Factors influencing the internet banking adoption decision in North Cyprus: an evidence from the partial least square approach of the structural equation modeling

Purpose:This paper aims to examine how the adoption decision of the internet banking in North Cyprus would be affected based on the following dimensions;the technology features,the personal characteristics,the social environment and the expected risk.Design/methodology/approach:A self-administered survey was conducted with 291 participants responded to it.The partial least square approach of the structural equation modeling(PLS-SEM)is employed to investigate the direct effects of the proposed factors on the adoption decision.Additionally,the mediation test is used to examine indirect effects.Findings:Results showed that even though the participants appreciated the benefits of the online banking as the perceived usefulness factor exerts the greatest direct effect,they would rather use clear and easy-to-use websites,adding to that their assessments of the usefulness of these services are significantly influenced by the surrounding people’s views and prior experience.This is demonstrated by the total effects of the perceived ease of use and the subjective norm factors,which are greater than the direct effect of the perceived usefulness factor since both of these factors have significant direct and indirect effects mediated by the perceived usefulness factor.The negative impact of the perceived risk factor is weak compared to the previous factors.While the personal innovativeness factor showed the weakest effect among the proposed factors.

Person-Dependent Handwriting Verification for Special Education Using DeepLearning

Individuals with special needs learn more slowly than their peers and they need repetitions to be permanent.However,in crowded classrooms,it is dif-ficult for a teacher to deal with each student individually.This problem can be overcome by using supportive education applications.However,the majority of such applications are not designed for special education and therefore they are not efficient as expected.Special education students differ from their peers in terms of their development,characteristics,and educational qualifications.The handwriting skills of individuals with special needs are lower than their peers.This makes the task of Handwriting Recognition(HWR)more difficult.To over-come this problem,we propose a new personalized handwriting verification sys-tem that validates digits from the handwriting of special education students.The system uses a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)created and trained from scratch.The data set used is obtained by collecting the handwriting of the students with the help of a tablet.A special education center is visited and the handwrittenfigures of the students are collected under the supervision of special education tea-chers.The system is designed as a person-dependent system as every student has their writing style.Overall,the system achieves promising results,reaching a recognition accuracy of about 94%.Overall,the system can verify special educa-tion students’handwriting digits with high accuracy and is ready to integrate with a mobile application that is designed to teach digits to special education students.

The impact of IFRS mandate and institutional governance on underpricing and aftermarket performance of IPO shares in Turkey

Along with the European Union,policymakers in Turkey passed a regulation that mandated all listed companies use the International Financial Reporting Standards(IFRS)starting from January 1,2005.Using a before-after estimation design,this study examines the impact of this policy change and the role of institutional governance quality on the initial trading day and aftermarket trading performance of initial public offerings(IPO)in Turkey from 1998 to 2019.The results show that the IFRS mandate does not affect initial trading day returns but improves the aftermarket trading performance of IPO shares.This finding may imply that Turkey’s secondary market also suffers from information asymmetry and that IFRS-compliant reports help alleviate this problem.Furthermore,none of the six institutional governance quality measures tested loaded significantly against initial trading day or long-term returns.However,when examined together,two institutional measures with a negative value,voice and accountability,and political stability,offset the positive effect of the IFRS-compliant reporting on longterm IPO returns,providing support to the premise that institutional quality matters for realizing the economic benefits of the IFRS mandate.

Does country risk impact the banking sectors’non‑performing loans?Evidence from BRICS emerging economies

This study aims to fill the gap in the literature by specifically investigating the impact of country risk on the credit risk of the banking sectors operating in Brazil,Russia,India,China,and South Africa(BRICS),emerging countries.More specifically,we explore whether the country-specific risks,namely financial,economic,and political risks significantly impact the BRICS banking sectors’non-performing loans and also probe which risk has the most outstanding effect on credit risk.To do so,we perform panel data analysis using the quantile estimation approach covering the period 2004–2020.The empirical results reveal that the country risk significantly leads to increasing the banking sector’s credit risk and this effect is prominent in the banking sector of countries with a higher degree of non-performing loans(Q.25=−0.105,Q.50=−0.131,Q.75=−0.153,Q.95=−0.175).Furthermore,the results underscore that an emerging country’s political,economic,and financial instabilities are strongly associated with increasing the banking sector’s credit risk and a rise in political risk in particular has the most positive prominent impact on the banking sector of countries with a higher degree of non-performing loans(Q.25=−0.122,Q.50=−0.141,Q.75=−0.163,Q.95=−0.172).Moreover,the results suggest that,in addition to the banking sectorspecific determinants,credit risk is significantly impacted by the financial market development,lending interest rate,and global risk.The results are robust and have significant policy suggestions for many policymakers,bank executives,researchers,and analysts.

