Chlorogenic Acid Maintains Glucose Homeostasis through Modulating the Expression of SGLT-1,GLUT-2,and PLG in Different Intestinal Segments of Sprague-Dawley Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

Objective To reveal the effects and related mechanisms of chlorogenic acid(CGA)on intestinal glucose homeostasis.Methods Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups:normal chow(NC),high-fat diet(HFD),HFD with low-dose CGA(20 mg/kg,HFD-LC),and HFD with high-dose CGA(90 mg/kg,HFD-HC).The oral glucose tolerance test was performed,and fast serum insulin(FSI)was detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The m RNA expression levels of glucose transporters(Sglt-1 and Glut-2)and proglucagon(Plg)in different intestinal segments(the duodenum,jejunum,ileum,and colon)were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.SGLT-1 protein and the morphology of epithelial cells in the duodenum and jejunum was localized by using immunofluorescence.Results At both doses,CGA ameliorated the HFD-induced body weight gain,maintained FSI,and increased postprandial 30-min glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion.High-dose CGA inhibited the HFD-induced elevation in Sglt-1 expression.Both CGA doses normalized the HFD-induced downregulation of Glut-2 and elevated the expression of Plg in all four intestinal segments.Conclusion An HFD can cause a glucose metabolism disorder in the rat intestine and affect body glucose homeostasis.CGA can modify intestinal glucose metabolism by regulating the expression of intestinal glucose transporters and Plg,thereby controlling the levels of blood glucose and insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis.

Substitution of chemical fertilizer by Chinese milk vetch improves the sustainability of yield and accumulation of soil organic carbon in a double-rice cropping system

The double-rice cropping system is a very important intensive cropping system for food security in China. There have been few studies of the sustainability of yield and accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the double-rice cropping system following a partial substitution of chemical fertilizer by Chinese milk vetch (Mv). We conducted a 10-year (2008–2017) field experiment in Nan County, South-Central China, to examine the double-rice productivity and SOC accumulation in a paddy soil in response to different fertilization levels and Mv application (22.5 Mg ha^–1). Fertilizer and Mv were applied both individually and in combination (sole chemical fertilizers, Mv plus 100, 80, 60, 40, and 0% of the recommended dose of chemical fertilizers, labeled as F100, MF100, MF80, MF60, MF40, and MF0, respectively). It was found that the grain yields of double-rice crop in treatments receiving Mv were reduced when the dose of chemical fertilizer was reduced, while the change in SOC stock displayed a double peak curve. The MF100 produced the highest double-rice yield and SOC stock, with the value higher by 13.5 and 26.8% than that in the F100. However, the grain yields increased in the MF80 (by 8.4% compared to the F100), while the SOC stock only increased by 8.4%. Analogous to the change of grain yield, the sustainable yield index (SYI) of double rice were improved significantly in the MF100 and MF80 compared to the F100, while there was a slight increase in the MF60 and MF40. After a certain amount of Mv input (22.5 Mg ha^–1), the carbon sequestration rate was affected by the nutrient input due to the stimulation of microbial biomass. Compared with the MF0, the MF100 and MF40 resulted in a dramatically higher carbon sequestration rate (with the value higher by 71.6 and 70.1%), whereas the MF80 induced a lower carbon sequestration rate with the value lower by 70.1% compared to the MF0. Based on the above results we suggested that Mv could partially replace chemical fertilizers (e.g., 40–60%) to improve or maintain the productivity and sustainability of the double-rice cropping system in South-Central China.

Responses of wheat seedlings to cadmium,mercury and trichlorobenzene stresses

The molecular response of wheat（Triticum aestivum L.,cv.Yangmai 13） seedlings to heavy metal（Cd,Hg） and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene（TCB） stresses were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,image analysis,and peptide mass fingerprinting.The results showed inhibitions of root and shoot growth by Cd,Hg,and TCB.These stresses led to water deficit and lipid phosphorylation in the seedling which also promoted protein phophorylation in the leaves.Hg stress inhibited protein synthesis while Cd and TCB stresses induced or up-regulated more proteins in the leaves.Most of these induced proteins played important roles in the biochemical reactions involved in tolerance of wheat to Cd and TCB stresses.The primary functions of Cd-and TCB-induced proteins included methionine metabolism,Rubisco modification,protein phosphorylation regulation,protein configuration protection,H＋ transmembrane transportation and also the synthesis of ethylene,defense substances and cell wall compounds.

