板栗速溶粉喷雾干燥工艺优化

以板栗为原料,通过添加助干剂和喷雾干燥工艺优化结合,加工板栗速溶粉。以板栗速溶粉集粉率和水分含量为考察指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定助干剂最佳配比为麦芽糊精添加量50%、β⁃环糊精添加量10%、阿拉伯胶添加量1.5%。为制得良好冲调性的板栗速溶粉,选择进口温度、固形物含量、进料流量3个因素,以集粉率、水分含量、分散时间和溶解性为评价指标进行喷雾干燥工艺响应面优化试验,得到最佳喷雾干燥工艺条件为进口温度183℃、固形物含量10%、进料流量3.00 mL/min。此条件下集粉率可达61.85%,分散时间为55 s,溶解度达86.512%,板栗粉粉质细腻,水分含量低,稳定性好。

Spatial-temporal differentiation and influencing factors of rural settlements in mountainous areas: an example of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Southwestern China

Rural settlement is the basic spatial unit for compact communities in rural area. Scientific exploration of spatial-temporal differentiation and its influencing factors is the premise of spatial layout rationalization. Based on land use data of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture(hereinafter referred to as Liangshan Prefecture) in Sichuan Province, China from 1980 to 2020, compactness index, fractal dimension, imbalance index, location entropy and the optimal parameters-based geographical detector(OPGD) model are used to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution of the morphological characteristics of rural settlements, and to explore the influence of natural geographical factors, socioeconomic factors, and policy factors on the spatial differentiation of rural settlements. The results show that:(1) From 1980 to 2020, the rural settlements area in Liangshan Prefecture increased by 15.96 km^(2). In space, the rural settlements are generally distributed in a local aggregation, dense in the middle and sparse around the periphery. In 2015, the spatial density and expansion index of rural settlements reached the peak.(2) From 1980 to 2020, the compactness index decreased from 0.7636 to 0.7496, the fractal dimension increased from 1.0283 to 1.0314, and the fragmentation index decreased from 0.1183 to 0.1047. The spatial morphological structure of rural settlements tended to be loose, the shape contour tended to be complex, the degree of fragmentation decreased, and the spatial distribution was significantly imbalanced.(3) The results of OPGD detection in 2015 show that the influence of each factor is slope(0.2371) > traffic accessibility(0.2098) > population(0.1403) > regional GDP(0.1325) > elevation(0.0987) > poverty alleviation(0). The results of OPGD detection in 2020 show that the influence of each factor is slope(0.2339) > traffic accessibility(0.2198) > population(0.1432) > regional GDP(0.1219) > poverty alleviation(0.0992) > elevation(0.093). Natural geographical factors(slope and elevation) are the basic factors affecting the spatial distribution of rural settlements, and rural settlements are widely distributed in the river valley plain and the second half mountain area. Socioeconomic factors(traffic accessibility, population, and regional GDP) have a greater impact on the spatial distribution of rural settlements, which is an important factor affecting the spatial distribution of rural settlements. Policy factors such as poverty alleviation relocation have an indispensable impact on the spatial distribution of rural settlements. The research results can provide decisionmaking basis for the spatial arrangement of rural settlements in Liangshan Prefecture, and optimize the implementation of rural revitalization policies.

Groundwater recharge via precipitation in the Badain Jaran Desert,China

Precipitation infiltration serves as a significant source of groundwater in the Badain Jaran Desert.To investigate variations in precipitation infiltration within the desert,this study collected data on moisture content and temperature from the vadose zone through in-situ field monitoring.Utilizing these data,a numerical model is employed to explore the mechanism of groundwater recharge via precipitation.The results are as follows:(1)Moisture content and temperature in the shallow vadose zone exhibit significant seasonal variations,with moisture content diminishing with increasing depth;(2)Groundwater recharge via precipitation infiltration initially increases and then decreases with groundwater level depth(GWD).Peak groundwater recharge via precipitation occurs at a GWD of 0.75 m,decreasing to merely 0.012 cm at GWDs exceeding 2 m;(3)Groundwater is no longer susceptible to phreatic water evaporation when the GWD reaches approximately 3.7 m.Therefore,GWD plays a crucial role in governing groundwater recharge via precipitation in the Badain Jaran Desert.

