Heat waves,and an increased number of warm days and nights,have become more prevalent in major agricultural regions of the world.Although well adapted to semi-arid regions,cotton is vulnerable to high temperatures,par...Heat waves,and an increased number of warm days and nights,have become more prevalent in major agricultural regions of the world.Although well adapted to semi-arid regions,cotton is vulnerable to high temperatures,particularly during flowering and boll development.To maintain lint yield potential without compromising its quality under high-temperature stress,it is essential to understand the effects of heat stress on various stages of plant growth and development,and associated tolerance mechanisms.Despite ongoing efforts to gather data on the effects of heat stress on cotton growth and development,there remains a critical gap in understanding the distinct influence of high temperatures during the day and night on cotton yield and quality.Also,identifying mechanisms and target traits that induce greater high day and night temperature tolerance is essential for breeding climate-resilient cotton for future uncertain climates.To bridge these knowledge gaps,we embarked on a rigorous and comprehensive review of published literature,delving into the impact of heat stress on cotton yields and the consequential losses in fiber quality.This review encompasses information on the effects of heat stress on growth,physiological,and biochemical responses,fertilization,cotton yield,and quality.Additionally,we discuss management options for minimizing heat stress-induced damage,and the benefits of integrating conventional and genomics-assisted breeding for developing heat-tolerant cotton cultivars.Finally,future research areas that need to be addressed to develop heat-resilient cotton are proposed.展开更多
Background:The strength of cotton fiber has been extensively studied and significant improvements in fiber strength have been made,but fiber elongation has largely been ignored,despite it contributing to the energy ne...Background:The strength of cotton fiber has been extensively studied and significant improvements in fiber strength have been made,but fiber elongation has largely been ignored,despite it contributing to the energy needed to break fibers,which affects fiber handling and processing.High Volume Instruments(HVI)measure fiber elongation but have not been calibrated for this property,making the measurement unavailable for comparative work among instruments.In prior work,a set of elongation calibration materials had been developed based on Stelometer results.A round trial of ten Australian and U.S.instruments was conducted on six cotton samples representing a range of 4.9%to 8.1%elongation.Results:By scaling the HVI elongation values of each instrument to the values of the two calibration samples,the coefficient of variation in instrument measurements was reduced from an average of 34%for the uncalibrated measurements to 5%for the calibrated measurements.The reduction in variance allows for the direct comparison of results among instruments.A single-point elongation calibration was also assessed but found to be less effective than the proposed two-point calibration.Conclusion:The use of an effective calibration routine on HVI measurement of cotton significantly reduces the coefficient of variation of the elongation measurement within and between instruments.The implementation of the elongation calibration will allow testing and breeding programs to implement high-speed elongation testing which makes the use of elongation values possible in breeding programs.展开更多
Recently,thousands of SSR and now SNP markers have been discovered in cotton.Each of these markers provides a valuable molecular tool applying genetic and genomic research to cotton improvement.Cotton DNA marker datab...Recently,thousands of SSR and now SNP markers have been discovered in cotton.Each of these markers provides a valuable molecular tool applying genetic and genomic research to cotton improvement.Cotton DNA marker database(CMD) continues to serve as a molecular marker resource for展开更多