Avoid Suspicious Route of Blackhole Nodes in MANET’s:Using A Cooperative Trapping

Mobile Ad hoc Network(MANET)is decentralized wireless network and can communicate without existing infrastructure in many areas.MANET is vulnerable to various attacks that affect its performance such as blackhole attack.Blackhole attacker,inject fault routing information to persuade the source node to select the path with malicious node as the shortest path.To eliminate malicious nodes from launching any collaborative attack.A cooperative Trapping Approach(CTA)was proposed based on modifying Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector(AODV)routing protocol and trapping the malicious nodes by responding to the trap request message.The approach aims to eliminate and rule out both single and collaborative malicious blackhole nodes from any attack.The approach realizes a backward tracking mechanism to perform the elimination process.The proposed algorithm(CTA)was executed using NS-2 network simulator.The performance metrics that has been considered to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm such as throughput,end to end delay,packet delivery ratio,and consuming energy.The experimental results have shown the performance metrics of the proposed approach outperformed other state of at algorithms.

Blockchain technology‑based FinTech banking sector involvement using adaptive neuro‑fuzzy‑based K‑nearest neighbors algorithm

The study aims to investigate the financial technology(FinTech)factors influencing Chinese banking performance.Financial expectations and global realities may be changed by FinTech’s multidimensional scope,which is lacking in the traditional financial sector.The use of technology to automate financial services is becoming more important for economic organizations and industries because the digital age has seen a period of transition in terms of consumers and personalization.The future of FinTech will be shaped by technologies like the Internet of Things,blockchain,and artificial intelligence.The involvement of these platforms in financial services is a major concern for global business growth.FinTech is becoming more popular with customers because of such benefits.FinTech has driven a fundamental change within the financial services industry,placing the client at the center of everything.Protection has become a primary focus since data are a component of FinTech transactions.The task of consolidating research reports for consensus is very manual,as there is no standardized format.Although existing research has proposed certain methods,they have certain drawbacks in FinTech payment systems(including cryptocurrencies),credit markets(including peer-to-peer lending),and insurance systems.This paper implements blockchainbased financial technology for the banking sector to overcome these transition issues.In this study,we have proposed an adaptive neuro-fuzzy-based K-nearest neighbors’algorithm.The chaotic improved foraging optimization algorithm is used to optimize the proposed method.The rolling window autoregressive lag modeling approach analyzes FinTech growth.The proposed algorithm is compared with existing approaches to demonstrate its efficiency.The findings showed that it achieved 91%accuracy,90%privacy,96%robustness,and 25%cyber-risk performance.Compared with traditional approaches,the recommended strategy will be more convenient,safe,and effective in the transition period.

An Efficient and Robust Hand Gesture Recognition System of Sign Language Employing Finetuned Inception-V3 and Efficientnet-B0 Network

Hand Gesture Recognition(HGR)is a promising research area with an extensive range of applications,such as surgery,video game techniques,and sign language translation,where sign language is a complicated structured form of hand gestures.The fundamental building blocks of structured expressions in sign language are the arrangement of the fingers,the orientation of the hand,and the hand’s position concerning the body.The importance of HGR has increased due to the increasing number of touchless applications and the rapid growth of the hearing-impaired population.Therefore,real-time HGR is one of the most effective interaction methods between computers and humans.Developing a user-free interface with good recognition performance should be the goal of real-time HGR systems.Nowadays,Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)shows great recognition rates for different image-level classification tasks.It is challenging to train deep CNN networks like VGG-16,VGG-19,Inception-v3,and Efficientnet-B0 from scratch because only some significant labeled image datasets are available for static hand gesture images.However,an efficient and robust hand gesture recognition system of sign language employing finetuned Inception-v3 and Efficientnet-Bo network is proposed to identify hand gestures using a comparative small HGR dataset.Experiments show that Inception-v3 achieved 90%accuracy and 0.93%precision,0.91%recall,and 0.90%f1-score,respectively,while EfficientNet-B0 achieved 99%accuracy and 0.98%,0.97%,0.98%,precision,recall,and f1-score respectively.

