Dynamics of Land Use and Land Cover Change Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study of Debre Tabor Town, South Gondar, Ethiopia

The importance of accurate and timely information describing the nature and extent of land resources and changes over time is increasing, especially in fast-growing urban areas. We have developed a methodology to detect changes in land cover using satellite images for the years 1997, 2002, 2012 and 2017. The categories of five-class classification in the study area were built up area, plantation, waterbody, agricultural land and pastureland. The maps showed that between 1997 and 2017, the amount of urban or developed land increased from 8.12% to 52.4% of the total area, while agriculture land, plantation, waterbody and pastureland decreased from the 91.88% to 47.6% from the entire study area. The results showed that the urban (highly built-up) area increased dramatically. Inversely, pastureland, agricultural land, waterbody, and plantation decreased obviously from the period of 1997 to 2017. The remote sensing and GIS technique used in this study proved to be efficient;the time was shortened for the analysis of the city extension;and it was discovered that it was a useful tool to evaluate the effects of urbanization on the basis of the satellite image of the given years. The results quantify land use, coverage change patterns in Debre Tabor Town and demonstrate the potential of remote sensing, and GIS tools provide an accurate and cost-effective means to track land cover changes along time that can be used as management decisions and guidelines.

Magnitude and Factors Contributing to Erectile Dysfunction among Diabetic Men Attending the Diabetic Clinic at Debre Tabor Comprehensive and Specialized, Hospital in North West, Ethiopia 2020, Institutional Based Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Erectile dysfunction, which is defined as difficult to attain and maintain an erectile function enough to permit sufficient sexual performance, is accepted to be a big problem especially among diabetic patients. Objective To assess the Magnitude and factors contributing to Erectile Dysfunction Among Diabetic men attending the diabetic clinic in Debre Tabor Comprehensive and Specialized hospital, North West Ethiopia. Methods: Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted on 362 participants in Debre Tabor Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital from August - December 2020 using systematic random sampling technique. Data were analyzed with SPSS Version 23. Binary and multivariable logistic regressions were done to identify factors which were contributing to erectile dysfunction. P-value < 0.05 and the corresponding 95% CI of odds ratios were considered to declare the result as statistically significant. Results: Three hundred sixty-two diabetes patients participating in the study with the mean age being 44.4 ± 14.47 (range: 18 - 78) years were interviewed. The majority (59.7% with CI: 54.4:64.6) of the diabetes patients suffered from erectile dysfunction and 13.3% (95% CI 17.8% - 26.8%) were found to have severe erectile dysfunction. Bi-variable analysis showed duration of diabetes (>10 years), type of diabetes (type II), physical exercise, drinking alcohol, BMI, blood glucose, and blood pressure were associated with erectile dysfunction at 5% level (p ≤ 0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that duration of diabetes 10 years (AOR = 6.2, 95% CI: 2.78 - 13.85, p = 0.001), co-existing hypertension (AOR: 3.59, 95% CI: 1.58 - 8.19, p = 0.002), physically inactive (AOR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.53 - 8.31, p = 0.003), unsafe level alcohol intake (AOR: 3.09;95% CI 1.45 - 6.59*, p = 0.003) and raised blood glucose (AOR: 15.26, 95% CI: 7.82 - 29.77, p = 0.004) were independent risk factors but no association was found with other variables. Conclusion: The magnitude of erectile dysfunction in this study population was 59.7% and associated with the type of diabetes;duration of diabetic, physical exercise, alcohol drinking, increase in blood pressure, and elevated blood glucose level were independently correlated with erectile dysfunction.

Determinants of Anemia among Pregnant Women at Debre Tabor Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital

Background: Anemia is one of the most occurring nutritional deficiency problems in the world especially in Africa. It can be prevalent in women of reproductive age, particularly during pregnancy when it is often a contributory cause of maternal mortality. In our country Ethiopia, anemia prevalence is increased from 2011 to 2016 in all anemia categories. Even though scarce information is known about the problem in Ethiopia and studies related to the problem are not available at Debre Tabor comprehensive and specialized hospitals. Hence, we aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with anemia among pregnant women who are attending antenatal care at Debre Tabor Comprehensive and specialized hospitals. Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 15 to November 15, 2020, with a sample size of 232 pregnant women participants selected using a systematic random sampling method. Laboratory determination of hemoglobin level was done at Anti-natal care follow-up. The data was entered into Epi info Version 7.2 and exported to SPSSS version 23 for analysis. Descriptive statistics using frequency and other summary statistics were used to present the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of women. Binary and multivariable logistic regression was done to identify factors associated with anemia using an odds ratio at 95% CI and p-value < 0.05 significance level. Result: The magnitude of anemia showed that 12.9% with 95% CI (9.4% - 17.7%). The mean age of the participants was 33 years with a range of 18 - 39 years. Rural residency (AOR: 2.82;95% CI: 1.02 - 4.87, p-0.001), multi-parity were (AOR: 3.12;95% CI: 2.43 - 7.56, p-0.045), previous malaria attack (AOR: 1.91;95% CI: 1.04 - 4.88, p-0.023), and having history of abortion (AOR: 2.10;95% CI: 1.18 - 6.79, p-0.014) were factors associated to anemia in pregnancy. Conclusion: This study found a relatively high magnitude of anemia among pregnant women. Rural residency, multi-parity, previous malaria attack, and having a history of abortion were found to be independent predictors of anemia in pregnancy.

