Coherent motion of particles in a plasma can imprint itself on radiation.The recent advent of high-power lasers—allowing the nonlinear inverse Compton-scattering regime to be reached—has opened the possibility of lo...Coherent motion of particles in a plasma can imprint itself on radiation.The recent advent of high-power lasers—allowing the nonlinear inverse Compton-scattering regime to be reached—has opened the possibility of looking at collective effects in laser–plasma interactions.Under certain conditions,the collective interaction of many electrons with a laser pulse can generate coherent radiation in the hard x-ray regime.This perspective paper explains the limitations under which such a regime might be attained.展开更多
The revitalization of the historic centre of Slany(Czech Republic)dealt by architects-experts in a historic town focused on their theoretical principles and verified practice.The bridge U Brodu is the first project of...The revitalization of the historic centre of Slany(Czech Republic)dealt by architects-experts in a historic town focused on their theoretical principles and verified practice.The bridge U Brodu is the first project of the revitalization.展开更多
Directed x-rays produced in the interaction of sub-picosecond laser pulses of moderate relativistic intensity with plasma of near-critical density are investigated. Synchrotron-like (betatron) radiation occurs in the ...Directed x-rays produced in the interaction of sub-picosecond laser pulses of moderate relativistic intensity with plasma of near-critical density are investigated. Synchrotron-like (betatron) radiation occurs in the process of direct laser acceleration (DLA) of electrons in a relativisticlaser channel when the electrons undergo transverse betatron oscillations in self-generated quasi-static electric and magnetic fields. In anexperiment at the PHELIX laser system, high-current directed beams of DLA electrons with a mean energy ten times higher than the ponderomotive potential and maximum energy up to 100 MeV were measured at 10^(19) W/cm^(2)laser intensity. The spectrum of directed x-raysin the range of 5–60 keV was evaluated using two sets of Ross filters placed at 0°and 10°to the laser pulse propagation axis. The differential x-ray absorption method allowed for absolute measurements of the angular-dependent photon fluence. We report 10^(13) photons/sr withenergies >5 keV measured at 0°to the laser axis and a brilliance of 10^(21) photons s^(−1) mm^(−2) mrad−2(0.1%BW)−1. The angular distributionof the emission has an FWHM of 14°–16°. Thanks to the ultra-high photon fluence, point-like radiation source, and ultra-short emissiontime, DLA-based keV backlighters are promising for various applications in high-energy-density research with kilojoule petawatt-class laserfacilities.展开更多
We report on an experiment performed at the FLASH2 free-electron laser(FEL)aimed at producing warm dense matter via soft x-ray isochoric heating.In the experiment,we focus on study of the ions emitted during the soft ...We report on an experiment performed at the FLASH2 free-electron laser(FEL)aimed at producing warm dense matter via soft x-ray isochoric heating.In the experiment,we focus on study of the ions emitted during the soft x-ray ablation process using time-of-flight electron multipliers and a shifted Maxwell–Boltzmann velocity distribution model.We find that most emitted ions are thermal,but that some impurities chemisorbed on the target surface,such as protons,are accelerated by the electrostatic field created in the plasma by escaped electrons.The morphology of the complex crater structure indicates the presence of several ion groups with varying temperatures.We find that the ion sound velocity is controlled by the ion temperature and show how the ion yield depends on the FEL radiation attenuation length in different materials.展开更多
Bamboo is an eco-friendly material with light weight,high strength,short growth cycle and high sustainability,which is widely used in building structures.Engineered bamboo has further promoted the development of moder...Bamboo is an eco-friendly material with light weight,high strength,short growth cycle and high sustainability,which is widely used in building structures.Engineered bamboo has further promoted the development of modern bamboo structures due to its unrestricted size and shape.However,as a fiber-reinforced material,fracture damage,especially Mode I fracture damage,becomes the most likely damage mode of its structure,so Mode I fracture characteristics are an important subject in the research of mechanical properties of bamboo.This paper summarizes the current status of experimental research on the Mode I fracture properties of bamboo based on the three-point bending(TPB)method,the single-edge notched beam(SENB)method,the compact tension(CT)method and the double cantilever beam(DCB)method,compares the fracture toughness of different species of bamboo,analyzes the toughening mechanisms and fracture damage modes,discusses the applicability of different theoretical calculation methods,and makes suggestions for future research priorities,aiming to provide a reference for future research and engineering applications in related fields.展开更多