Simulation Model for Passive Harmonic Filters Using Matlab/Simulink: A Case Study

Electrical grid power quality is a global issue. The grid must supply electricity at sinusoidal voltages and currents without frequency or amplitude fluctuations. Harmonics from non-linear loads change the stable reference point voltage waveform and cause other problems. Harmonic reduction is essential for grid health. Electrical and electronic equipment users, manufacturers, and suppliers all contribute. This article presents a case analysis of the plastic processing industry, which has historically struggled with a difficulty related to the fifth harmonic. Unwanted harmonics are reduced by using a single-tuned passive filter, a double-tuned passive filter, and a second-order damped filter. The total harmonic distortion is almost identical, but the second-order damped filter provides the best harmonic mitigation, meeting the requirements of the IEE 519-1992 Standard.

Cyclic feeding regime may delay aging in animals by enhancing the hepatocytes nuclei structure

Background:The liver is fundamental for keeping up the entire body’s homeostasis.The liver hepatocytes have been shown to undergo genomic instability with aging.The stability of the hepatocytes depends on its nuclear architecture.Calorie restriction has been shown to extend life-span favorably and this may be through the reorganization of the nuclear structure.Objective:To study the effect of cyclic feeding regime on the chromatin assembly anchored to the nuclear membrane scaffold of rat models hepatocytes nuclei.Method:Rats models underwent cyclic feeding regime,after which nuclei were isolated;then,we investigated the chromatin decondensation and nuclear membrane disintegration of the hepatocytes using fluorescence imaging methods.Results:In 60 seconds,protease decondensed the chromatin and disintegrated the nuclear membrane structure of controls.After the first fasting,the time increased to 145 seconds in 3-month-old rats.The first refeeding increased the time to 156 seconds with a further rise to 340 seconds following the second fasting,then dropped to 116 seconds by the second refeeding.20 months old rats showed 186 seconds increase in the time of chromatin decondensation and nuclear membrane disintegration after the first fasting,with a decrease to 140 seconds observed after first refeeding.The second fasting increased the time to 165 seconds,which then slightly decreased to 163 seconds after the second refeeding.Conclusion:These results show that intermittent fasting may have acted on chromatin histone interactions and the structural lamin networks of the nuclear membranes in bringing about nuclear stability,which is essential for normal cellular function.

A global harmony search algorithm for finding optimal capacitor location and size in distribution networks

Shunt capacitors are broadly applied in distribution systems to scale down power losses, improve voltage profile and boost system capacity. The amount of capacitors added and location of deployment in the system highly determine the advantage of compensation. A novel global harmony search(GHS) algorithm in parallel with the backward/ forward sweep power flow technique and radial harmonic power flow was used to investigate the optimal placement and sizing of capacitors in radial distribution networks for minimizing power loss and total cost by taking account load unbalancing, mutual coupling and harmonics. The optimal capacitor placement outcomes show that the GHS algorithm can reduce total power losses up to 60 k W and leads to more than 18% of cost saving. The results also demonstrate that the GHS algorithm is more effective in minimization of power loss and total costs compared with genetic algorithm(GA), particle swarm optimization(PSO) and harmony search(HS) algorithm. Moreover, the proposed algorithm converges within 800 iterations and is faster in terms of computational time and gives better performance in finding optimal capacitor location and size compared with other optimization techniques.

Analytical Study of the Cable-Truss Systems on the Glass Certain Walls with Vertical Uses

