different flavors.[Methods]Based on the pilot production process of thick pulp method,four different flavors of tobacco sheets were sampled at several links in the production process,for the detection of the contents of the main components in the samples,including propylene glycol,glycerol,menthol and glyceryl triacetate,so as to explore the change trends of various components in the thick pulp process.[Results]The change laws of propylene glycol and glycerol contents had a very high similarity,showing a trend of first decreasing and increasing then.The changes of menthol content and glyceryl triacetate content were greatly affected by the specific flavor formula.As one of the indexes of the new tobacco evaluation system,the alcohol-to-ester ratio data need to be further improved in the actual production and application process.[Conclusions]This study provides basic data support for improving the quality of tobacco sheets.

Analysis on Irrational Decision Making of Tobacco Family Farmers from the Perspective of Optimal Scale of Efficiency

The larger the difference between the willingness scale of tobacco family farmers and the optimal scale of efficiency,the greater the degree of irrationality,and the higher the decision making risk.With the aid of DEA model,this study calculated the optimal scale of efficiency of Guiyang tobacco family farms.Using the ratio of willingness scale and efficiency optimal scale,it measured the degree of irrationality of family farmers.In addition,with the help of multiple linear regression model,it explained the irrational decision making mechanism of family farmers.Finally,it made a portrait of farmers who tend to make irrational decisions,to find specific farmers and guide them in their production and operation,reduce the risk of planting scale decision making and stabilize the sustainable development of the tobacco industry.

Fitness of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda to three solanaceous vegetables

The fall armyworm(FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda Smith(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)is an important agricultural pest that invaded China in the middle of December 2018.As a polyphagous pest,FAW is identified as a serious threat to agricultural production and food security in China.Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.),tomato(Solanum lycopersicum Mill.)and eggplant(Solanum melongena L.)are three of dominant solanaceous vegetables of this country.To our knowledge,the effects of these plants on the performances of FAW have not been well studied.In this study we assessed the fitness of this pest to these three plants.Results showed that FAW can complete its life cycle when fed with tomato and pepper,but not on eggplant.The population parameters of FAW fed with maize(Zea mays L.)and the three solanaceous vegetables were compared using the age-stage,two-sex life table method.Developmental duration was significantly different in the larval stage,but not in the pupae stage.FAW fed with pepper had the longest pre-adult period(41.73 d)and the lightest pupal weight(0.1134 g);the survival rate was lower than FAW fed with tomato.Significant differences were observed in the mean fecundity of female,with the highest(943.95 eggs)laid by FAW fed with tomato.FAW had the shortest mean generation time(T),the highest intrinsic rate of increase(r)and finite rate of increase(λ)on maize,and the highest net reproductive rate(R_(0))on tomato.Overall,FAW fitness on the three solanaceous vegetables was:tomato>pepper>eggplant.This study provides the foundation for further assessment of FAW risk to solanaceous vegetables and for establishing corresponding control strategies in China.

The roles of microRNAs in regulating root formation and growth in plants

MicroRNAs(miRNAs) are small(ca. 20-24 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs that have recently been recognized as key post-transcriptional modulators of gene expression;and they are involved in many biological processes in plants, such as root growth and development. The miRNAs regulate root elongation, lateral root(LR) formation and adventitious root(AR) development in response to hormone signaling, nutrient uptake and biotic/abiotic stress. This review provides multiple perspectives on the involvement of miRNAs in regulating root growth and development in plants. We also discuss several crucial mechanisms of miRNAs, their relationships with transcription factors and the target gene-mediated hormone signaling interactions in the regulation of root growth and development.

Alteration of fecal microbiome and metabolome by mung bean coat improves diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice

Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and its derived metabolites has been linked to the occurrence and development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Our previous study has demonstrated that mung bean coat(MBC)might be mainly responsible for the beneficial effects of whole mung bean on high fat diet(HFD)-induced metabolic disorders.To investigate whether MBC,which is rich in dietary fiber and phytochemicals,can protect against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in mice via targeting gut microbiota and its metabolites,we conducted this study.Results showed that MBC could effectively alleviative the obese phenotype,reduce the lipid accumulation and insulin resistance,and improve the hepatic oxidative stress and inflammatory response.Furthermore,MBC significantly prevented the HFD-induced changes in the structure and composition of gut microbiota,characterized by promoting the bloom of Akkermansia,Lachnospiraceae_NK4 A136_group,and norank_f_Muribaculaceae,and along with the elevated short-chain fatty acids concentrations.Non-targeted metabolomic analysis indicated a metabolism disorder that was obviously improved by MBC via regulating sphingolipid metabolism andα-linolenic acid metabolism.These findings suggested that MBC could improve hepatic steatosis through manipulating the crosstalk between gut microbiota and its metabolites.

Synthesis of new 2,5-dimethyl pyrrole derivatives from acetonylacetone

Acetonylacetone 1 与 thiourea，苯胺， glycin 和酸的 glutamic 被对待分别地由 Paal 鈥揔n orr 反应给吡咯衍生物 2， 3， 5，和 9。然后， 3 成功地被转变成相关吡咯由 Mannich 反应的衍生物 4。混合物 6， 7 和 8 被反应获得 5 与由酯化作用反应的 phenethyl 酒精， phenylallylic 白酒和叶酒精分别地。所有新产品的结构被红外， NMR 和 HRMS 系列阐明。