Impacts of environmental conditions on woody plant diversity,structure and regeneration in forest patches of Guna Mountain:Este District,South Gondar Zone,Ethiopia

Environmental conditions determine woody plant life such as species diversity,structure and regeneration status.This research aimed to assess the impact of environmental conditions on woody plant species diversity,structure and regeneration in forest patches of Guna Mountain:the case of Este District,South Gondar Zone,north-west Ethiopia.A total of 71 square sample plots(400 m~2 each) were established at 10 transects laid in five forest patches of the study area to collect vegetation data including the abundance of species,height and diameter at breast height(DBH).Environmental data including available potassium,available phosphorus,cation exchange capacity,soil texture,electrical conductivity,soil acidity,total nitrogen,organic matter,organic carbon,sodium adsorption ratio,exchangeable sodium percentage,bulk density,aspect,elevation,slope,latitude and longitude data were collected in the same plots.A correlation analysis between vegetation and environmental data was performed using rcorr(x) function in package Hmisc in R Programming Language.The most pronounced impacts were observed in altitude,grazing and pH,positively and silt,sand,electrical conductivity and cation exchange capacity,negatively.In addition,strong and significant impacts on plant structure were also observed due to the variation in soil texture and p H.The difference in aspect,sand and slope also impacted plant regeneration.The study showed that environmental parameters influence the diversity,structure and regeneration of woody plants.These parameters can be considered in the rehabilitation of the vegetation cover and conservation efforts of the rare woody species.Conservation measures that can minimalize the negative influences of environmental conditions can be applied through collaboration with communities around the forest patches.

Application of GIS based analytical hierarchy process and multicriteria decision analysis methods to identify groundwater potential zones in Jedeb Watershed, Ethiopia

The hydrogeological situation of the study area requires the identification of groundwater potential.Remote sensing and satellite data have proven to be reliable tools for understanding various factors that affect groundwater occurrence and movement.This study employed weighted overlay analysis based on satellite imagery and secondary data to create a thematic map for characterizing groundwater potentials in the study area located within Abbay Basin,Ethiopia.Remote sensing(RS)and GIS-based Fuzzy-Analytical Hierarchy Process methods were utilized to classify groundwater potential(GWP)zones into five categories:Very good,good,moderate,poor,and very poor.The central and eastern parts of the study area were identified as having high(33.186%)and very high(2.351%)groundwater potentials,while the western part exhibited poor and very poor potential areas.The groundwater potential map delineated higher and moderate potentials,suitable for installing shallow and production bores.This research demonstrates the effectiveness of RS and GIS techniques for delineating groundwater potential zones,which can aid in the planning and management of groundwater resources.The research findings have the potential to contribute to the formulation of improved groundwater management programs in the study area.

Modeling urban land use dynamics using Markov-chain and cellular automata in Gondar City,Northwest Ethiopia

Modeling urban land-use dynamics is critical for urban experts’and infrastructure managers’planning.This study attempts to explore the land-use/land-cover(LULC)dynamics of Gondar using satellite images from 1984 to 2020.Markov-Chain and Cellular Automata(MC-CA)models have been recognized as performing well in predicting urban land-use change.However,only a few models work in Ethiopia in general,and no study in Gondar has applied this approach to study urban land-use patterns.Therefore,Gondar land-use/land cover changes of Gondar were predicted using the MC-CA model in IDRISI.The built-up area in Gondar city covered 1413 ha(3%of the total area)in 1984 and increased to 2380 ha(5%)in 1994;21153 ha(45.5%)in 2004;22622 ha(48.7%)in 2014;and 23427 ha(50.5%)in 2020.The area has been predicted to reach 57.5%in the 2050s,showing a faster increase that will cause a very vast loss of farmland.This will increase urban sprawl challenges as well as overall environmental disequilibrium in the preceding decade.Thus,innovative and careful structures and systems in urban planning are required to secure a sustainable urban future and to make our cities livable and competitive in the paradigm of sustainable cities.