The aim of this study is to analyze of the cable-glass systems which are used on the glass curtain wall according to their types, degree, architectural and structural effects. The suspended glass system with pre-stressed cable truss (SGSPCT) is widely started to apply after the 1980’s with Serres building. The advantages of these systems are to provide the transparency on the fa?ades and speedy construction process with minimum materials. The disadvantages are: more expensive than other systems and so many details for the joints and load distribution calculations. There are three different architectural design typologies of the SGSPCT system. These are distance bridging systems, between floor system and independent body. These three different typologies can be seen on the same building at the same time. This system has been known as complex structure systems. The twenty five glass buildings which are designed in different systems have been analyzed during this study. After these analyses the five glass buildings which are designed with cable-truss system have been selected for scope of the study. These selected buildings have been included of three different cable-truss system typologies and degree. The methodology of this study is literature survey and building analyses method. The written and visual documents involve books, theses, reports, articles, magazines, drawings, internet sources and applied connection details of the glass buildings. The selected five glass buildings have been detailed analyzed with their architectural drawings, photographs and details. The study consists of five chapters including the introduction chapter. The general information of the glass building and cable-glass system has been mentioned in the first chapter. The structural features, details and analytical information on systems have been explained of the selected buildings in the second chapter. The detailed analyses of these selected buildings have been done according to their schematic drawings with the plans, sections and load distribution in the third chapter. The fourth chapter is discussion section. In this section, cable-truss systems have been compared with their advantages and disadvantages to the other systems. The fifth chapter is the last chapter, many advantages of cable-truss systems have been concluded that the use of glass substrates.

Web Attack Detection Using the Input Validation Method:DPDA Theory

A major issue while building web applications is proper input validation and sanitization.Attackers can quickly exploit errors and vulnerabilities that lead to malicious behavior in web application validation operations.Attackers are rapidly improving their capabilities and technologies and now focus on exploiting vulnerabilities in web applications and compromising confidentiality.Cross-site scripting(XSS)and SQL injection attack(SQLIA)are attacks in which a hacker sends malicious inputs(cheat codes)to confuse a web application,to access or disable the application’s back-end without user awareness.In this paper,we explore the problem of detecting and removing bugs from both client-side and server-side code.A new idea that allows assault detection and prevention using the input validation mechanism is introduced.In addition,the project supports web security tests by providing easy-to-use and accurate models of vulnerability prediction and methods for validation.If these attributes imply a program statement that is vulnerable in an SQLIA,this can be evaluated and checked for a set of static code attributes.Additionally,we provide a script whitelisting interception layer built into the browser’s JavaScript engine,where the SQLIA is eventually detected and the XSS attack resolved using the method of input validation and script whitelisting under pushdown automatons.This framework was tested under a scenario of an SQL attack and XSS.It is demonstrated to offer an extensive improvement over the current framework.The framework’s main ability lies in the decrease of bogus positives.It has been demonstrated utilizing new methodologies,nevertheless giving unique access to sites dependent on the peculiarity score related to web demands.Our proposed input validation framework is shown to identify all anomalies and delivers better execution in contrast with the current program.

Unravel the potential of zinc oxide nanoparticle-carbonized sawdust matrix for removal of lead(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution

Zinc oxide nanoparticles(ZnOnp) are molecular nanoparticles synthesized by a chemical precipitation method from zinc nitrate tetrahydrate and sodium hydroxide.Carbonized sawdust(CSD) was prepared from sawdust obtained from a local wood mill.The matrix of both provides a better material as an adsorbent.The present study applied the functionality of ZnOnp,CSD,and ZnOnp-CSD matrix as adsorbent materials for the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution.The method of batch process was employed to investigate the potential of the adsorbents.The influence of pH,contact time,initial concentration of adsorbate,the dosage of adsorbents,and the temperature of adsorbate-adsorbent mixture on the adsorption capacity were revealed.The adsorption isotherm studies indicate that both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were suitable to express the experimental data obtained with theoretical maximum adsorption capacities(q_(m)) of 70.42,87.72,and 92.59 mg·g^(-1) for the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions onto ZnOnp,CSD,and ZnOnp-CSD matrix,respectively.The separation factors(R_(L)) calculated showed that the use of the adsorbents for the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) ions is a feasible process with R_(L) <1.The thermodynamic parameters obtained revealed that the processes are endothermic,feasible,and spontaneous in nature at 25-50℃.Evaluation of the kinetic model elected that the processes agreed better with pseudo-second order where the values of rate constant(k_2) obtained for the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions onto ZnOnp,CSD,and ZnOnp-CSD matrix are 0.00149,0.00188,and 0.00315 g·mg^(-1)·min^(-1),respectively.The reusability potential examined for four cycles indicated that the adsorbents have better potential and economic value of reuse and the ZnOnp-CSD matrix indicates improved adsorbent material to remove Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution.