We applied KF Particle, a Kalman Filter package for secondary vertex finding and fitting, to strange and open charm hadron reconstruction in heavy-ion collisions in the STAR experiment. Compared to the conventional he...We applied KF Particle, a Kalman Filter package for secondary vertex finding and fitting, to strange and open charm hadron reconstruction in heavy-ion collisions in the STAR experiment. Compared to the conventional helix swimming method used in STAR, the KF Particle method considerably improved the reconstructed Λ, Ω, and D~0 significance. In addition, the Monte Carlo simulation with STAR detector responses could adequately reproduce the topological variable distributions reconstructed in real data using the KF Particle method, thereby retaining substantial control of the reconstruction efficiency uncertainties for strange and open charm hadron measurements in heavy-ion collisions.展开更多
With the amalgamation of wearable systems equipped with inertial sensors, such as a gyroscope, and machine learning a therapy regimen can be objectively quantified, and then the initial phase and final phase of a one ...With the amalgamation of wearable systems equipped with inertial sensors, such as a gyroscope, and machine learning a therapy regimen can be objectively quantified, and then the initial phase and final phase of a one year therapy regimen can be distinguished through machine learning. In the context of rehabilitation of a hemiplegic ankle, a longitudinal therapy regimen incorporating stretching and then a series of repetitions for raising and lowering the foot of the hemiplegic ankle can be applied over the course of a year. Using a smartphone equipped with an application to function as a wearable and wireless gyroscope platform mounted to the dorsum of the foot by an armband, the initial phase and final phase of a one year longitudinally applied therapy regimen can be objectively quantified and recorded for subsequent machine learning. Considerable classification accuracy is attained to distinguish between the initial phase and final phase by a support vector machine for a one year longitudinally applied hemiplegic ankle therapy regimen based on the gyroscope signal data obtained by a smartphone functioning as a wearable and wireless inertial sensor system. .展开更多
The performance of engineered wood products is highly associated with proper bonding and an efficient cutting method.This paper investigates the influence of CO_(2) laser cutting on the wetting properties,the modified ch...The performance of engineered wood products is highly associated with proper bonding and an efficient cutting method.This paper investigates the influence of CO_(2) laser cutting on the wetting properties,the modified che-mical component of the laser-cut surface,and the strength and adhesive penetration near the bondline.Beech-wood is cut by the laser with varying processing parameters,cutting speeds,gas pressures,and focal point positions.The laser-cut samples were divided into two groups,sanded and non-sanded samples.Polyvinyl acetate adhesive(PVAc)was used to bond the groups of laser-cut samples.After assembly with cold pressing,the tensile shear test was carried out.Numerical modelling was carried out to determine the partial elongation and shear strain of the glue line.Based on this,the shear modulus and linear elasticity of the glue line were estimated.Scan-ning electron microscopy was used to assess the adhesive penetration into the porosity structure of the laser-cut samples,and the depth of the heat-affected zone.The laser-cut surface was analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The wetting properties of the laser-cut surface were investigated by using a contact angle goni-ometer.The numerical model of the strain-stress curve confirmed the experimental model.The highest modulus of the linear elasticity of the glue in the numerical calculation belongs to the joint containing laser-cut samples at a gas pressure of 21(bar).The penetration depth of PVAc adhesive into the porosity structure of the laser-cut sam-ples was similar to that of sawn samples.The deepest heat-affected zone in the laser-cut samples was 150µm.A PVAc drop disappeared immediately on the laser-cut surface without sanding,but gradually on the sanded surface.In contrast,the drop on the sawn surface remained with an angle of 32°–48°.The degradation of hemi-cellulose and lignin was proven by the lower intensity of the C=O and C-O Bonds,compared to the sawn surface.展开更多
Use of UHPFRC(ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete)cast-in-situ over-lays for repairs and strengthening of bridge decks is already quite a widely used technology,while use of this method for strengthening ...Use of UHPFRC(ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete)cast-in-situ over-lays for repairs and strengthening of bridge decks is already quite a widely used technology,while use of this method for strengthening of bridge supports is still much less often.This paper describes the first use of this technology for bridge abutments in the Czech Republic,and if we know well,also the first use of such a ribbed over-lay internationally.展开更多