Development status and prospect of underground thermal energy storage technology

Underground Thermal Energy Storage(UTES)store unstable and non-continuous energy underground,releasing stable heat energy on demand.This effectively improve energy utilization and optimize energy allocation.As UTES technology advances,accommodating greater depth,higher temperature and multi-energy complementarity,new research challenges emerge.This paper comprehensively provides a systematic summary of the current research status of UTES.It categorized different types of UTES systems,analyzes the applicability of key technologies of UTES,and evaluate their economic and environmental benefits.Moreover,this paper identifies existing issues with UTES,such as injection blockage,wellbore scaling and corrosion,seepage and heat transfer in cracks,etc.It suggests deepening the research on blockage formation mechanism and plugging prevention technology,improving the study of anticorrosive materials and water treatment technology,and enhancing the investigation of reservoir fracture network characterization technology and seepage heat transfer.These recommendations serve as valuable references for promoting the high-quality development of UTES.

Grain-filling strategies of wheat of contrasting grain sizes under various planting patterns and irrigation levels

In a study comparing grain filling and yield in a large-and a small-grain-size wheat cultivar under two planting patterns and two irrigation regimes,plastic-covered ridge and furrow planting with sprinkler irrigation increased grain filling and yield in both cultivars.The largest contributors to grain yield were an extended active grain-filling period in Shuangda 1 and an increased mean grain-filling rate in XN538.

Arginine promotes seed energy metabolism,increasing wheat seed germination at low temperature

Low temperatures during germination inhibit seed growth,lead to small and weak seedlings,and significantly reduce the wheat yield.Alleviating the adverse effects of low temperature on wheat seed germination is highly important for achieving high and stable wheat yields.In this study,Tongmai 6(insensitive)and Zhengmai 113(sensitive),which have different low-temperature sensitivities during germination were treated with low temperature during germination.The transcriptome,metabolome and physiological data revealed that low temperature decreased the germination rate,downregulated the expression of a large number of genes involved in regulating glycometabolism,and inhibited carbon,nitrogen(especially amino acids)and energy metabolism in the seeds.Arginine content increased at low temperature,and its increase in the low-temperature-tolerant variety was significantly greater than that in the sensitive variety.Arginine priming experiment showed that treatment with an appropriate concentration of arginine improved the seed germination rate.The conversion of starch to soluble sugar significantly increased under exogenous arginine conditions,the content of key metabolites in energy metabolism increased,and the utilization of ATP in the seeds increased.Taken together,arginine priming increased seed germination at low temperature by relieving inhibition of seed carbon and nitrogen metabolism and improving seed energy metabolism.

低温超微粉碎对茶枝柑果肉粉理化性质和功能特性的影响

为了合理利用茶枝柑果肉资源,本研究采用低温超微粉碎(superfine grinding,SG)技术制备茶枝柑果肉粉,对茶枝柑果肉粉的理化性质、微观结构、功能特性(生物活性成分溶出、抗氧化活性)进行研究,结果表明:经SG处理后,茶枝柑果肉粉的粒径显著减小(P<0.05),且随着粉碎时间的延长,粒径逐渐减小,粉体色泽逐渐变浅,振实密度变小,休止角与滑角变大,持水力减小,持油力、水溶性指数与溶胀度变大;同时,粉体的颗粒分布更均匀且并未引起官能团的改变。进一步对茶枝柑果肉粉中的活性成分进行检测发现,SG处理10 min后总酚和VC的含量相较于普通粉碎(ordinary grinding,OG)分别显著提高了12.70%和17.27%(P<0.05)。高效液相色谱分析结果显示,9种黄酮以橙皮苷和芸香柚皮苷为主,占比分别为78.06%和8.96%。5种酚酸以阿魏酸为主,占比为73.85%,另外还包括辛弗林、柠檬苦素等。SG对促进活性成分的溶出影响较大,相较于OG,SG处理10 min和30 min后阿魏酸含量分别提高了190.72%、109.68%,SG处理30 min和60 min后柠檬苦素和诺米林含量显著增加(P<0.05),而SG处理120 min后阿魏酸、辛弗林、橙皮苷、芸香柚皮苷、圣草次苷、香蜂草苷含量显著减少(P<0.05)。体外抗氧化实验结果表明,SG处理10 min和30 min的抗氧化活性显著提高(P<0.05)。综上,SG处理可以获得粒径更小、颗粒更均匀、色泽得到改善的茶枝柑果肉粉,并且在一定程度上能提高茶枝柑果肉粉中活性成分的溶出和抗氧化性;但SG处理时间过长会造成粉体易团聚,对粉体的流动性和活性成分溶出均有负面影响。