Optimum Calcination Condition of Waste Stabilized Adobe for Alkali Activated High Volume Adobe-Slag Binder Cured at Room Temperature

This study aims to determine the most convenient calcination temperature and calcination duration of wastestabilized Adobe(AB)to produce a new alkali-activated binder.Waste-stabilized Adobe mainly consists of soil,CaCO3 as a stabilizer,and straw(for strengthening).The availability of raw materials for making Adobe presents the waste-stabilized Adobe as a potential product for a new alkali-activated binder.Waste-stabilized Adobe collected from an abandoned damaged building in the village of Inonu in Northern Cyprus,ground and calcined at the following temperatures:450,550,650,750,850,and 950℃.The calcination at each temperature was held for different durations 1,3,5,and 7 h.Raw and calcined waste stabilized Adobe structures were investigated using XRF,TGA-DTA,XRD,FTIR,and SEM.Considering technical and environmental views related to energy consumption,waste stabilized Adobe calcined at 750℃ for 1 h presented the most promising results regarding the production of a new precursor for alkali-activated binder.This study also presents the effect of ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBFS)usage on the fresh and hardened properties of optimum calcined AB-based alkali-activated pastes cured at room temperature.GGBFS was used to partially replace AB to form a binary composite raw material system and seven experimental groups were designed according to replacement levels of 0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%and 30%(by mass).Alkali-activated high volume waste-stabilized Adobe-slag pastes prepared using Na2SiO3-to-NaOH ratio of 2 and 12 M concentration of Sodium Hydroxide.The fresh property as flowability and the hardened property as the compressive strength of the alkali-activated pastes with different GGBFS contents were investigated.The results indicated that the incorporation of GGBFS increased the flowability of fresh alkali-activated pastes.A 28-day compressive strength of 43.75 MPa can be obtained by a 30%replacement level of GGBFS.

Sensitivity Analysis of COVID-19 in Mediterranean Island

The aim of this study is to examine the progress of the worldwide pandemic Covid-19.As authors,we have decided to analyze the situation of COVID-19 onMediterranean islandwith accurate data.For this purpose,amathematical model is constructed and proposed by dividing the whole population into sensible and suitable compartments.The study captures the dates February 01 till May 15,2021.For the control of the spread of disease,vaccination and infection rates are compared and calculated.During calculations and comparison,MatLab software is used.All of the data that are used are taken from the Ministry of Health.The effect of parameters is examined with sensitivity analysis.Furthermore,with this analysis,values of parameters are obtained.Afterwards,by using the constructed model,the effect of vaccine on infected individuals is analyzed separately.As a result,it is concluded that the studied part of the island is late for the control of the disease via vaccine.This can be explained by two main reasons;vaccinating the people that are not inmobilitymost of the time(aged people and people with chronic diseases)and getting the vaccine late.Hence,the results showed that this rate and distribution of vaccines would not be enough to control the pandemic on the island.

Data Mining in Electronic Commerce: Benefits and Challenges

Huge volume of structured and unstructured data which is called big data, nowadays, provides opportunities for companies especially those that use electronic commerce (e-commerce). The data is collected from customer’s internal processes, vendors, markets and business environment. This paper presents a data mining (DM) process for e-commerce including the three common algorithms: association, clustering and prediction. It also highlights some of the benefits of DM to e-commerce companies in terms of merchandise planning, sale forecasting, basket analysis, customer relationship management and market segmentation which can be achieved with the three data mining algorithms. The main aim of this paper is to review the application of data mining in e-commerce by focusing on structured and unstructured data collected thorough various resources and cloud computing services in order to justify the importance of data mining. Moreover, this study evaluates certain challenges of data mining like spider identification, data transformations and making data model comprehensible to business users. Other challenges which are supporting the slow changing dimensions of data, making the data transformation and model building accessible to business users are also evaluated. A clear guide to e-commerce companies sitting on huge volume of data to easily manipulate the data for business improvement which in return will place them highly competitive among their competitors is also provided in this paper.

Understanding Neorealism Theory in Light of Kenneth Waltz’s Thoughts

The book Theory of International Politics without a doubt is a pillar in the field of international relations.Kenneth Waltz is considered as the founder of Neorealist theory or what is known“Structural Realism”.His book was published at a time when Neo-liberalism was dominant.Indeed,he opened a huge debate in IR and challenged the consensus that prevailed at the time.The concepts of anarchy and power are at the center of Waltz’s theory of international politics where he tried to explain how the structure of the international system is,and how this system affects the behavior of states,which they are considered as the main players in the international system.Thus,the current study’s aim is to analyze and identify the main arguments and concepts of the book and the critics directed to it.To do so,in the first section,the intellectual background of the author and introduction to the book has been mentioned.Second,the arrangement of the chapters of the book is illustrated.Following are the main arguments and concepts of the book.Then critics directed to the book are presented,and finally,the conclusion is discussed.