Identification of yellowhorn(Xanthoceras sorbifolium)WRKY transcription factor family and analysis of abiotic stress response model

WRKY transcription factors are widely distributed in higher plants and play important roles in many biological processes,including stress resistance.The recently published genome sequence of yellowhorn,an oil tree with robust resistance to cold,drought,heat,salt and alkali,provides an excellent opportunity to identify and characterize the entire yellowhorn WRKY protein family and a basis for the study of abiotic stress resistance of WRKY gene family in forest species.In the present comprehensive analysis of WRKY transcription factors in yellowhorn,65 WRKY genes were identified and defined based on their location on the chromosome.According to their structure and phylogenetic relationships,XsWRKY genes clustered into WRKY groupsⅠ-Ⅲ.Segmental duplication events played a significant role in the expansion of WRKY gene family.Furthermore,transcriptomic data and real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that expression of XsWRKY genes responding to salt and drought stresses and a hormone treatment.We also determined structures of the encoded proteins,c is-elements of the promoter region,and expression patterns.These results provide a foundation for the study of the biological function of WRKY transcription factors in yellowhorn.

Characterization and mapping of a novel light-dependent lesion mimic mutant lmm6 in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

A novel rice lesion mimic mutant (LMM) was isolated from an ethane methyl sulfonate (EMS)-induced 02428 mutant bank. The mutant, tentatively designated as lmm6, develops necrotic lesions in the whole growth period along with changes in several important agronomic traits. We found that the initiation of the lesions was induced by light and cel death occurred in lmm6 accompanied with accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The lower chlorophyl content, soluble protein content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, the higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content were detected in lmm6 than in the wild type (WT). Moreover, the observation by transmission electronic microscope (TEM) demonstrated that some organel es were damaged and the stroma lamel a of chloroplast was irregular and loose in mesophyl cel of lmm6. In addition, lmm6 was more resistant than WT to rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea infection, which was consistent with increased expression of four genes involved in the defense-related reaction. Genetic analysis showed that mutant trait of lmm6 is inherited as a monogenic recessive nuclear gene located on the long arm of chromosome 6. Using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, the target gene was ifnal y delimited to an interval of 80.8 kb between markers MM2359 and MM2370, containing 7 annotated genes. Taken together, our results provide the information to identify a new gene involved in rice lesion mimic, which wil be helpful in clarifying the mechanism of cel death and disease resistance in rice.

Selection of Submergence Tolerant Homozygous Line by STS Marker and Twice Submergence Stress

One sequence tagged site marker Subl-1 and twice submergence stress method were used in selection of submergence tolerant homozygous line from Sub-lBS, a submergence tolerant, bentazon sensitive and photoperiod-sensitive and/or thermo-sensitive genic male sterile line that developed by our laboratory. The results revealed that the original Sub-lBS was heterozygous in SublA-1 locus even though it was identical in almost all of agronomical traits and the segregation of SublA-1 was in accordance with Mendelian law based on chi-square test. And then the original Sub-IBS was divided into two groups： one was ofSublA-1 introgression and the other was not; and the two groups were tested by twice submergence stress method. After the first submergence stress that lasted for 12 d, the average plant heights were significant difference at the 1% level between the two groups. After recovery for 10 d, the second submergence stress sustained for 18 d was carried on; and the group with SublA-1 gene was found apparently tolerant than the other group in submergence tolerance.

Mitochondrion-targeted PENTATRICOPEPTIDE REPEAT5 is required for cis-splicing of nad4 intron 3 and endosperm development in rice

Endosperm as the storage organ of starch and protein in cereal crops largely determines grain yield and quality.Despite the fact that several pentatricopeptide repeat(PPR)proteins required for endosperm development have been identified in rice,the molecular mechanisms of many P-type PPR proteins in endosperm development remains unclear.Here,we isolated a rice floury endosperm mutant ppr5 that developed small starch grains and an abnormal aleurone layer,accompanied by decreased starch,protein,and amylose contents.Map-based cloning combined with a complementation test demonstrated that PPR5 encodes a P-type PPR protein that is localized to the mitochondria.The mutation in PPR5 caused reduced splicing efficiency of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 4(nad4)gene intron 3 and reduced complex I assembly and activity.Loss of PPR5 function greatly upregulated expression of alternative oxidases(AOXs),reduced ATP production,and affected mitochondrial morphology.We demonstrate that PPR5,as a P-type PPR protein,is required for mitochondrial function and endosperm development by controlling the cis-splicing of mitochondrial nad4 intron 3.

