Combining ability of Egyptian cotton(Gossypium barbadense L.)reveals genetic potential for improved yield and fiber quality

Background As the most widely cultivated fiber crop,cotton production depends on hybridization to unlock the yield potential of current varieties.A deep understanding of genetic dissection is crucial for the cultivation of enhanced hybrid plants with desired traits,such as high yield and fine fiber quality.In this study,the general combining ability(GCA)and specific combining ability(SCA)of yield and fiber quality of nine cotton parents(six lines and three testers)and eighteen F1 crosses produced using a line×tester mating design were analyzed.Results The results revealed significant effects of genotypes,parents,crosses,and interactions between parents and crosses for most of the studied traits.Moreover,the effects of both additive and non-additive gene actions played a notably significant role in the inheritance of most of the yield and fiber quality attributes.The F1 hybrids of(Giza 90×Aust)×Giza 86,Uzbekistan 1×Giza 97,and Giza 96×Giza 97 demonstrated superior performance due to their favorable integration of high yield attributes and premium fiber quality characteristics.Path analysis revealed that lint yield has the highest positive direct effect on seed cotton yield,while lint percentage showed the highest negative direct effect on seed cotton yield.Principal component analysis identified specific parents and hybrids associated with higher cotton yield,fiber quality,and other agronomic traits.Conclusion This study provides insights into identifying potential single-and three-way cross hybrids with superior cotton yield and fiber quality characteristics,laying a foundation for future research on improving fiber quality in cotton.

Controlled drainage in the Nile River delta of Egypt:a promising approach for decreasing drainage off-site effects and enhancing yield and water use efficiency of wheat

North Africa is one of the most regions impacted by water shortage.The implementation of controlled drainage(CD)in the northern Nile River delta of Egypt is one strategy to decrease irrigation,thus alleviating the negative impact of water shortage.This study investigated the impacts of CD at different levels on drainage outflow,water table level,nitrate loss,grain yield,and water use efficiency(WUE)of various wheat cultivars.Two levels of CD,i.e.,0.4 m below the soil surface(CD-0.4)and 0.8 m below the soil surface(CD-0.8),were compared with subsurface free drainage(SFD)at 1.2 m below the soil surface(SFD-1.2).Under each drainage treatment,four wheat cultivars were grown for two growing seasons(November 2018–April 2019 and November 2019–April 2020).Compared with SFD-1.2,CD-0.4 and CD-0.8 decreased irrigation water by 42.0%and 19.9%,drainage outflow by 40.3%and 27.3%,and nitrate loss by 35.3%and 20.8%,respectively.Under CD treatments,plants absorbed a significant portion of their evapotranspiration from shallow groundwater(22.0%and 8.0%for CD-0.4 and CD-0.8,respectively).All wheat cultivars positively responded to CD treatments,and the highest grain yield and straw yield were obtained under CD-0.4 treatment.Using the initial soil salinity as a reference,the soil salinity under CD-0.4 treatment increased two-fold by the end of the second growing season without negative impacts on wheat yield.Modifying the drainage system by raising the outlet elevation and considering shallow groundwater contribution to crop evapotranspiration promoted water-saving and WUE.Different responses could be obtained based on the different plant tolerance to salinity and water stress,crop characteristics,and growth stage.Site-specific soil salinity management practices will be required to avoid soil salinization due to the adoption of long-term shallow groundwater in Egypt and other similar agroecosystems.

Cancer Therapy with Phytochemicals: Present and Future Perspectives

Recently, a wide range of food-derived phytochemical compounds and their synthetic derivatives have been proposed for cancer treatment. Unfortunately, data available in related literature focus on the anti-cancer properties of compounds derived from edible plants, while very little is known about those derived from non-edible plants. And thus, the underlying mechanisms of their anti-cancer effects are yet to be elucidated. This review collates the available data on the anti-cancer activities of six phytochemical-derived compounds from edible and non-edible plants, i.e.