This paper compares three methods for natural gas dehydration that are widely applied in industry:(1) absorption by triethylene glycol, (2) adsorption on solid desiccants and (3) condensation. A comparison is m...This paper compares three methods for natural gas dehydration that are widely applied in industry:(1) absorption by triethylene glycol, (2) adsorption on solid desiccants and (3) condensation. A comparison is made according to their energy demand and suitability for use. The energy calculations are performed on a model where 105 Nm3/h water saturated natural gas is processed at 30 °C. The pressure of the gas varies from 7 to 20 MPa. The required outlet concentration of water in natural gas is equivalent to the dew point temperature of -10 °C at gas pressure of 4 MPa.展开更多
The discussion about smart grid (SG) implementation is mostly focused on pilot projects. These projects are necessary for mapping of particular technical devices of advanced metering management (AMM) which is need...The discussion about smart grid (SG) implementation is mostly focused on pilot projects. These projects are necessary for mapping of particular technical devices of advanced metering management (AMM) which is needed for successful SG and whole functional SG system operation. According to our opinion, for the next step of SG implementation, the participation of effective market design would be quite necessary. In other words, pilot project which is operated regardless to the market conditions and special SG tariff is incomplete and could be irrelevant for further evaluation of feasibility. With regard to above mentioned facts, the detailed cost-benefit-analysis (CBA) is needed to establish the correct methodology for evaluation of SG implementation effectiveness. Related aspects are mentioned and discussed in this paper, in which the particular cost and benefits as well as feedback that occurs as the reaction on implementation are summarized and quantified.展开更多
High-energyγ-photon generation via nonlinear Compton scattering and electron–positron pair creation via the Breit–Wheeler process driven by laser–plasma interaction are modeled,and a number of mechanisms are propo...High-energyγ-photon generation via nonlinear Compton scattering and electron–positron pair creation via the Breit–Wheeler process driven by laser–plasma interaction are modeled,and a number of mechanisms are proposed.Owing to the small cross section,these processes require both an ultra-intense laser field and a relativistic electron bunch.The extreme conditions for such scenarios can be achieved through recent developments in laser technology.Photon emission via nonlinear Thomson and Compton scattering has been observed experimentally.Highenergy positron beams generated via a multiphoton process have recently been observed too.This paper reviews the principles ofγ-ray emission and e+e−pair creation in the context of laser–plasma interaction.Several proposed experimental setups forγ-ray emission and e+e−pair creation by ultra-intense laser pulses are compared in terms of their efficiency and the quality of theγ-photon and positron beams produced for ultrashort(15 fs)and longer(150 fs)multi-petawatt laser beams.展开更多
Comprehensive understanding and possible control of parametric instabilities in the context of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) remains achallenging task. The details of the absorption processes and the detrimental e...Comprehensive understanding and possible control of parametric instabilities in the context of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) remains achallenging task. The details of the absorption processes and the detrimental effects of hot electrons on the implosion process require as mucheffort on the experimental side as on the theoretical and simulation side. This paper describes a proposal for experimental studies on nonlinearinteraction of intense laser pulses with a high-temperature plasma under conditions corresponding to direct-drive ICF schemes. We propose todevelop a platform for laser-plasma interaction studies based on foam targets. Parametric instabilities are sensitive to the bulk plasma temperatureand the density scale length. Foam targets are sufficiently flexible to allow control of these parameters. However, investigationsconducted on small laser facilities cannot be extrapolated in a reliable way to real fusion conditions. It is therefore necessary to performexperiments at a multi-kilojoule energy level on medium-scale facilities such asOMEGAor SG-III. An example of two-plasmon decay instabilityexcited in the interaction of two laser beams is considered.展开更多
