Microsporidia are obligate intracellular protozoal parasites. They are eukaryotic and spore forming. Increasing interest in this parasite as a pathogen in the ocular tissues in recent times is due to increasing awaren...Microsporidia are obligate intracellular protozoal parasites. They are eukaryotic and spore forming. Increasing interest in this parasite as a pathogen in the ocular tissues in recent times is due to increasing awareness of microsporidia as an ocular pathogen and better methods of identification of the organism. It also can cause intestinal, sinus, pulmonary, muscular and renal diseases, in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. Ocular microsporidiosis can occur in isolation or as a part of systemic infections. In earlier published literature, ocular involvement in immunocompetent individuals was more in the form of stromal keratitis and immunocompromised individuals were seen to have keratoconjunctivitis. However, later studies show that this pattern has many variations. Occurrence in rainy season with exposure to muddy water and history of minor trauma is now a known factor. Identification by light microscopy from scrapings with KOH, Gram, Giemsa staining is possible. Growth of the organisms, however, is possible only by cell culture. Species identification is done by polymerase chain reaction and by electron microscopy. Immunofluorescent staining techniques are also available in advanced laboratories for species differentiation of microsporidia. Till date, treatment of ocular microsporidia has not been standardized and varies from simple debridement to use of various antibiotics, antiseptics antifungals and antiviral agents.展开更多
Keratoconus is a progressive corneal thinning,ectatic condition,which affects vision.Recent advances in corneal topography measurements has helped advance proper diagnosis of this condition and increased research and ...Keratoconus is a progressive corneal thinning,ectatic condition,which affects vision.Recent advances in corneal topography measurements has helped advance proper diagnosis of this condition and increased research and clinical interests in the disease etiopathogenesis.Considerable progress has been achieved in understanding the progression of the disease and tear fluid has played a major role in the progress.This review discusses the importance of tear fluid as a source of biomarker for keratoconus and how advances in technology have helped map the complexity of tears and thereby molecular readouts of the disease.Expanding knowledge of the tear proteome,lipidome and metabolome opened up new avenues to study keratoconus and to identify probable prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers for the disease.A multidimensional approach of analyzing tear fluid of patients layering on proteomics,lipidomics and metabolomics is necessary in effectively decoding keratoconus and thereby identifying targets for its treatment.展开更多
文摘Microsporidia are obligate intracellular protozoal parasites. They are eukaryotic and spore forming. Increasing interest in this parasite as a pathogen in the ocular tissues in recent times is due to increasing awareness of microsporidia as an ocular pathogen and better methods of identification of the organism. It also can cause intestinal, sinus, pulmonary, muscular and renal diseases, in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. Ocular microsporidiosis can occur in isolation or as a part of systemic infections. In earlier published literature, ocular involvement in immunocompetent individuals was more in the form of stromal keratitis and immunocompromised individuals were seen to have keratoconjunctivitis. However, later studies show that this pattern has many variations. Occurrence in rainy season with exposure to muddy water and history of minor trauma is now a known factor. Identification by light microscopy from scrapings with KOH, Gram, Giemsa staining is possible. Growth of the organisms, however, is possible only by cell culture. Species identification is done by polymerase chain reaction and by electron microscopy. Immunofluorescent staining techniques are also available in advanced laboratories for species differentiation of microsporidia. Till date, treatment of ocular microsporidia has not been standardized and varies from simple debridement to use of various antibiotics, antiseptics antifungals and antiviral agents.
文摘Keratoconus is a progressive corneal thinning,ectatic condition,which affects vision.Recent advances in corneal topography measurements has helped advance proper diagnosis of this condition and increased research and clinical interests in the disease etiopathogenesis.Considerable progress has been achieved in understanding the progression of the disease and tear fluid has played a major role in the progress.This review discusses the importance of tear fluid as a source of biomarker for keratoconus and how advances in technology have helped map the complexity of tears and thereby molecular readouts of the disease.Expanding knowledge of the tear proteome,lipidome and metabolome opened up new avenues to study keratoconus and to identify probable prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers for the disease.A multidimensional approach of analyzing tear fluid of patients layering on proteomics,lipidomics and metabolomics is necessary in effectively decoding keratoconus and thereby identifying targets for its treatment.