Advances in research on the carrot,an important root vegetable in the Apiaceae family

Carrots(Daucus carota L.),among the most important root vegetables in the Apiaceae family,are cultivated worldwide.The storage root is widely utilized due to its richness in carotenoids,anthocyanins,dietary fiber,vitamins and other nutrients.Carrot extracts,which serve as sources of antioxidants,have important functions in preventing many diseases.The biosynthesis,metabolism,and medicinal properties of carotenoids in carrots have been widely studied.Research on hormone regulation in the growth and development of carrots has also been widely performed.Recently,with the development of high-throughput sequencing technology,many efficient tools have been adopted in carrot research.A large amount of sequence data has been produced and applied to improve carrot breeding.A genome editing system based on CRISPR/Cas9 was also constructed for carrot research.In this review,we will briefly summarize the origins,genetic breeding,resistance breeding,genome editing,omics research,hormone regulation,and nutritional composition of carrots.Perspectives about future research work on carrots are also briefly provided.

Profiling of seed fatty acid composition in 1025 Chinese soybean accessions from diverse ecoregions

The stability of soybean(Glycine max L.Merrill)oil is determined mainly by its fatty acid(FA)composition.We evaluated the FA composition of 1025 Chinese soybean accessions collected from diverse ecoregions and grown in multiple locations and years.We observed highly significant differences(P<0.001)between accessions in palmitic acid(PA),stearic acid(SA),oleic acid(OA),linoleic acid(LA),and linolenic acid(LNA)contents.Growth year affected(P<0.001)the abundance of all FAs except PA.The mean PA,SA,OA,LA,and LNA contents were 12.2%,3.8%,21.5%,54.2%,and 8.3%,respectively.The geographical origin of the accession influenced seed FA composition,indicating that accessions originating in each ecoregion tend to have distinct FA composition.We observed significant positive correlations among the three locations and between the two years,suggesting the high heritability and stability of individual accessions across contrasting environments.We also observed a relatively high negative correlation between the contents of OA and both LA and LNA(r=-0.90 and-0.59,respectively,each significant at P<0.001),providing a potential entry point for developing strains producing oil with higher OA and lower LA and LNA levels.These would be appropriate for specialized use in the food industry.Our results will be useful in breeding soybean with improved quality to meet human nutritional and industrial needs.

Microbial community dynamics during composting of animal manures contaminated with arsenic,copper,and oxytetracycline

Effects of the heavy metal copper(Cu), the metalloid arsenic(As), and the antibiotic oxytetracycline(OTC) on bacterial community structure and diversity during cow and pig manure composting were investigated. Eight treatments were applied, four to each manure type, namely cow manure with:(1) no additives(control),(2) addition of heavy metal and metalloid,(3) addition of OTC and(4) addition of OTC with heavy metal and metalloid;and pig manure with:(5) no additives(control),(6) addition of heavy metal and metalloid,(7) addition of OTC and(8) addition of OTC with heavy metal and metalloid. After 35 days of composting, according to the alpha diversity indices, the combination treatment(OTC with heavy metal and metalloid) in pig manure was less harmful to microbial diversity than the control or heavy metal and metalloid treatments. In cow manure, the treatment with heavy metal and metalloid was the most harmful to the microbial community, followed by the combination and OTC treatments. The OTC and combination treatments had negative effects on the relative abundance of microbes in cow manure composts. The dominant phyla in both manure composts included Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. The microbial diversity relative abundance transformation was dependent on the composting time. Redundancy analysis(RDA) revealed that environmental parameters had the most influence on the bacterial communities. In conclusion, the composting process is the most sustainable technology for reducing heavy metal and metalloid impacts and antibiotic contamination in cow and pig manure. The physicochemical property variations in the manures had a significant effect on the microbial community during the composting process. This study provides an improved understanding of bacterial community composition and its changes during the composting process.

Cytoprotective Effect of Silymarin against Diabetes-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis in Diabetic Rats

Objective The beneficial effects of silymarin have been extensively studied in the context of inflammation and cancer treatment, yet much less is known about its therapeutic effect on diabetes. The present study was aimed to investigate the cytoprotective activity of silymarin against diabetes-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Methods Rats were randomly divided into： control group, untreated diabetes group and diabetes group treated with silymarin （120 mg/ks·d） for 10 d. Rats were sacrificed, and the cardiac muscle specimens and blood samples were collected. The immunoreactivity of caspase-3 and Bcl-2 in the cardiomyocytes was measured. Total proteins, glucose, insulin, creatinine, AST, ALT, cholesterol, and triglycerides levels were estimated. Results Unlike the treated diabetes group, cardiomyocyte apoptosis increased in the untreated rats, as evidenced by enhanced caspase-3 and declined Bcl-2 activities. The levels of glucose, creatinine, AST, ALT, cholesterol, and triglycerides declined in the treated rats. The declined levels of insulin were enhanced again after treatment of diabetic rats with silymarin, reflecting a restoration of the pancreatic β-cells activity. Conclusion The findings of this study are of great importance, which confirmed for the first time that treatment of diabetic subjects with silymarin may protect cardiomyocytes against apoptosis and promote survival-restoration of the pancreatic β-cells.

Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution of Some Water Resources (Kafr El-Dawar—Egypt)

Kafr El-Dawar is a major industrial city and a municipality on the Nile Delta in northern Egypt. Kafr El-Dawar area is unfortunately suffering from many factories that let out their waste water into the irrigation canal and agricultural drains. Twenty five water samples were collected from five water resources to assess their heavy pollution. The determination of heavy metals (HV) water resources content conducted to compose the following increasing HV concentration sequences;Drain Abu Qir (DA): Min (Cu)_Max (Zn), Canal Dbora Deufsho (CD): Min (Cu)_Max (Zn), Drain Dbora Abu Qir (DD): Min (Cu)_Max (Fe), Drain Kafr Dawar Deufsho (DK) : Min (Cu)_Max (Mn) and Drain Yarn and Fabric (DY) Min (Cu)_Max (Zn). Distribution patterns of HV concentration of water resources were (a) wide spread-distribution (Cr, Co, Mn), (b) moderately spread distribution pattern (Cu, Ni, Pb),and (c) narrow spread distribution pattern (Fe, Cd, Li and Zn) . The association study conducted to classify the HV concentration into three groups;positively highly correlated HV: (Pb_Cd), (Pb_Co), (Pb_Cr), (Cd_Co), (Zn_Fe), (Cr_Co), (Ni_Co) and (Ni_Fe), negatively highly correlated HV: (Pb_Mn), (Cd_Mn), (Mn_Cu) and (Co_Li) and intermediate cases (non-significant positive and negative intercorrelation) that was represented by the other cases. The low values of contamination factor, of short term use (CfiST), showed that the majority of HV concentration, of the studied water resources was at safe use level. This certainly with exception of the cases of cadmium that classified the water resources DA and CD, and DD into polluted and risky levels, respectively. The high values of contamination factor, of long term use (CfiLT), indicated that the studied water resources were mainly contaminated by Cd, Co and Cr heavy metals. Contrary, the low values of (CfiLT) of Zn, Fe, Li, Ni, Pb and Cu, all studied water resources are safe. Contamination degree index (Cd) indicated the safe use at short term of water resources (DA), (CD) and (DD), and (DY) water resources were highly contaminated. According to (Cd) values, moderate risk is expected if we use the water resource (DK), even in the short term. As for the long term use, all studied water resources were highly contaminated that they cannot be absolutely used in the long run.

Serum Y-Box Binding Protein 1 (YBX-1) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) Are Associated with Metastasis in Breast Cancer Patients

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the levels of Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the sera of metastatic and non-metastatic breast cancer patients (BC), investigate their clinicopathological significance and to analyze their potential use as biomarkers of breast cancer metastasis. Methods: The study included ninety subjects sub-grouped equally into metastatic BC, non-metastatic BC and healthy volunteers. Serum YBX-1 and IL-6 were quantified using ELISA technique while CA 15-3 was quantified using IRMA kit. Clinical data were collected from patients’ records. Results: YBX-1 (p < 0.001), IL-6 (p < 0.001) and CA15-3 (p = 0.017, 0.001) were significantly elevated in metastatic and non-metastatic BC patients compared to healthy controls, however, only YBX-1 (p 0.001) showed a significant difference with cancer metastasis. Generally, YBX-1 and IL-6 were correlated with worse histological grade and late clinical stage in breast cancer patients and they were also associated with axillary lymph nodes involvement and positive vascular invasion in metastatic BC patients. Serum YBX-1 and IL-6 levels were positively correlated to each other (rs = 0.615, p < 0.001) and they showed high sensitivity and specificity compared to CA 15-3 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004 for YBX-1 and IL-6 respectively) for predicting cancer metastasis. Conclusions: Serum YBX-1 and IL-6 are potential biomarkers of breast cancer patients with significant correlation with bad clinicopathological characteristics. Serum YBX-1 and IL-6 have superior sensitivity and specificity compared to CA15-3 and can serve as potential follow up and prognostic markers.