There is an obvious effort to increase the burn up of used fuel assemblies in order to improve fuel utilization.A more effective operation can be realized by extending the fuel cycles or by increasing the number of re...There is an obvious effort to increase the burn up of used fuel assemblies in order to improve fuel utilization.A more effective operation can be realized by extending the fuel cycles or by increasing the number of reloadings.This change is nevertheless connected with increasing the uranium enrichment even above 5% of 235U. Burnable absorbers are widely used to compensate for the positive reactivity of fresh fuel. With proper optimization, burnable absorbers decrease the reactivity excess at the beginning of the cycle, and they can help with stabilization of power distribution. This paper describes properties of several materials that can be used as burnable absorbers. The change in concentration or position of the pin with a burnable absorber in a fuel assembly was analyzed by the HELIOS transport lattice code. The multiplication factor and power peaking factor dependence on fuel burn up were used to evaluate the neutronic properties of burnable absorbers. The following four different materials are discussed in this paper: Gd2O3, IFBA, Er2O3,and Dy2O3.Gadolinium had the greatest influence on fuel characteristics. The number of pins with a burnable absorber was limited in the VVER-440 fuel assembly to six. In the VVER-1000 fuel assembly, 36 pins with a burnable absorber can be used as the assembly is larger. The erbium depletion rate was comparable with uranium burn up.Dysprosium had the largest parasitic absorption after depletion.展开更多
Creep of squeeze-cast Mg-3Y-2Nd-1Zn-1Mn alloy was investigated at the constant load in the stress range of 30-80 MPa. Tensile creep tests were performed at 300℃up to the final fracture.Several tests at 50 MPa were in...Creep of squeeze-cast Mg-3Y-2Nd-1Zn-1Mn alloy was investigated at the constant load in the stress range of 30-80 MPa. Tensile creep tests were performed at 300℃up to the final fracture.Several tests at 50 MPa were interrupted after reaching the steady state creep;and another set of creep tests was interrupted after the onset of ternary creep.Fraction of cavitated dendritic boundaries was evaluated using optical microscopy.Measurement of grain boundary sliding by observation of the offset of marker lines was carried out on the surface of the crept specimens after the test interruption by scanning electron microscopy and by confocal laser scanning microscopy.The results show that the dominant creep mechanism in this alloy is dislocation creep with minor contribution of the grain boundary sliding.Creep failure took place by the nucleation,growth and coalescence of creep cavities on the boundaries predominantly oriented perpendicular to the applied stress.Increasing amount of cavitated boundaries with time of creep exposure supports the mechanism of continuous cavity nucleation and growth.展开更多
基金supported by the Czech Academy of Sciences(Mobility Plus Project No.CNRS-23-12)A.M.F.was supported by the Russian Science Foundation(Grant No.20-12-00077).
文摘Coherent motion of particles in a plasma can imprint itself on radiation.The recent advent of high-power lasers—allowing the nonlinear inverse Compton-scattering regime to be reached—has opened the possibility of looking at collective effects in laser–plasma interactions.Under certain conditions,the collective interaction of many electrons with a laser pulse can generate coherent radiation in the hard x-ray regime.This perspective paper explains the limitations under which such a regime might be attained.
文摘The revitalization of the historic centre of Slany(Czech Republic)dealt by architects-experts in a historic town focused on their theoretical principles and verified practice.The bridge U Brodu is the first project of the revitalization.
基金supported by the Czech Ministry of Education,Youth and Sports(Project No.CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0016980)the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic(Grant No.GM23-05027M).
文摘Directed x-rays produced in the interaction of sub-picosecond laser pulses of moderate relativistic intensity with plasma of near-critical density are investigated. Synchrotron-like (betatron) radiation occurs in the process of direct laser acceleration (DLA) of electrons in a relativisticlaser channel when the electrons undergo transverse betatron oscillations in self-generated quasi-static electric and magnetic fields. In anexperiment at the PHELIX laser system, high-current directed beams of DLA electrons with a mean energy ten times higher than the ponderomotive potential and maximum energy up to 100 MeV were measured at 10^(19) W/cm^(2)laser intensity. The spectrum of directed x-raysin the range of 5–60 keV was evaluated using two sets of Ross filters placed at 0°and 10°to the laser pulse propagation axis. The differential x-ray absorption method allowed for absolute measurements of the angular-dependent photon fluence. We report 10^(13) photons/sr withenergies >5 keV measured at 0°to the laser axis and a brilliance of 10^(21) photons s^(−1) mm^(−2) mrad−2(0.1%BW)−1. The angular distributionof the emission has an FWHM of 14°–16°. Thanks to the ultra-high photon fluence, point-like radiation source, and ultra-short emissiontime, DLA-based keV backlighters are promising for various applications in high-energy-density research with kilojoule petawatt-class laserfacilities.