维生素B_(1)与慢性病关系的研究进展

目的:阐述维生素B_(1)与慢性病的关系,为营养补充提供科学依据。方法:综述了维生素B_(1)与慢性病关系的研究进展。结果:补充维生素B_(1)可能在防治2型糖尿病、阿尔茨海默病等慢性病中具有潜在的健康效应;维生素B_(1)与肥胖、抑郁和癌症等其他慢性病也存在关联。结论:适宜剂量的维生素B_(1)或其衍生物补充可能有利于降低2型糖尿病的发生风险,并有利于改善阿尔茨海默病患者的认知功能。

Characterization of rock thermophysical properties and factors affecting thermal conductivity−A case study of Datong Basin,China

Rock thermal physical properties play a crucial role in understanding deep thermal conditions,modeling the thermal structure of the lithosphere,and discovering the evolutionary history of sedimentary basins.Recent advancements in geothermal exploration,particularly the identification of high-temperature geothermal resources in Datong Basin,Shanxi,China,have opened new possibilities.This study aims to characterize the thermal properties of rocks and explore factors influencing thermal conductivity in basins hosting high-temperature geothermal resources.A total of 70 groups of rock samples were collected from outcrops in and around Datong Basin,Shanxi Province.Thermal property tests were carried out to analyze the rock properties,and the influencing factors of thermal conductivity were studied through experiments at different temperature and water-filled states.The results indicate that the thermal conductivity of rocks in Datong,Shanxi Province,typically ranges from 0.690 W/(m·K)to 6.460 W/(m·K),the thermal diffusion coefficient ranges from 0.441 mm^(2)/s to 2.023 mm^(2)/s,and the specific heat capacity of the rocks ranges from 0.569 KJ/(kg·℃)to 1.117 KJ/(kg·°C).Experimental results reveal the impact of temperature and water saturation on the thermal conductivity of the rock.The thermal conductivity decreases with increasing temperature and rises with high water saturation.A temperature correction formula for the thermal conductivity of different lithologies in the area is proposed through linear fitting.The findings from this study provide essential parameters for the assessment and prediction,development,and utilization of geothermal resources in the region and other basins with typical high-temperature geothermal resource.

中国营养学会第二次DRIs修订工作会议在北京召开

中国营养学会第二次膳食营养素参考摄入量（DRIs）研讨会于2011年11月17日在北京召开。DRIS修订专家委员会、顾问组、秘书组及作者共77人参加了会议。

Variations in evaporation from water surfaces along the margins of the Badain Jaran Desert over nearly 60 years and influencing factors

Based on meteorological data collected over nearly 60 years(1960-2017)from four national meteorological stations along the margins of the Badain Jaran Desert,this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variations in evaporation from water surfaces and identified the dominant controlling factors.Methods used included linear trend analysis,linear tendency estimation,the departure method,the rank correlation coefficient-based method,and Multiple Linear Regression(MLR).Results indicate notable spatiotemporal differences in evaporation distribution and evolution.Spatially,average annual evaporation exhibited a pronounced altitude effect,decreasing at a rate of about 8.23 mm/m from east to west with increasing altitude.Temporally,annual evaporation showed significant upward trends after 1996 at the northeastern(Guaizi Lake)and western(Dingxin)margins,with rates of 132 mm/10a and 105 mm/10a,respectively.Conversely,along the northwestern(Ejina Banner)and southern(Alxa Right Banner)margins of the desert,an evaporation paradox was observed,with annual evaporation trending downward at rates of 162 mm/10a and 187 mm/10a,respectively,especially after 1987.The dominant factors controlling evaporation varied spatially:Average annual temperature and relative humidity influended the western margin(Dingxin),average annual temperature was the key factor for the northeastern margin(Guaizi Lake),and average wind speed was crucial for the northern(Ejina Banner)and southern(Alxa Right Banner)margins.