Structural and Histochemical Characterization of Developing Rice Caryopsis

The development of pericarp, seed coat, starchy endosperm and aleurone of the rice caryopsis was investigated, histochemically and structurally, from the time of flowering to maturity. The results showed that during its growth, the maximum length of the caryopsis was attained first, followed by width and then thickness. Histochemical examination of the caryopsis showed that starch was mainly accumulated in the endosperm, but the endosperm showed no metabolic activity, while embryo and pericarp contained a few starch grains, and embryo and aleurone were strongly active. Aleuronic cells contained many aleurone grains and spherosomes, and aleurone in the dorsal region developed earlier and contained more layers of cells. Amyloplasts in endosperm contained many starch granules and were spherical at early stages but polyhedric at late stages. The protein bodies appeared later than amyloplasts, and the number of protein bodies in subaleurone was greater than those in the starchy endosperm. The white-belly portion of endosperm might be relative to the status of amyloplast development.

Surface Display of Rice Stripe Virus NSvc2 and Analysis of Its Membrane Fusion Activity

Rice stripe virus (RSV) infects rice and is transmitted in a propagative manner by the small brown planthopper. How RSV enters an insect cell to initiate the infection cycle is poorly understood. Sequence analysis revealed that the RSV NSvc2 protein was similar to the membrane glycoproteins of several members in the family Bunyaviridae and might induce cell membrane fusion. To conveniently study the membrane fusion activity of NSvc2, we constructed cell surface display vectors for expressing Nsvc2 on the insect cell surface as the membrane glycoproteins of the enveloped viruses. Our results showed that NSvc2 was successfully expressed and displayed on the surface of insect Sf9 cells. When induced by low pH, the membrane fusion was not observed in the cells that expressed NSvc2. Additionally, the membrane fusion was also not detected when co-expressing Nsvc2 and the viral capsid protein on insect cell surface. Thus, RSV NSvc2 is probably different from the phlebovirus counterparts, which could suggest different functions. RSV might enter insect cells other than by fusion with plasma or endosome membrane.

The genome of Medicago polymorpha provides insights into its edibility and nutritional value as a vegetable and forage legume

Medicago polymorpha is a nutritious and palatable forage and vegetable plant that also fixes nitrogen.Here,we reveal the chromosome-scale genome sequence of M.polymorpha using an integrated approach including Illumina,PacBio and Hi-C technologies.We combined PacBio full-length RNA-seq,metabolomic analysis,structural anatomy analysis and related physiological indexes to elucidate the important agronomic traits of M.polymorpha for forage and vegetable usage.The assembled M.polymorpha genome consisted of 457.53Mb with a long scaffold N50 of 57.72Mb,and 92.92%(441.83Mb)of the assembly was assigned to seven pseudochromosomes.Comparative genomic analysis revealed that expansion and contraction of the photosynthesis and lignin biosynthetic gene families,respectively,led to enhancement of nutritious compounds and reduced lignin biosynthesis in M.polymorpha.In addition,we found that several positively selected nitrogen metabolism-related genes were responsible for crude protein biosynthesis.Notably,the metabolomic results revealed that a large number of flavonoids,vitamins,alkaloids,and terpenoids were enriched in M.polymorpha.These results imply that the decreased lignin content but relatively high nutrient content of M.polymorpha enhance its edibility and nutritional value as a forage and vegetable.Our genomic data provide a genetic basis that will accelerate functional genomic and breeding research on M.polymorpha as well as other Medicago and legume plants.