Previously we identified a major cotton fiber strength QTL(qFS-c7-1)on chromosome A07 using a multiparent advanced generation intercross(MAGIC)population.To assess the stability and transferability of this QTL and its...Previously we identified a major cotton fiber strength QTL(qFS-c7-1)on chromosome A07 using a multiparent advanced generation intercross(MAGIC)population.To assess the stability and transferability of this QTL and its utility in cotton breeding,we made ten new populations.These populations were developed from crosses between MAGIC recombinant inbred lines,or between cotton cultivars that are different from the MAGIC parents.A total of 2801 F_(2) plants were grown and their fiber quality traits were measured.We also selected a subset of F_(3) seeds from two populations,and grew F_(3) progeny plots to further evaluate the stability of this QTL.Our results showed that the peak of qFS-c7-1 is at 70–72 Mb region.This QTL had a major effect on fiber strength explaining 21.9%phenotypic variance.Its effect on other fiber quality attributes such as micronaire,short fiber content,length and uniformity varied between populations,and no effect on fiber elongation was observed.The QTL effects were stable in the populations analyzed,and in different generations of the same population.The SSR and SNP markers near and within the QTL peak reported herein will assist selecting superior fiber quality traits in breeding,with a recommendation that the parental cotton lines should be analyzed using the seven DNA markers within the QTL peak before fully implementing marker assisted selection in a cotton breeding program.展开更多
Cotton root growth is often hindered in the Southeastern U.S. due to the presence of root-restricting soil layers. Tillage must be used to temporarily remove this compacted soil layer to allow root growth to depths ne...Cotton root growth is often hindered in the Southeastern U.S. due to the presence of root-restricting soil layers. Tillage must be used to temporarily remove this compacted soil layer to allow root growth to depths needed to sustain plants during periods of drought. However, the use of a uniform depth of tillage may be an inefficient use of energy due to the varying depth of this root-restricting layer. Therefore, the objective of this project was to develop and test equipment for controlling tillage depth “on-the-go” to match the soil physical parameters, and to determine the effects of site-specific tillage on soil physical properties, energy requirements, and plant responses in cotton production. Site-specific tillage operations reduced fuel consumption by 45% compared to conventional constant-depth tillage. Only 20% of the test field required tillage at recommended depth of 38-cm deep for Coastal Plain soils. Cotton taproot length in the variable-depth tillage plots was 96% longer than those in the no-till plots (39 vs. 19.8 cm). Statistically, there was no difference in cotton lint yield between conventional and the variable-depth tillage. Deep tillage (conventional or variable-rate) increased cotton lint yields by 20% compared to no-till.展开更多
Trifloxysulfuron(Envoke)is an acetolactate synthase-inhibitor herbicide and can be used to control many broadleaf weeds and nutsedges in cotton production.However,there is a lack of information on genotypic variation ...Trifloxysulfuron(Envoke)is an acetolactate synthase-inhibitor herbicide and can be used to control many broadleaf weeds and nutsedges in cotton production.However,there is a lack of information on genotypic variation in response to the herbicide.In this field study,60 Pima(Gossypium barbadense L.)lines,122 Upland(G.hirsutum L.)lines,and 9 Upland×Pima segregating populations were divided into five tests(18A,18B,18G,18RB,and 18HQ)to evaluate tri-floxysulfuron tolerance at the 7-true leaf stage(42 days after planting)under the same field conditions in 2018.Across the five tests,Pima cotton genotypes tested in this study did not show any visual crop injury based on percentage of plants with chlorosis at 6 days after treatment(DAT),indicating consistent and high levels of trifloxysulfuron toler-ance.However,the response to trifloxysulfuron within Upland cotton is highly variable.While Upland cotton is overall more sensitive to trifloxysulfuron with crop injury up to 80%than Pima cotton,19 lines had injury below 5%including one line with no visual injury,and 19 lines had injury between 5%and 10%.In test 18HQ with 15 transgenic Upland cultivars and 17 non-transgenic Upland lines,the analysis of variance detected a significant genotypic difference.The broad-sense heritability estimates for trifloxysulfuron tolerance based on crop injury at 6 DAT was 0.555,suggesting that trifloxysulfuron tolerance in Upland cotton is moderately heritable.This study represents the first report that Pima cotton and many Upland cotton lines are highly tolerant to trifloxysulfuron with no or little crop injury.展开更多
Cotton uses 25% of the world’s persticides. Why it is wrong: There is no organization that monitors the application of pesticides. The sales of pesticides are tracked. According to Informa, global cotton production a...Cotton uses 25% of the world’s persticides. Why it is wrong: There is no organization that monitors the application of pesticides. The sales of pesticides are tracked. According to Informa, global cotton production accounted for 5% of pesticide sales in 2016.展开更多