Large-scale physical simulation of injection and production of hot dry rock in Gonghe Basin,Qinghai Province,China

Based on the independently developed true triaxial multi-physical field large-scale physical simulation system of in-situ injection and production,we conducted physical simulation of long-term multi-well injection and production in the hot dry rocks of the Gonghe Basin,Qinghai Province,NW China.Through multi-well connectivity experiments,the spatial distribution characteristics of the natural fracture system in the rock samples and the connectivity between fracture and wellbore were clarified.The injection and production wells were selected to conduct the experiments,namely one injection well and two production wells,one injection well and one production well.The variation of several physical parameters in the production well was analyzed,such as flow rate,temperature,heat recovery rate and fluid recovery.The results show that under the combination of thermal shock and injection pressure,the fracture conductivity was enhanced,and the production temperature showed a downward trend.The larger the flow rate,the faster the decrease.When the local closed area of the fracture was gradually activated,new heat transfer areas were generated,resulting in a lower rate of increase or decrease in the mining temperature.The heat recovery rate was mainly controlled by the extraction flow rate and the temperature difference between injection and production fluid.As the conductivity of the leak-off channel increased,the fluid recovery of the production well rapidly decreased.The influence mechanisms of dominant channels and fluid leak-off on thermal recovery performance are different.The former limits the heat exchange area,while the latter affects the flow rate of the produced fluid.Both of them are important factors affecting the long-term and efficient development of hot dry rock.

Research progress on temperature field evolution of hot reservoirs under low-temperature tailwater reinjection

This paper focuses on the study of the evolutionary mechanism governing the temperature field of geothermal reservoir under low-temperature tailwater reinjection conditions,which is crucial for the sustainable geothermal energy management.With advancing exploitation of geothermal resources deepens,precise understanding of this mechanism becomes paramount for devising effective reinjection strategies,optimizing reservoir utilization,and bolstering the economic viability of geothermal energy development.The article presents a comprehensive review of temperature field evolution across diverse heterogeneous thermal reservoirs under low-temperature tailwater reinjection conditions,and analyzes key factors influ-encing this evolution.It evaluates existing research methods,highlighting their strengths and limitations.The study identifies gaps in the application of rock seepage and heat transfer theories on a large scale,alongside the need for enhanced accuracy in field test results,particularly regarding computational effi-ciency of fractured thermal reservoir models under multi-well reinjection conditions.To address these shortcomings,the study proposes conducting large-scale rock seepage and heat transfer experiments,coupled with multi-tracer techniques for field testing,aimed at optimizing fractured thermal reservoir models'computational efficiency under multi-well reinjection conditions.Additionally,it suggests integrat-ing deep learning methods into research endeavors.These initiatives are of significance in deepening the understanding of the evolution process of the temperature field in deep thermal reservoirs and enhancing the sustainability of deep geothermal resource development.

Progress and prospect of mid-deep geothermal reinjection technology

Mid-deep geothermal reinjection technology is crucial for the sustainable development of geothermal resources,which has garnered significant attention and rapid growth in recent years.Currently,various geothermal reinjection technologies lag behind,lacking effective integration to address issues like low reinjection rates and thermal breakthrough.This paper reviews the basic principles and development history of mid-deep geothermal reinjection technology,focusing on various technical methods used in the process and analyzing their applicability,advantages,and disadvantages under different geological conditions.It highlights the unique challenges posed by deep geothermal resources,including high temperature,high pressure,high stress,chemical corrosion,and complex geological structures.Additionally,it addresses challenges in equipment selection and durability,system stability and operation safety,environmental impact,and sustainable development.Finally,the paper explores future directions for mid-deep geothermal reinjection technology,highlighting key areas for further research and potential pathways for technological innovation.This comprehensive analysis aims to accelerate the advancement of geothermal reinjection technology,offering essential guidance for the efficient reinjection and sustainable development of geothermal resources.