Enhanced Thermal Stability of Promising Nano-Porous Silicon Powder

A direct synthesis method is introduced to prepare nano-porous silicon-nickel nanocomposite (nPS/Ni) powder for thermal isolation applications. In this paper, we study the thermal stability of nanocomposites consisting of nanoparticles metal incorporated into the pores of a porous silicon by a very simple method. The nickel element is chemically deposited whereas the nanoparticles are precipitated on the pore surfaces. The (nPS) and (nPS/Ni) nano-materials are thermally measured under nitrogen at temperatures of 40&#8451 - 1000&#8451, noticeable, demonstrating better thermal stability of (nPS/Ni) until 900&#8451 than in the case of (nPS) at 600&#8451. Then, the improving of the thermal stability of the nPS powder is facilitated using it in many applications of the thermal insulation process.

Phosphate Solubilization by <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>and <i>Serratia marcescens</i>Isolated from Tomato Plant Rhizosphere

Plants need phosphorus for many physiological activities in a form of phosphate anions. Three different bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis PH, Serratia marcescens PH1, and Serratia marcescens PH2), recently isolated from tomato plant rhizosphere, have high phosphate solubilization index (SI from 2.8 to 3.2) on Pikovskaya agar medium (which contains calcium phosphate). Moreover, phosphate release from calcium in Pikovskaya broth over 5 days is increasing with cell growth for the different isolates. The most efficient phosphate solubilization case is the mixed culture of the 3 strains (OD475 is almost 1). On the other hand, pH values decreased dramatically with time due to organic acids secretion and the maximum acidification level is recoded for Serratia marcescens PH2 (pH = 1.94). Interestingly, the isolates are resistance to important pesticides (oxamyl, thiophanate methyl, and captan) that are commonly used in the sampling area. This resistance is very favorable and increases the persistence of the phosphate solubilizing bacteria in contaminated soils. The isolates are therefore plant symbionts and growth promoting agents.

Characterization of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes and application as an effective filter for heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions

Filtration efficiency of Ni(II) from aqueous solution using pristine and modified MWCNTs filters was investigated as a function of Ni(II) ion concentration, p H, and filter mass. MWCNTs were synthesized by CVD method and modified using two complementary treatments, purification(using a mixture of hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide) and functionalization(using nitric acid). The effect and mechanism of each treatment on the structural integrity of pristine MWCNTs has been studied. Morphology of the pristine and modified filters was investigated by Raman Spectrometry(RS), Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy(EDS),Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR) spectrometry and Thermogravimetric analysis. It was found from Raman spectra that the ratio of the intensity of D-band to that of G-band decreased by purification process, and increased by functionalization process. The adsorption mechanism of Ni(II) onto the surface functional groups of modified MWCNTs was confirmed by FTIR spectrum. The filtration results showed that the removal efficiency of Ni(II) is strongly dependent on pH and could reach 85% at pH = 8. Also, modified MWCNT filters can be reused through many cycles of regeneration with high performance. Functionalized MWCNTs filters may be a promising adsorbent candidate for heavy metal removal from wastewater.

Isolation, purification and structure elucidation of three newbioactive secondary metabolites from Streptomyces lividans AM

Microorganisms are a huge mine of bioactive metabolites,and actinomycetes are one of the very active groups in this area.In this article,we are concerned about the full taxonomical characterization of Streptomyces lividans AM,isolated from Egyptian soil.This isolate produced three new bioactive metabolites,namely:1-Nona-decanoyl,4-oleyl disuccinate(1),filoboletic acid;(9Z,11E)-8,13-dihydroxy octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid(2),and sitosteryl-3β-D-glucoside(3).Extensive 1D and 2D NMR and HR-mass spectrometry were used to elucidate the structures of the three compounds.Moreover,ten known compounds were also identified.The antimicrobial activity of the producing organism and newly reported compounds(1–3)was investigated against a selected group of pathogenic microorganisms.A full taxonomical characterization of the strain was described as well.