Due to yields below the world average, India was only recently able to surpass China in production despite consistently being home to the world＇s largest cotton area. India was able to increase yields significantly i...Due to yields below the world average, India was only recently able to surpass China in production despite consistently being home to the world＇s largest cotton area. India was able to increase yields significantly in the 2000s with the adoption of seed technologies. Even though the time period lbllowing the improvement in yield included years when cotton prices were less com- petitive, there has not been a single significant year-over- year decline in Indian acreage since then. Instead, Indian acreage has been either unchanged or shifted higher. The trend has been definitively upward. India＇s acreage in 2014/15 was more than 50% larger than the average in the early 2000s. In the current environment of lower prices, an important question for the global supply situation next crop year is whether India will decrease its acreage for 2015/16.展开更多
The last month has generally been described as a period of slow trading activity, but there has been some movement in world cotton prices. The most-actively traded December futures contract rose to nearly 90 cents/Ib ...The last month has generally been described as a period of slow trading activity, but there has been some movement in world cotton prices. The most-actively traded December futures contract rose to nearly 90 cents/Ib after the release of last month＇s USDA report and then fell as low as 83 cents/Ib in early July. In the most recent activity, the December contract traded around 85 cents/Ib, nearly in the middle of its range since May. The A Index moved between 90 and 96 cents/Ib over the past month and was 94 cents/Ib in the most recent data. Chinese prices （CC Index） drifted marginally lower,展开更多
Cotton prices drifted sideways last month. A Index values ranged between 80 and 86 cents/lb. In the New York futures market, there was some volatility associated with the expiration of the July contract. However, pric...Cotton prices drifted sideways last month. A Index values ranged between 80 and 86 cents/lb. In the New York futures market, there was some volatility associated with the expiration of the July contract. However, prices for the most actively traded December contract were range-bound, generally holding to levels between 68 and 74 cents/lb.展开更多
Cotton prices decreased in the second half of September. After declining, prices have remained in a lower trading range. In New York futures, the December contract dipped from levels between 75 and 78 cents/ Ib to th...Cotton prices decreased in the second half of September. After declining, prices have remained in a lower trading range. In New York futures, the December contract dipped from levels between 75 and 78 cents/ Ib to those between 70 and 73 cents/ lb. The A Index decreased from values around 85 cents/Ib to those near 81 cents/lb.展开更多
Recent price movement All benchmark prices rose over the past month. Values for the December NY futures rose slightly, rising from levels near 65 cents/lb early last month to those above the 70 cent mark in the lat...Recent price movement All benchmark prices rose over the past month. Values for the December NY futures rose slightly, rising from levels near 65 cents/lb early last month to those above the 70 cent mark in the latest trading. Current levels for NY futures are slightly higher those experienced late last summer.展开更多
2018.05Recent price movement NY futures experienced volatility recently,with the net effect being a slight increase in prices.The A Index also moved slightly higher,while other benchmark prices were stable.NY futures ...2018.05Recent price movement NY futures experienced volatility recently,with the net effect being a slight increase in prices.The A Index also moved slightly higher,while other benchmark prices were stable.NY futures moved higher in early May,but retreated in the latest trading.展开更多
New York futures prices drifted higher in December. Values for the March contract rose about five cents/Ib, increasing from levels near 72 cents/Ib to 77 cents/lb. Most recently, prices have held to levels near 75 cen...New York futures prices drifted higher in December. Values for the March contract rose about five cents/Ib, increasing from levels near 72 cents/Ib to 77 cents/lb. Most recently, prices have held to levels near 75 cents/ lb. Movement in the A Index has been marginal, with values fluctuating between 82 and 85 cents/lb. Questions related to future price direction remain centered on the Chinese cotton policy.展开更多
Recent price movement All international benchmark prices increased over the past month.·The NY December futures contract climbed from 64 to 67 cents/lb.·Cotlook's A Index rose from 70 to 73 cents/lb....Recent price movement All international benchmark prices increased over the past month.·The NY December futures contract climbed from 64 to 67 cents/lb.·Cotlook's A Index rose from 70 to 73 cents/lb.·The China Cotton Index(CC Index 3128 B)was comparatively stable in international terms,holding near 85 cents/lb.In domestic terms,values increased slightly,from 12,600 to 12,900 RMB/ton.展开更多