深水浅层气主动放喷模拟研究

浅层气地质灾害极易诱发浅层钻井事故,严重影响深水钻井作业安全。对于部分浅层气藏,通过钻导孔主动放喷浅层气,能够为深水经济、高效钻井提供保障。基于多相流表面跟踪技术和湍流模型,构建了深水浅层气主动放喷有限元数值模型。模型考虑了放喷通道尺寸、浅层气藏物性对放喷过程的影响,可以更准确地实现浅层气放喷全过程模拟。模拟结果表明:初始气藏压力由20.2MPa增加到20.8MPa,浅层气放喷效率由75.4%增加到84.9%。导孔尺寸由8 1/2"增加到12 1/4"浅层气释放程度由80.9%增加到90.7%。模拟结果与实际观测数据吻合程度较好,放喷时的最大逸散高度计算值误差为2.5%。研究成果为未来类似的深水钻井作业浅层气主动放喷工程提供了理论指导。

Effect of No Tillage and Conventional Tillage on Wheat Grain Yield Variability: A Review

Conservation Agriculture(CA)covers more than 205 million hectares in the world.This made it possible to face and mitigate the challenges of climate change,reducing soil erosion and providing multiple ecosystem services.The first elementary factor influenced is the yield evaluation.It has a direct effect on farmers’choices for sustainable production.The present article records a review focused on wheat yield average positive change compared between conventional tillage(CT)and no tillage(NT)systems.The international database collected showed that NT is adaptable everywhere.The results of wheat yield differentiation showed the influence of crop rotation depending on stations located in different climatic zones.In more than 40 years of research,specialists have succeeded in demonstrating the importance of crop productivity like wheat.The whole integrates also experimentations where the initiation starts more than ten years.

Genome-Wide Analysis for Yield-Related Agronomic and Biochemical Traits of Chinese and Bangladeshi Grass Pea Genotypes Using SSR Markers

Grass pea(Lathyrus sativus L.)is an imperative food crop cultured in dryland agricultural ecology.It is a vital source of dietary protein to millions of populaces living in low-income countries in South-East Asia and Africa.This study highlights the improvement of genomic properties and their application in marker-trait relationships for 17 yield-related characters in 400 grass pea genotypes from China and Bangladesh.These characters were assessed via 56 polymorphic markers using general linear model(GLM)(P+G+Q)and mixed linear model(MLM)(P+G+Q+K)in the tassel software based on the linkage disequilibrium and population structure analysis.Population structure analysis showed two major groups and one admixed group in the populace.Statistically significant loci pairs of linkage disequilibrium(LD)mean value(D′)was 0.479.A total of 99 and 61 marker-trait associations in GLM and MLM models allied to the 17 traits were accepted at a 5%level of significance.Among these markers,21 markers were associated with more than one trait;12 marker-trait associations passed the Bonferroni correction threshold.Both models found six markers C41936,C39067,C34100,C47146,C47638,and C43047 significantly associated with days to maturity,flower color,plant height,and seed per pod were detected in the Hebei and Liaoyang location(p≤0.01),and the interpretation rate(R^(2)value)11.2%to 43.6%.Conferring to the consequences,the association analysis methodology may operative system for quantitative,qualitative,and biochemical traits related to gene position mapping and support breeders in improving novel approaches for advancing the grass pea quality.