文摘We report on an experiment performed at the FLASH2 free-electron laser(FEL)aimed at producing warm dense matter via soft x-ray isochoric heating.In the experiment,we focus on study of the ions emitted during the soft x-ray ablation process using time-of-flight electron multipliers and a shifted Maxwell–Boltzmann velocity distribution model.We find that most emitted ions are thermal,but that some impurities chemisorbed on the target surface,such as protons,are accelerated by the electrostatic field created in the plasma by escaped electrons.The morphology of the complex crater structure indicates the presence of several ion groups with varying temperatures.We find that the ion sound velocity is controlled by the ion temperature and show how the ion yield depends on the FEL radiation attenuation length in different materials.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51878354&51308301)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Nos.BK20181402&BK20130978)+3 种基金333 Talent High-Level Project of Jiangsu ProvinceQinglan Project of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutionsand the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Science Project of Jiangsu Province under Grant(No.2021ZD10)Any research results expressed in this paper are those of the writer(s)and do not necessarily reflect the views of the foundations.
文摘Bamboo is an eco-friendly material with light weight,high strength,short growth cycle and high sustainability,which is widely used in building structures.Engineered bamboo has further promoted the development of modern bamboo structures due to its unrestricted size and shape.However,as a fiber-reinforced material,fracture damage,especially Mode I fracture damage,becomes the most likely damage mode of its structure,so Mode I fracture characteristics are an important subject in the research of mechanical properties of bamboo.This paper summarizes the current status of experimental research on the Mode I fracture properties of bamboo based on the three-point bending(TPB)method,the single-edge notched beam(SENB)method,the compact tension(CT)method and the double cantilever beam(DCB)method,compares the fracture toughness of different species of bamboo,analyzes the toughening mechanisms and fracture damage modes,discusses the applicability of different theoretical calculation methods,and makes suggestions for future research priorities,aiming to provide a reference for future research and engineering applications in related fields.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11890712 and 12061141008)the National Key R&D Program of China (Nos. 2018YFE0104700 and 2018YFE0205200)+1 种基金supported in part by the Offices of NP and HEP within the U.S. DOE Office of ScienceYue-Hang Leung was partially supported by the GSI-Heidelberg cooperation contract。
文摘We applied KF Particle, a Kalman Filter package for secondary vertex finding and fitting, to strange and open charm hadron reconstruction in heavy-ion collisions in the STAR experiment. Compared to the conventional helix swimming method used in STAR, the KF Particle method considerably improved the reconstructed Λ, Ω, and D~0 significance. In addition, the Monte Carlo simulation with STAR detector responses could adequately reproduce the topological variable distributions reconstructed in real data using the KF Particle method, thereby retaining substantial control of the reconstruction efficiency uncertainties for strange and open charm hadron measurements in heavy-ion collisions.
文摘With the amalgamation of wearable systems equipped with inertial sensors, such as a gyroscope, and machine learning a therapy regimen can be objectively quantified, and then the initial phase and final phase of a one year therapy regimen can be distinguished through machine learning. In the context of rehabilitation of a hemiplegic ankle, a longitudinal therapy regimen incorporating stretching and then a series of repetitions for raising and lowering the foot of the hemiplegic ankle can be applied over the course of a year. Using a smartphone equipped with an application to function as a wearable and wireless gyroscope platform mounted to the dorsum of the foot by an armband, the initial phase and final phase of a one year longitudinally applied therapy regimen can be objectively quantified and recorded for subsequent machine learning. Considerable classification accuracy is attained to distinguish between the initial phase and final phase by a support vector machine for a one year longitudinally applied hemiplegic ankle therapy regimen based on the gyroscope signal data obtained by a smartphone functioning as a wearable and wireless inertial sensor system. .