December 2019 Recent price movement Most benchmark prices were stable over the past month.Pakistani prices decreased slightly.·The March NY futures contract held to values near 65 cents/lb.·The A Index was s...December 2019 Recent price movement Most benchmark prices were stable over the past month.Pakistani prices decreased slightly.·The March NY futures contract held to values near 65 cents/lb.·The A Index was steady around 75 cents/lb.·In international terms,the China Cotton Index(CC Index 3128 B)consistently traded near 84 cents/lb.展开更多
Recent price movement The NY Nearby and the A Index were stable over the past month.Asian benchmarks increased.·The NY December futures contract held to levels near 64 cents/lb.·Cotlook’s A Index was steady...Recent price movement The NY Nearby and the A Index were stable over the past month.Asian benchmarks increased.·The NY December futures contract held to levels near 64 cents/lb.·Cotlook’s A Index was steady near 70 cents/lb.·The China Cotton Index(CC Index 3128B)increased in international terms,from 81 to 84 cents/lb.In domestic terms,values increased from 12,400 to 12,600 RMB/ton.The RMB strengthened against the dollar over the past month,from 6.95 to 6.84 RMB/USD.展开更多
基金supported by Cotton Incorporated(Project#22-494)。
文摘Heat waves,and an increased number of warm days and nights,have become more prevalent in major agricultural regions of the world.Although well adapted to semi-arid regions,cotton is vulnerable to high temperatures,particularly during flowering and boll development.To maintain lint yield potential without compromising its quality under high-temperature stress,it is essential to understand the effects of heat stress on various stages of plant growth and development,and associated tolerance mechanisms.Despite ongoing efforts to gather data on the effects of heat stress on cotton growth and development,there remains a critical gap in understanding the distinct influence of high temperatures during the day and night on cotton yield and quality.Also,identifying mechanisms and target traits that induce greater high day and night temperature tolerance is essential for breeding climate-resilient cotton for future uncertain climates.To bridge these knowledge gaps,we embarked on a rigorous and comprehensive review of published literature,delving into the impact of heat stress on cotton yields and the consequential losses in fiber quality.This review encompasses information on the effects of heat stress on growth,physiological,and biochemical responses,fertilization,cotton yield,and quality.Additionally,we discuss management options for minimizing heat stress-induced damage,and the benefits of integrating conventional and genomics-assisted breeding for developing heat-tolerant cotton cultivars.Finally,future research areas that need to be addressed to develop heat-resilient cotton are proposed.
基金This work was supported by USDA-ARS(6054–44000-079D)and Cotton Incorporated(Project 17–616).
文摘Background:The strength of cotton fiber has been extensively studied and significant improvements in fiber strength have been made,but fiber elongation has largely been ignored,despite it contributing to the energy needed to break fibers,which affects fiber handling and processing.High Volume Instruments(HVI)measure fiber elongation but have not been calibrated for this property,making the measurement unavailable for comparative work among instruments.In prior work,a set of elongation calibration materials had been developed based on Stelometer results.A round trial of ten Australian and U.S.instruments was conducted on six cotton samples representing a range of 4.9%to 8.1%elongation.Results:By scaling the HVI elongation values of each instrument to the values of the two calibration samples,the coefficient of variation in instrument measurements was reduced from an average of 34%for the uncalibrated measurements to 5%for the calibrated measurements.The reduction in variance allows for the direct comparison of results among instruments.A single-point elongation calibration was also assessed but found to be less effective than the proposed two-point calibration.Conclusion:The use of an effective calibration routine on HVI measurement of cotton significantly reduces the coefficient of variation of the elongation measurement within and between instruments.The implementation of the elongation calibration will allow testing and breeding programs to implement high-speed elongation testing which makes the use of elongation values possible in breeding programs.