Differing responses of root morphology and physiology to nitrogen application rates and their relationships with grain yield in rice

Root morphology and physiology influence aboveground growth and yield formation in rice.However,root morphological and physiological differences among rice varieties with differing nitrogen(N)sensitivities and their relationship with grain yield are still unclear.In this study,rice varieties differing in N sensitivity over many years of experiments were used.A field experiment with multiple N rates(0,90,180,270,and 360 kg ha^(-1))was conducted to elucidate the effects of N application on root morphology,root physiology,and grain yield.A pot experiment with root excision and exogenous application of 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)at heading stage was used to further verify the above effects.The findings revealed that(1)under the same N application rate,N-insensitive varieties(NIV)had relatively large root biomass(root dry weight,length,and number).Grain yield was associated with root biomass in NIV.The oxidation activity and zeatin(Z)+zeatin riboside(ZR)contents in roots obviously and positively correlated with grain yield in N-sensitive varieties(NSV),and accounted for its higher grain yield than that of NIV at lower N application rates(90 and 180 kg ha^(-1)).(2)The root dry weight required for equal grain yield of NIV was greater than that of NSV.Excision of 1/10 and 1/8 of roots at heading stage had no discernible effect on the yield of Liangyoupeijiu(NIV),and it significantly reduced yield by 11.5%and 21.3%in Tianyouhuazhan(NSV),respectively,compared to the treatment without root excision.The decrease of filled kernels and grain weight after root excision was the primary cause for the yield reduction.Root excision and exogenous 6-BA application after root excision had little influence on the root activity of NIV.The oxidation activity and Z+ZR contents in roots of NSV decreased under root excision,and the increase in the proportion of excised roots aggravated these effects.The application of exogenous 6-BA increased the root activity of NSV and increased filled kernels and grain weight,thereby reducing yield loss after root excision.Thus,the root biomass of NIV was large,and there may be a phenomenon of"root growth redundancy."Vigorous root activity was an essential feature of NSV.Selecting rice varieties with high root activity or increasing root activity by cultivation measures could lead to higher grain yield under lower N application rates.

Comparison in copper accumulation and physiological responses of Gracilaria lemaneiformis and G. lichenoides (Rhodophyceae)

Heavy metal pollution has become a worldwide problem in aquaculture. We studied copper （Cu^2＋） accumulation and physiological responses of two red algae Gracilaria lemaneiformis and Gracilaria lichenoides from China under Cu^2＋ exposure of 0-500 μg/L in concentration. Compared with G. lemaneiformis, G. lichenoides was more capable in accumulating Cu^2＋, specifically, more Cu〉 on extracellular side （cell wall） than on intracellular side （cytoplasm） and in cell organelles （especially chloroplast, cell nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosome）. In addition, G. lichenoides contained more insoluble polysaccharide in cell wall, which might promote the extracellular Cu^2＋-binding as an efficient barrier against metal toxicity. Conversely, G. lemaneiformis was more vulnerable than G. lichenoides to Cu^2＋ toxin for decreases in growth, pigment （chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, phycobiliprotein, and B-carotene） content, and photosynthetic activity. Moreover, more serious oxidative damages in G. lemaneiformis than in G. lichenoides, in accumulation of reactive oxidative species and malondialdehyde, and in electrolyte leakage, because of lower antioxidant enzyme （superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase） activities. Therefore, G. lichenoides was less susceptible to Cu〉 stress than G. lemaneiformis.

Hypo-Calories with Micronutrients and Fat Emulsion of Pre-Operative Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition in Malnutrition Risk Rectal Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Malnutrition has been recognized as a significant risk factor for the post operated patients, especially for those patients undergoing abdominal operations. This study evaluated the effect of hypo-calories with micronutrients of pre-operative peripheral parenteral nutrition support (PPPN) for rectal cancer patients. Retrospective cross sectional study method was used to investigate. We screened rectal cancer patients past year pre-operative with malnutrition risk from our cancer database and divided into 2 groups, received or not received PPPN and compared the post-operative outcomes. The results showed that the post-operative serum albumin of the 25 patients received PPPN averaged 2.5 ± 0.32 g/dl;significantly better than those of the 15 patients not received PPPN (non-PPPN), which averaged 1.92 ± 0.42 g/dl. The first ambulatory time required 3.0 ± 0.8 days for the PPPN, significantly shorter than those for the non-PPPN, which averaged 4.9 ± 2.4 days. Post-operative hospital days for the patients received PPPN were 18.2 ± 10.5 day, also significantly fewer than the non-PPPN, which averaged 33.7 ± 20.0 day. More than 25% of the non-PPPN was infected with sepsis, while none was infected in the PPPN patients. In conclusion, this study verified the benefits of micronutrients of pre-operative peripheral parenteral nutrition support for rectal cancer patients.