文摘The performance of engineered wood products is highly associated with proper bonding and an efficient cutting method.This paper investigates the influence of CO_(2) laser cutting on the wetting properties,the modified che-mical component of the laser-cut surface,and the strength and adhesive penetration near the bondline.Beech-wood is cut by the laser with varying processing parameters,cutting speeds,gas pressures,and focal point positions.The laser-cut samples were divided into two groups,sanded and non-sanded samples.Polyvinyl acetate adhesive(PVAc)was used to bond the groups of laser-cut samples.After assembly with cold pressing,the tensile shear test was carried out.Numerical modelling was carried out to determine the partial elongation and shear strain of the glue line.Based on this,the shear modulus and linear elasticity of the glue line were estimated.Scan-ning electron microscopy was used to assess the adhesive penetration into the porosity structure of the laser-cut samples,and the depth of the heat-affected zone.The laser-cut surface was analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The wetting properties of the laser-cut surface were investigated by using a contact angle goni-ometer.The numerical model of the strain-stress curve confirmed the experimental model.The highest modulus of the linear elasticity of the glue in the numerical calculation belongs to the joint containing laser-cut samples at a gas pressure of 21(bar).The penetration depth of PVAc adhesive into the porosity structure of the laser-cut sam-ples was similar to that of sawn samples.The deepest heat-affected zone in the laser-cut samples was 150µm.A PVAc drop disappeared immediately on the laser-cut surface without sanding,but gradually on the sanded surface.In contrast,the drop on the sawn surface remained with an angle of 32°–48°.The degradation of hemi-cellulose and lignin was proven by the lower intensity of the C=O and C-O Bonds,compared to the sawn surface.
基金For reconstruction of the bridge,results of research projects FV20472(TRIO)SGS20/108/OHK1/2T/11(CTU in Prague)were partly used.
文摘Use of UHPFRC(ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete)cast-in-situ over-lays for repairs and strengthening of bridge decks is already quite a widely used technology,while use of this method for strengthening of bridge supports is still much less often.This paper describes the first use of this technology for bridge abutments in the Czech Republic,and if we know well,also the first use of such a ribbed over-lay internationally.
基金supported by the Inovation and Optimalization of Technologies for Natural Gas Dehydration(No.FR-TI1/173)
文摘This paper compares three methods for natural gas dehydration that are widely applied in industry:(1) absorption by triethylene glycol, (2) adsorption on solid desiccants and (3) condensation. A comparison is made according to their energy demand and suitability for use. The energy calculations are performed on a model where 105 Nm3/h water saturated natural gas is processed at 30 °C. The pressure of the gas varies from 7 to 20 MPa. The required outlet concentration of water in natural gas is equivalent to the dew point temperature of -10 °C at gas pressure of 4 MPa.
基金Financial support of the Czech Technical University in Prague in the frame of the project SGS18/191/OHK4/3T/14financial support of the European Regional Development Fund (project CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16-019/0000778)
基金supported in part by the Department of Economics,Management and Humanities,Czech Technical University in Prague under Grant No. GS 10/269/OHK5/3T/13
文摘The discussion about smart grid (SG) implementation is mostly focused on pilot projects. These projects are necessary for mapping of particular technical devices of advanced metering management (AMM) which is needed for successful SG and whole functional SG system operation. According to our opinion, for the next step of SG implementation, the participation of effective market design would be quite necessary. In other words, pilot project which is operated regardless to the market conditions and special SG tariff is incomplete and could be irrelevant for further evaluation of feasibility. With regard to above mentioned facts, the detailed cost-benefit-analysis (CBA) is needed to establish the correct methodology for evaluation of SG implementation effectiveness. Related aspects are mentioned and discussed in this paper, in which the particular cost and benefits as well as feedback that occurs as the reaction on implementation are summarized and quantified.
基金This work was supported by the projects ELITAS(No.CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001793)High Field Initiative(No.CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000449)+1 种基金both from the European Regional Development Fund.It was also supported by the project ADONIS(Advanced Research Using High Intensity Laser Produced Photons and Particles),No.CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000789from the European Regional Development Fund.The support of Czech Science Foundation Project No.18-09560S is acknowledged.Computational resources were provided by the MetaCentrum under the Program No.LM2010005,by the IT4Innovations Centre of Excellence under the Project Nos.CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0070 and LM2011033,and by the ECLIPSE cluster of ELI-Beamlines.The EPOCH code was developed as part of the UKEPSRC-funded Project No.EP/G054940/1.
文摘High-energyγ-photon generation via nonlinear Compton scattering and electron–positron pair creation via the Breit–Wheeler process driven by laser–plasma interaction are modeled,and a number of mechanisms are proposed.Owing to the small cross section,these processes require both an ultra-intense laser field and a relativistic electron bunch.The extreme conditions for such scenarios can be achieved through recent developments in laser technology.Photon emission via nonlinear Thomson and Compton scattering has been observed experimentally.Highenergy positron beams generated via a multiphoton process have recently been observed too.This paper reviews the principles ofγ-ray emission and e+e−pair creation in the context of laser–plasma interaction.Several proposed experimental setups forγ-ray emission and e+e−pair creation by ultra-intense laser pulses are compared in terms of their efficiency and the quality of theγ-photon and positron beams produced for ultrashort(15 fs)and longer(150 fs)multi-petawatt laser beams.