文摘Recently,thousands of SSR and now SNP markers have been discovered in cotton.Each of these markers provides a valuable molecular tool applying genetic and genomic research to cotton improvement.Cotton DNA marker database(CMD) continues to serve as a molecular marker resource for
基金This research was funded by the USDA-Agricultural Research Service CRIS projects 6054-21000-018-00D,and Cotton Incorporated project#19-916.
文摘Previously we identified a major cotton fiber strength QTL(qFS-c7-1)on chromosome A07 using a multiparent advanced generation intercross(MAGIC)population.To assess the stability and transferability of this QTL and its utility in cotton breeding,we made ten new populations.These populations were developed from crosses between MAGIC recombinant inbred lines,or between cotton cultivars that are different from the MAGIC parents.A total of 2801 F_(2) plants were grown and their fiber quality traits were measured.We also selected a subset of F_(3) seeds from two populations,and grew F_(3) progeny plots to further evaluate the stability of this QTL.Our results showed that the peak of qFS-c7-1 is at 70–72 Mb region.This QTL had a major effect on fiber strength explaining 21.9%phenotypic variance.Its effect on other fiber quality attributes such as micronaire,short fiber content,length and uniformity varied between populations,and no effect on fiber elongation was observed.The QTL effects were stable in the populations analyzed,and in different generations of the same population.The SSR and SNP markers near and within the QTL peak reported herein will assist selecting superior fiber quality traits in breeding,with a recommendation that the parental cotton lines should be analyzed using the seven DNA markers within the QTL peak before fully implementing marker assisted selection in a cotton breeding program.
文摘Cotton root growth is often hindered in the Southeastern U.S. due to the presence of root-restricting soil layers. Tillage must be used to temporarily remove this compacted soil layer to allow root growth to depths needed to sustain plants during periods of drought. However, the use of a uniform depth of tillage may be an inefficient use of energy due to the varying depth of this root-restricting layer. Therefore, the objective of this project was to develop and test equipment for controlling tillage depth “on-the-go” to match the soil physical parameters, and to determine the effects of site-specific tillage on soil physical properties, energy requirements, and plant responses in cotton production. Site-specific tillage operations reduced fuel consumption by 45% compared to conventional constant-depth tillage. Only 20% of the test field required tillage at recommended depth of 38-cm deep for Coastal Plain soils. Cotton taproot length in the variable-depth tillage plots was 96% longer than those in the no-till plots (39 vs. 19.8 cm). Statistically, there was no difference in cotton lint yield between conventional and the variable-depth tillage. Deep tillage (conventional or variable-rate) increased cotton lint yields by 20% compared to no-till.
基金supported in part by Cotton Incorporated and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station.
文摘Trifloxysulfuron(Envoke)is an acetolactate synthase-inhibitor herbicide and can be used to control many broadleaf weeds and nutsedges in cotton production.However,there is a lack of information on genotypic variation in response to the herbicide.In this field study,60 Pima(Gossypium barbadense L.)lines,122 Upland(G.hirsutum L.)lines,and 9 Upland×Pima segregating populations were divided into five tests(18A,18B,18G,18RB,and 18HQ)to evaluate tri-floxysulfuron tolerance at the 7-true leaf stage(42 days after planting)under the same field conditions in 2018.Across the five tests,Pima cotton genotypes tested in this study did not show any visual crop injury based on percentage of plants with chlorosis at 6 days after treatment(DAT),indicating consistent and high levels of trifloxysulfuron toler-ance.However,the response to trifloxysulfuron within Upland cotton is highly variable.While Upland cotton is overall more sensitive to trifloxysulfuron with crop injury up to 80%than Pima cotton,19 lines had injury below 5%including one line with no visual injury,and 19 lines had injury between 5%and 10%.In test 18HQ with 15 transgenic Upland cultivars and 17 non-transgenic Upland lines,the analysis of variance detected a significant genotypic difference.The broad-sense heritability estimates for trifloxysulfuron tolerance based on crop injury at 6 DAT was 0.555,suggesting that trifloxysulfuron tolerance in Upland cotton is moderately heritable.This study represents the first report that Pima cotton and many Upland cotton lines are highly tolerant to trifloxysulfuron with no or little crop injury.