Performance, Immune, and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens as Affected by Thyme and Licorice or Enzyme Supplemented Diets

Numbers of 300 day-old broiler chickens through a CRD design with 5 treatments, 3 replicates and 20 chicks in each pen were used to evaluate the effect of thyme (T), licorice (L), thyme + licorice (TL), and enzyme supplemented (E) diets on performance, immune and carcass characteristics. According to the results, performance traits, immune indices, and carcass traits in herbal medicine and enzyme supplemented diets were improved significantly than control diet (P < 0.05). Weight gain and FCR in T and E groups were significantly higher and lower than other groups respectively (P < 0.05). Internal organs such as abdominal fat and liver weight as indicators of lipogenesis rate were decreased in T, L, and TL diets than control or E diet significantly (P < 0.05). Immune organs such as burse and spleen weight as indicators of immune situation were increased in TL diet than other treatments significantly (P < 0.05). These findings indicated that thyme and licorice singly or in combination as organic herbal medicine can affect performance, carcass and immune characteristics. Also an improved immune organ such as burse or spleen in this study indicates that this herbal medicine can promote the immune situation and efficacy of health and livability.

Waterlogging in the New Reclaimed Areas Northeast El Fayoum, Western Desert, Egypt, Reasons and Solutions

The waterlogging in the new reclaimed areas has become a major concern in the area Northeast El Fayoum, Western Desert, Egypt. It is not only endangering the structures and properties but also causing major environmental problem affecting the health of the area, habitats, and the biotic of the land community, as well as the deteriorating of Egypt’s Pharaonic monuments (El Lahun and Hawarah pyramids). Both the daily seepage from excess irrigation water and the presence of impervious clay or limestone beds at shallow depths may represent the main contributor of ground-water rising in the shallow aquifer. This paper investigates the interplay of the hydrogeological characteristics, soil properties and recent land reclamation projects on the distribution of waterlogging and salinization within the study area. The field observations show that new reclaimed areas have been recently cultivated in distant areas from the old agricultural land. These new cultivations have developed widespread waterlogging, soil salinization and deterioration of Egypt’s Pharaonic monuments as a result of rising groundwater related problems. In this paper, the data used come from database of drillings for eleven observation wells distributed inside the whole area to measure periodic water levels. The soil litho-units are mainly composed of coarse sand, sandy clay, silt and fractured limestone underlined by impervious clay or limestone, thus limiting the downward percolation of excess irrigation water and therefore develops waterlogging. The drainage networks and suitable irrigation methods have to be considered when planning for a new cultivation in dry land to better control waterlogging and salinization hazard. It is highly recommended in this research that newly small and deep cut drainage canals network should be constructed and connected to the master drainage canal to dewater the excess irrigation water and to prevent the waterlogging in the concerned area.

Endemics and endangered species in the biodiversity hotspot of the Shada Mountains, Saudi Arabia

Shada Mountains in Saudi Arabia, separated by Maleel Wadi into twin mountains（i.e., Shada Alalah and Shada Asfal）, are rich in biodiversity. We investigated the diversity of endemics and endangered species of the mountains based on the data collected from 38 stands falling in 8 elevational zones ranging from 500 to 2215 m a.s.l. Results indicated that 495 plant species falling in 314 genera and 76 families occurred in the Shada Mountains, including 19 endemic species and 43 endangered species, and accounting for 22% of the total flora in Saudi Arabia. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that physiographic features, particularly altitude play an important role in the frequency and abundance of species. Endemics were not evenly distributed in the Shada Mountains and mostly restricted in the elevation zone of 1000–1500 or ＆gt;1500 m a.s.l. When the altitude reached up to 2000 m a.s.l., the endemics decreased substantially due to the significantly low temperature. The endangered species existed three different distribution patterns：（i） most endangered species distributed in the altitudes of 1000–1800 m a.s.l.;（ii） endangered trees, lianas, and shrubs occupied the altitudes 1000–1300 m a.s.l.; and（iii） endangered subshrubs and herbs inhabited the altitudes 1500–2100 m a.s.l. The results demonstrated that the biodiversity of endangered species in the Shada Mountains is high and undisturbed by invasive species, and protective measures should be taken against human disturbances to the small-scale hotspot.