不同干燥方式和粉碎程度对双孢蘑菇理化、营养和功能特性的影响

为了评价双孢蘑菇的加工适应性,以双孢蘑菇为原料,采用热风干燥(hot air drying,HAD)、热泵干燥(heat pump drying,HPD)、真空冷冻干燥(vacuum freeze drying,VFD)3种方式干燥处理后,再进行粗粉碎(60目筛)和超微粉碎(60目筛后再过300目筛),分别得到HAD普通粉、HPD普通粉、VFD普通粉、HAD超微粉、HPD超微粉和VFD超微粉,分析不同干燥方式和粉碎程度对双孢蘑菇理化、营养和功能指标的影响。结果表明,3种干燥方式处理双孢蘑菇中,VFD双孢蘑菇色差变化与褐变度最小、复水性最佳,VFD双孢蘑菇粉振实密度和水合能力最大,粗多糖、可溶性蛋白和总三萜的溶出量最高,因此VFD双孢蘑菇整体品质最佳;HAD双孢蘑菇的整体品质最差;HPD双孢蘑菇粉麦角甾醇溶出量最高,HPD双孢蘑菇整体品质介于VFD和HAD双孢蘑菇之间。不同粉碎程度双孢蘑菇粉中,与双孢蘑菇普通粉相比,超微粉的粒径更小、振实密度更大、水溶性更好,营养和功能性成分的溶出量更高,抗氧化活性更强,而持水力和溶胀度有所降低。综合分析可知,3种干燥方式中,VFD能最好地保持双孢蘑菇的食用品质,较适于双孢蘑菇高附加值产品的生产加工;HPD双孢蘑菇食用品质明显优于HAD双孢蘑菇,且HPD能耗较低,是工业生产中对双孢蘑菇进行脱水处理的一种较好选择;超微粉碎可显著降低双孢蘑菇粉的粒度并提高粉体的水溶性、抗氧化活性和营养成分溶出量,可以作为以双孢蘑菇为原料的功能性食品开发前处理手段。

叶黄素生物学功能与相关慢性疾病的研究进展

目的:介绍叶黄素生物学功能研究,同时对叶黄素在各种慢性疾病防治中的效果和使用剂量新进展进行综述。方法:从中国知网、万方、PubMed等中英文数据库中检索关键词,提取叶黄素与慢性疾病相关信息,经过综合筛选共纳入41篇文献。结果:目前研究报道,叶黄素补充10 mg/d可改善AMD患者和健康人的视觉功能;可降低健康人群心血管疾病发病风险;可减缓正常人紫外线诱导的皮肤损伤。补充60 mg/d对动脉粥样硬化患者病情有益。队列研究发现日常摄入>9 mg/d可降低乳腺癌发病风险。2013版DRIs提出叶黄素的特定建议值(SPL)为10 mg/d,可耐受最高摄入量(UL)为40 mg/d。结论:本综述旨在为叶黄素新版的SPL和UL制定提供科学依据。

基于DNA条形码技术对常见石首鱼科鱼胶的物种鉴定

目的运用DNA条形码技术对常见石首鱼科鱼胶进行物种鉴定。方法通过对26份鱼胶样品基因组DNA提取,聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增细胞色素C氧化酶Ⅰ(cytochrome c oxidase,COI)基因、测序,用生命条形码数据(barcode of life data,BOLD)物种鉴定系统,与数据库中已有鱼类序列进行比对分析,鉴定出各鱼胶的物种;根据Kimura双参数模型计算样品序列遗传距离,并将所得序列使用邻接法(neighbor-joining,NJ)和最大简约法(maximum parsimony,MP)构建系统发育树,进行聚类分析。结果26份鱼胶样品通过鉴定引物“Fish-F”“Fish-R”均可实现扩增,条带清晰,扩增和测序成功率均为100%;BOLD鉴定结果显示,26份鱼胶样品中23份能够确定物种来源(相似性达98%以上),包括石首鱼科12属15种鱼类,且多数为外来物种,另外3份鱼胶可推测其近缘物种。此外,系统发育树聚类分析结果与物种鉴定结果一致。结论目前石首鱼类鱼胶来源物种较多,且多为外来基原鱼种。DNA条形码技术与BOLD鉴定系统相结合,可对大部分鱼胶进行准确的物种鉴定。