Low Releasing Mitomycin C Molecule Encapsulated with Chitosan Nanoparticles for Intravesical Installation

The aim of this investigation is preparation of Mitomycin-C encapsulated with chitosan nanoparticles synthesis using ionic gelation technique for intravesical controlled drug delivery systems. This study was conducted in vitro. Cumulative amount of drug released from the nanoparticles was calculated. Mitomycin-C release studies were examined for different pH values. During the drug loading and release studies, initial amount of drug was changed (i.e., 0.5, 1.25 and 2.5 mg) to get different release profiles and the release studies were repeated (n = 6). The loading efficiencies of Mitomycin-C with three different initial concentrations 0.5mg/ml, 1.25 mg/ml and 2.5 mg/ml into chitosan nanoparticles were 54.5%, 47.1% and 36.4%, respectively. For different pH values, the cumulative releases of Mitomycin-C from chitosan nanoparticles were 47% and 53% for pH 6.0 and 7.4, respectively (p < 0.01). For different drug doses, the cumulative releases of Mitomycin-C (MMC) from Chitosan nanoparticles were 44%, 53% and 65% for 0.5 mg/mL, 1.25 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL respectively (p < 0.01). The anticancer activity of Mitomycin-C loaded chitosan nanoparticles was measured in T24 bladder cancer cell line in vitro, and the results revealed that the 2.5 MMC coated Chitosan nanoparticles had better tumor cells decline activity. From this investigation, we conclude that the drug encapsulated synthesized chitosan nanoparticles possess a high ability to be used as pH and dose responsive drug delivery system. This systematic investigation demonstrates a promising future for the intravesical installation in treatment of the superficial bladder cancer.

In <i>Vitro</i>Anthelmintic Activity of Leaf Extracts of <i>Celosia</i>laxa Schum. &Thonn

Background: Celosia laxa (Amaranthaceae) is mainly a west African plant species used in Traditional Medicine as an anthelmintic, anticancer, antibacterial and analgesic agent. The seeming prevalence of worm infection in Gwandu community of Gwandu Local Government Area of Kebbi State-Nigeria prompted this study. Methods: Whole plant of C. laxa extracts obtained through maceration in aqueous (AE), methanol (ME) and hexane (HE) solvents were investigated for their anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworms (Pheretima posthuman) at four different (gradient) concentrations of 10, 20, 40 and 80 (mg/ml) for each extract. The study involved the determination of time of paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of the worms. Results: Both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at the highest concentration of 80 mg/ml as compared to the standard drug, praziquantel (10 mg/ml). Consequently, the aqueous extract showed a higher activity at 80 mg/ml compared to standard praziquantel at 10 mg/ml (with no significant value of p < 0.05). The time of paralysis and death observed for AE was 13.0 ± 1.8 and 16.8 ± 1.5 while the ME was less bioactive with 15.7 ± 0.5 and 23.0 ± 0.0 respectively. However, on the other hand, the hexane extract recorded no-activity on all the test sample concentrations, compared to the standard drug (with a significant difference of p-value, p > 0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that the leaves of C. laxa are likely to yield a potent anthelminthic drug owing to soluble phytoconstituent which are largely hydrophilicity extracted by the polar solvents. Also, considering that the plants’ mode of preparation for use by the locals was aqueous decoction before administration, the folkloric therapeutic claims can be said to have been justified.

CP Violation in ∧b → ∧l^＋l^- Decay in the Four-Generation Standard Model

We present the first study of CP asymmetry in ∧b → ∧l^＋l^- decay when a new weak phase comes through the extension of three-generation standard model to the four-generation standard model. Taking ｜Vt′s^＊Vt′b｜ = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 with phase {60° - 120°}, which is consistent with the b → sl^＋l^- rate and the Bs mixing parameter △mBs, we find out that CP asymmetry is quite sensitive to the existence of fourth generation. It can serve as a good tool to search for new physics effects, in particular, to search for the fourth generation quarks （t′, b′） via their indirect manifestations in loop diagrams.