Identification of the Regulator of G-Protein Signaling Protein Responsive to Plant Hormones and Abiotic Stresses in Brassica napus

Regulator of G protein signaling proteins （RGS） accelerate the rate of GTP hydrolysis by Gαproteins, thus acting as negative regulators of G-protein signaling. Studies on Arabidopsis and soybean have proven that RGS proteins are physiologically important in plants and contribute to the signaling pathways regulated by different stimuli. Brassica napus is an important agriculturally relevant plant, the wildly planted oilseed rape in the world, which possesses an identiifed Gα, Gβand Gγsubunits. In the present study, we identiifed and characterized a Brassica napus RGS gene, BnRGS1, which contained an open reading frame of 1 380 bp encoding a putative 52.6 kDa polypeptide of 459 amino acids, within seven putative transmembrane domains in the N-terminal and RGS box in the C-terminal. BnRGS1 is located on the membrane in onion epidermal cells and tobacco leaves, and interacts with BnGA1 in the mating-based split-ubiquitin system. The expression levels of BnRGS1 were quite different in different tissues and developmental stages, and induced by abscisic acid （ABA） and indole-3-acetic acid （IAA）. The effects of gibberellin （GA3） and brassinolide （BR） on the expression of BnRGS1 were irregular under the concentrations tested. Moreover, the transcript level of BnRGS1 was also induced by polyethylene glycol （PEG）, whereas remained little changed by 200 mmol L-1 NaCl. These results suggested that the BnRGS1 may be involved in B. napus response to plant hormone signaling and abiotic stresses.

Morphological and Physicochemical Properties of Water Chestnut Starches: a Comparative Analysis of Three Varieties

Water chestnut(Eleocharis dulcis) is widely cultivated in many countries for its edible and starchy corms. In this study, starches were separated from Guangxi biqi, Hubei biqi and Anhui biqi, and the morphological and physicochemical characteristics of the starches were systematically investigated. There were significant differences in granule size, total starch and amylose contents among starches from the three water chestnuts which present similar X-ray diffraction patterns and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The starch of Guangxi biqi exhibited higher swelling power and solubility than that of Hubei biqi and Anhui biqi. Thermal and pasting properties of starch were different among the three water chestnuts. When hydrolyzed by porcine pancreatic α-amylase(PPA), starches from Hubei biqi and Anhui biqi had higher hydrolysis degree. The starches from the three water chestnut varieties differed significantly in morphological and physicochemical properties, and these studies may provide useful information for future exploitation and application of water chestnut starch in food and non-food industries.

Effects of root oxidation ability and P on As mobility and bioavailability in rice

The effects of root oxidization ability and P fertilization on As mobility in soils, and subsequently As uptake, translocation and speciation in rice plants were investigated. Results show that root oxidation significantly influences As mobility in rhizoshphere.Genotype TD71 with higher radial oxygen loss(ROL) induces more Fe plaque formation and sequesters more As and P in iron plaque and rhizoshphere soil, leading to the reduction of As accumulation in rice plants. Additionally, P addition mobilizes As in soil solution, and increases As accumulation in rice plants. Arsenic speciation results show that the majority of As species in husks detected is inorganic As, accounting for 82%-93% of the total As, while in grains the majority of As is inorganic As and dimethyl arsenic(DMA), with DMA accounting for 33%-64% of the total As. The fraction of inorganic As decreases while fraction of DMA increases, with increasing As and P concentrations. The study further elucidates the mechanisms involved in effects of ROL on As tolerance and accumulation in rice.

Effect of Metallothionein on Cell Cycle,Apoptosis Rate and Subsets Distribution of Lymphocytes in Peripheral Blood of Dairy Cattle under Heat Stress