Obstacles in employing evidence-based practice by nurses in their clinical settings: a descriptive study

Objective: The challenge of employing evidence-based practice (EBP) is multifarious and varied. Nursing interventions supported by research evidence have been exposed to progress positive patient outcomes, while its implementation is faced with various obstacles. This study aimed to identify obstacles in employing EBP by nurses in their clinical settings. Methods: This descriptive design study was conducted at Benha University Hospital with a convenient sample of 154 nurses. Two tools were utilized: (Ⅰ) sociodemographic data sheet, which included sociodemographic characteristics of the participants, and (Ⅱ) interview scale, which contained two parts: (1) obstacles scale, which contained obstacles that impede nurses from the utilization of EBP, and (2) questions to rank the three greatest obstacles in employing EBP by nurses. Results: The greatest EBP obstacle ranked by nurses was the organizational limitations (90.9%), followed by research quality (86.9%) and research accessibility (51.0%), while individual characteristics (35.9%) were ranked as the least obstacle. There was a significant statistical correlation between organizational limitations, research quality as well accessibility-related obstacles and nurses' age, level of education, as well their years of work experience (P<0.05). Conclusions: Findings of this study showed series of obstacles in employing EBP by nurses in their clinical settings, stressing the call for expansion of nurses' capabilities related to EBP utilization in patients' care.

Nanoparticles induce the biosynthesis and activity of the new possible therapeutic proteinase source,Talaromyces purpureogenus KJ584844

The need for the bacterial proteinase is rapidly growing,urging to catch a lowcost medium for the microbial fermentation,nanoparticles can play a vital role in this respect.The proteinase of Talaromyces purpureogenus was produced on the tubers of Helianthus tuberosus that also operated as solid support for the fermentation process.The interface amongst nitrogen sources(NH_(4)Cl and yeast extract)was investigated,applying the statistical modeling of central composite design under solid-state fermentation.The optimum medium for proteinase secretion was stimulated by 979.82 mg NH_(4)Cl and 437.68 mg yeast extract per 100 g substrate,yielding 108.15 U/g tubers.Using Plackett-Burman experimental design,the nanoparticles Co,Ni and Fe were assessed as inducers for proteinase stimulants.Co nanoparticles(5 ppm)were the greatest in both proteinase production by the fungus as well as an inducer of the proteolysis process by the enzyme when using faba bean straw as a proteinaceous substrate in the reaction mixture,liberating the extreme quantity of amino acids,compared with the lack of the nanoparticles.The findings suggest the incorporation of Co nanoparticles in both the proteinase fabrication process and during the degradation of proteinaceous materials induce proteinase catalyst.This approach could be extended to modulate the productivity and activity of similar biomolecules.

Relationships between Hydraulic Parameters of the Nubian Aquifer and Wells in El Shab Area, South Western Desert, Egypt (A Case Study)

For proper water management in the new reclaimed areas, hydraulic parameters of both aquifer and wells related to transmissivity, specific capacity, well loss, formation loss, and water entrance velocity, as well as the relationship between these parameters are the main target after construction of production wells. In El Shab area, the Nubian Sandstone aquifer has a large range of transmissivity (from 483.12 to 1489.24 m2/day) and, also, specific capacity (from 203 to 486.32 m2/day). Relationship of specific capacity and transmissivity is constructed and the established empirical equations can be used to predict the transmissivity of the Nubian aquifer in all new proposed sites for well drilling at which the specific capacity measured without performing pumping tests. On the other hand, the drilled wells in El Shab area exhibit relatively high well losses (25%). The causes for high well losses (entrance velocity (Vn) through water well screen and the distance from the point of water entrance in the well to the point of intake in the pump) are discussed and the relationships are constructed, which seem a positive linear correlation. Relationships between well losses constant for 30 wells with transmissivity and specific capacity, are constructed. These relationships are useful for estimating hydraulic characteristics that are needed for the designs of wells and well fields and for preliminary water-resources management.

Fungal assembly of L-asparaginase using solid-state fermentation:a review

Because of its antitumor therapeutic-activity,as well as its application in food industries to improve the quality,L-asparaginase has attracted considerable attention from several investigators.In recent years,fungi have occupied advanced rank among microorganisms in the production process of the enzyme.This review is spotting the light on the advantages of fungal enzyme and its applications in the food industry and medications.The solid-state fermentation was discussed as the wide alternative and most accepted biosynthesis technique.However,some lights were also spotted to the statistical experimental design of the fermentation process,mainly on the methodology of the response surface for L-asparaginase biosynthesis by fungi.Finally,the immobilization of the enzyme and the features of the widely used solid substrates for the maximization of the production process were explored.