基金The authors acknowledge support from the European Regional Development Fund for the following projects:HiFI(No.CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000449),CAAS(No.CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000778),ADONIS(No.CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000789),and ELITAS(No.CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001793)This work has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No.633053(EUROfusion Project No.CfP-AWP17-IFE-CEA-01)+2 种基金Computational resources were provided by the MetaCentrum under the LM2010005 projectIT4InnovationsCentre of Excellence under the CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0070 and LM2011033 projectsthe ECLIPSE cluster of ELI-Beamlines.The EPOCH code was developed as part of the UK EPSRC-funded EP/G054940/1 project.
文摘Comprehensive understanding and possible control of parametric instabilities in the context of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) remains achallenging task. The details of the absorption processes and the detrimental effects of hot electrons on the implosion process require as mucheffort on the experimental side as on the theoretical and simulation side. This paper describes a proposal for experimental studies on nonlinearinteraction of intense laser pulses with a high-temperature plasma under conditions corresponding to direct-drive ICF schemes. We propose todevelop a platform for laser-plasma interaction studies based on foam targets. Parametric instabilities are sensitive to the bulk plasma temperatureand the density scale length. Foam targets are sufficiently flexible to allow control of these parameters. However, investigationsconducted on small laser facilities cannot be extrapolated in a reliable way to real fusion conditions. It is therefore necessary to performexperiments at a multi-kilojoule energy level on medium-scale facilities such asOMEGAor SG-III. An example of two-plasmon decay instabilityexcited in the interaction of two laser beams is considered.
基金supported by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic(No.TE01020455)
文摘There is an obvious effort to increase the burn up of used fuel assemblies in order to improve fuel utilization.A more effective operation can be realized by extending the fuel cycles or by increasing the number of reloadings.This change is nevertheless connected with increasing the uranium enrichment even above 5% of 235U. Burnable absorbers are widely used to compensate for the positive reactivity of fresh fuel. With proper optimization, burnable absorbers decrease the reactivity excess at the beginning of the cycle, and they can help with stabilization of power distribution. This paper describes properties of several materials that can be used as burnable absorbers. The change in concentration or position of the pin with a burnable absorber in a fuel assembly was analyzed by the HELIOS transport lattice code. The multiplication factor and power peaking factor dependence on fuel burn up were used to evaluate the neutronic properties of burnable absorbers. The following four different materials are discussed in this paper: Gd2O3, IFBA, Er2O3,and Dy2O3.Gadolinium had the greatest influence on fuel characteristics. The number of pins with a burnable absorber was limited in the VVER-440 fuel assembly to six. In the VVER-1000 fuel assembly, 36 pins with a burnable absorber can be used as the assembly is larger. The erbium depletion rate was comparable with uranium burn up.Dysprosium had the largest parasitic absorption after depletion.
基金Project(106/06/0252)supported by the Czech Science FoundationProject(CTU0810412)supported by the Grant Agency of the CzechTechnical University in Prague
文摘Creep of squeeze-cast Mg-3Y-2Nd-1Zn-1Mn alloy was investigated at the constant load in the stress range of 30-80 MPa. Tensile creep tests were performed at 300℃up to the final fracture.Several tests at 50 MPa were interrupted after reaching the steady state creep;and another set of creep tests was interrupted after the onset of ternary creep.Fraction of cavitated dendritic boundaries was evaluated using optical microscopy.Measurement of grain boundary sliding by observation of the offset of marker lines was carried out on the surface of the crept specimens after the test interruption by scanning electron microscopy and by confocal laser scanning microscopy.The results show that the dominant creep mechanism in this alloy is dislocation creep with minor contribution of the grain boundary sliding.Creep failure took place by the nucleation,growth and coalescence of creep cavities on the boundaries predominantly oriented perpendicular to the applied stress.Increasing amount of cavitated boundaries with time of creep exposure supports the mechanism of continuous cavity nucleation and growth.