[Objective] This study aimed to research the effect of metallothionein on cell cycle, apoptosis rate and subsets distribution of lymphocytes in peripheral blood of dairy cows under heat stress, so as to perfect the regulative mechanism re- searches of MT to anti-heat stress. [Method] Twenty lactating Chinese Holstein cows were randomly divided into four groups （A, B, C and D）, and injected with 0, 4.0, 8.0 and 12.0 mg Zn-metallothionein, respectively by intravenous route. Blood sam- ples were collected at 1＂, 16~, 31~, 46~ and 61~ day, and the dynamic changes of cell cycle, apoptosis rate and subsets distribution of lymphocytes were determined. [Result] The apoptosis rate of cells in group B and C was lower than those in group A by 26.63% （P〉0.05） and 24.84% （P〉0.05） respectively. The number of cells in the Gc/G1 phage in trial groups was increased and the number of cells in the S and GJM phages tended to decrease, but there were no significant differences （P〉 0.05）. The number of CD3~ T cell in three trial groups was greater than those in group A by 7.02% （P〉0.05）, 5.45% （P〉0.05） and 3.85% （P〉0.05） respectively, while the number of CD4~ T cell in trial groups was higher than those in control group by 31.04% （P〈0.05）, 35.68% （P〈0.05） and 39.34% （P〈0.05） respectively. The number of CD8＇ T cell and the levels of CD4＊/CD8~ in trial groups were increased observ- ably, but significant difference （P〈0.05） was observed in the levels of CD4~/CD8~ between groups A and C only. It demonstrated that exogenous Zn-metallothionein can decrease apoptosis rate, improve cell cycle and regulate subsets distribution of lymphocytes in dairy cattle in a dose-dependent manner. [Conclusion] This study will provide scientific basis for safe utilization of MT in dairy industry.

Spatial distribution of Pb and its correlation at different grain positions among wheat varieties for specific end-uses

The relative content of Pb and its correlation were investigated in endosperm, aleurone layer and pericarp respectively among different wheat varieties for specific end-uses (WVFSE) using scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS). The results showed that Pb contents in grains at different positions followed the order of endosperm > pericarp > aleurone. The differences of Pb contents varied among the WVFSE, and wheat with strong gluten had a highest average content of Pb, while wheat with medium gluten had a lowest one. There were significant third order equation correlations between Pb content in endosperm and that in aleurone layer and that in pericarp, respectively. And good correlation coefficients were obtained. However, the correlation differed at different position among WVFSE, which indicated that Pb contents in endosperm, aleurone layer and pericarp were regulated by each other.

ABA-mediated regulation of leaf and root hydraulic conductance in tomato grown at elevated CO2 is associated with altered gene expression of aquaporins

Elevated CO_(2)concentration in the air(e[CO_(2)])decreases stomatal density(SD)and stomatal conductance(gs)where abscisic acid(ABA)may play a role,yet the underlying mechanism remains largely elusive.We investigated the effects of e[CO_(2)](800 ppm)on leaf gas exchange and water relations of two tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)genotypes,Ailsa Craig(WT)and its ABA-deficient mutant(flacca).Compared to plants grown at ambient CO_(2)(400 ppm),e[CO_(2)]stimulated photosynthetic rate in both genotypes,while depressed the gs only in WT.SD showed a similar response to e[CO_(2)]as gs,although the change was not significant.e[CO_(2)]increased leaf and xylem ABA concentrations and xylem sap pH,where the increases were larger in WT than in flacca.Although leaf water potential was unaffected by CO_(2)growth environment,e[CO_(2)]lowered osmotic potential,hence tended to increase turgor pressure particularly for WT.e[CO_(2)]reduced hydraulic conductance of leaf and root in WT but not in flacca,which was associated with downregulation of gene expression of aquaporins.It is concluded that ABA-mediated regulation of gs,SD,and gene expression of aquaporins coordinates the whole-plant hydraulics of tomato grown at different CO_(2)environments.

Stability,detonation properties and pyrolysis mechanisms of polynitrotriprismanes C_6H_(6-n)(NO_2)_n (n=1-6)

To further test whether polynitriprismanes are capable of being potential high energy density materials （HEDMs）, extensive theoretical calculations were carried out to investigate on a series of polynitrotriprismanes （PNNPs）： C6H6-.（NO2）. （n=1-6） Heats of formation （HOFs）, strain energies （SE）, and disproportionation energy （DE） were obtained using B3LYP/6-311＋G（2df, 2p）//B3LYP/6-31G＊ method by designing different isodesmic reactions, respectively. Detonation properties of PNNPs were obtained by the well-known KAMLET-JACOBS equations, using the predicted densities （p） obtained by Monte Carlo method and HOFs. It is found that they increase as the number of nitro groups n varies from 1 to 6, and PNNPs with n〉4 have excellent detonation properties The relative stability and the pyrolysis mechanism of PNNPs were evaluated by the calculated bond dissociation energy （BDE）. The comparison of BDE suggests that rupturing the C--C bond is the trigger for thermolysis of PNNPs. The computed BDE for cleavage of C--C bond （88.5 kJ/mol） further demonstrates that only the hexa-nitrotriprismane can be considered to be the target of HEDMs.