文摘Cotton uses 25% of the world’s persticides. Why it is wrong: There is no organization that monitors the application of pesticides. The sales of pesticides are tracked. According to Informa, global cotton production accounted for 5% of pesticide sales in 2016.
文摘Due to yields below the world average, India was only recently able to surpass China in production despite consistently being home to the world＇s largest cotton area. India was able to increase yields significantly in the 2000s with the adoption of seed technologies. Even though the time period lbllowing the improvement in yield included years when cotton prices were less com- petitive, there has not been a single significant year-over- year decline in Indian acreage since then. Instead, Indian acreage has been either unchanged or shifted higher. The trend has been definitively upward. India＇s acreage in 2014/15 was more than 50% larger than the average in the early 2000s. In the current environment of lower prices, an important question for the global supply situation next crop year is whether India will decrease its acreage for 2015/16.
文摘The last month has generally been described as a period of slow trading activity, but there has been some movement in world cotton prices. The most-actively traded December futures contract rose to nearly 90 cents/Ib after the release of last month＇s USDA report and then fell as low as 83 cents/Ib in early July. In the most recent activity, the December contract traded around 85 cents/Ib, nearly in the middle of its range since May. The A Index moved between 90 and 96 cents/Ib over the past month and was 94 cents/Ib in the most recent data. Chinese prices （CC Index） drifted marginally lower,
文摘Cotton prices drifted sideways last month. A Index values ranged between 80 and 86 cents/lb. In the New York futures market, there was some volatility associated with the expiration of the July contract. However, prices for the most actively traded December contract were range-bound, generally holding to levels between 68 and 74 cents/lb.
文摘Cotton prices decreased in the second half of September. After declining, prices have remained in a lower trading range. In New York futures, the December contract dipped from levels between 75 and 78 cents/ Ib to those between 70 and 73 cents/ lb. The A Index decreased from values around 85 cents/Ib to those near 81 cents/lb.
文摘Recent price movement All benchmark prices rose over the past month. Values for the December NY futures rose slightly, rising from levels near 65 cents/lb early last month to those above the 70 cent mark in the latest trading. Current levels for NY futures are slightly higher those experienced late last summer.
文摘2018.05Recent price movement NY futures experienced volatility recently,with the net effect being a slight increase in prices.The A Index also moved slightly higher,while other benchmark prices were stable.NY futures moved higher in early May,but retreated in the latest trading.
文摘New York futures prices drifted higher in December. Values for the March contract rose about five cents/Ib, increasing from levels near 72 cents/Ib to 77 cents/lb. Most recently, prices have held to levels near 75 cents/ lb. Movement in the A Index has been marginal, with values fluctuating between 82 and 85 cents/lb. Questions related to future price direction remain centered on the Chinese cotton policy.
文摘Recent price movement All international benchmark prices increased over the past month.·The NY December futures contract climbed from 64 to 67 cents/lb.·Cotlook's A Index rose from 70 to 73 cents/lb.·The China Cotton Index(CC Index 3128 B)was comparatively stable in international terms,holding near 85 cents/lb.In domestic terms,values increased slightly,from 12,600 to 12,900 RMB/ton.
文摘December 2019 Recent price movement Most benchmark prices were stable over the past month.Pakistani prices decreased slightly.·The March NY futures contract held to values near 65 cents/lb.·The A Index was steady around 75 cents/lb.·In international terms,the China Cotton Index(CC Index 3128 B)consistently traded near 84 cents/lb.
文摘Recent price movement The NY Nearby and the A Index were stable over the past month.Asian benchmarks increased.·The NY December futures contract held to levels near 64 cents/lb.·Cotlook’s A Index was steady near 70 cents/lb.·The China Cotton Index(CC Index 3128B)increased in international terms,from 81 to 84 cents/lb.In domestic terms,values increased from 12,400 to 12,600 RMB/ton.The RMB strengthened against the dollar over the past month,from 6.95 to 6.84 RMB/USD.