Adaptation of faba bean varieties for yield, for yield components and against faba bean gall (Olpidium viciae Kusano) disease in South Gondar, Ethiopia

Faba bean(Vicia faba L.) has an important place in the Ethiopian national diet. It is consumed in various forms and contributes to the improvement of soil fertility. However,its production and productivity are affected by biotic and abiotic constraints. Among the biotic constraints, the emerging faba bean gall disease, caused by Olpidium uiciae, is the major and most destructive disease wherever faba bean is grown. Field experiments were conducted at two locations(Farta and Tach Gayint districts) to evaluate the reaction of faba bean varieties to faba bean gall disease and to assess them for yield and yield components during the 2014 and 2015 main cropping seasons. Thirteen faba bean varieties and one local check were plantecd in three replications Lusing a randomized complete block design. The disease incidence and severity of faba bean gall were recorded(on a 1-9 scale) five tinmes at10-day intervals. A combined analysis of variance showed za significant difference(P < 0.05)among faba bean varieties with respect to the incidence and severity of gall disease at both locations. Disease incidence, severity, and AUDPC were lowest for variety Turmsa at both locatiOons, but this variety showed lhigh yield only at tlhe Farta location. 'The lhighest yields were obtained from varieties Degaga(1157.74 kg ha ') and Nc58(828.97 kg ha ') at Farta and Tach Gayint, respectively and these varieties slhowed low faba bean gall severity and AUDPC. Thus, higher-yielding faba bean varieties such as Degaga and Nc58 are recommended for faba bean production areas in northwestern Ethiopia.

Treatment outcomes of tuberculosis patients under directly observed treatment short-course at Debre Tabor General Hospital,northwest Ethiopia:nine-years retrospective study

Background:Data regarding tuberculosis(TB)treatment outcomes,proportion of TB/HIV co-infection and associated factors have been released at different TB treatment facilities in Ethiopia and elsewhere in the world as part of the auditing and surveillance service.However,these data are missing for the TB clinic offering directly observed treatment short-course(DOTs)at Debre Tabor General Hospital(DTGH).Methods:The authors analysed the records of 985 TB patients registered at the DTGH from September 2008 to December 2016.Data on patients’sex,age,type of TB,and treatment outcomes were extracted from the TB treatment registration logbook.The treatment outcome of patients was categorized according to the National TB and Leprosy Control Program guidelines:cured,treatment completed,treatment failed,died,and not evaluated(transferred out and unknown cases).Results:Around half of the registered patients were males(516,52.4%).In terms of TB types,381(38.7%),241(24.5%),and 363(36.9%)patients had smear-negative pulmonary TB,smear-positive pulmonary TB,and extra pulmonary TB,respectively.Six hundred and seventy-two patients(90.1%)had successful treatment outcomes(cured and treatment completed),while 74 patients(9.9%)had unsuccessful treatment outcomes(death and treatment failure).TB treatment outcome was not associated with age,sex,type and history of TB,or co-infection with HIV(P>0.05).The proportion of TB/HIV co-infection was at 24.2%,and these were found to be significantly associated with the age groups of 25-34,35-44 and≥65 years:(aOR:0.44;95%CI:0.25-0.8),(aOR:0.39;95%CI:0.20-0.70),(aOR:4.2;95%CI:1.30-12.9),respectively.Conclusions:The proportion of patients with successful treatment outcomes was above the World Health Organization target set for Millennium Development Goal of 85%and in line with that of the global milestone target set at>90%for 2025.Relatively higher proportions of transfer-out cases were recorded in the present study.Similarly,the proportion of TB/HIV co-infection cases was much higher than the national average of 8%.Thus,the health facility under study should develop strategies to record the final treatment outcome of transfer-out cases.In addition,strategies to reduce the burden of TB/HIV co-infection should be strengthened.

Genome-wide association mapping for grain shape and color traits in Ethiopian durum wheat(Triticum turgidum ssp.durum)

Grain shape and color strongly influence yield and quality of durumwheat.Identifying QTL for these traits is essential for transferring favorable alleles based on selection strategies and breeding objectives.In the present study,192 Ethiopian durum wheat accessions comprising 167 landraces and 25 cultivars were genotyped with a high-density Illumina iSelect 90K singlenucleotide polymorphism(SNP)wheat array to conduct a genome-wide association analysis for grain width(GW),grain length(GL),CIE(Commission Internationale l'Eclairage)L*(brightness),CIE a*(redness),and CIE b*(yellowness)traits.The accessions were planted at Sinana Agricultural Research Center,Ethiopia in the 2015/2016 cropping season in a complete randomized block design with three replications.Twenty homogeneous and healthy seeds per replicate were used for trait measurement.Digital image analysis of seeds with GrainScan software package was used to generate the phenotypic data.Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences between accessions for all traits.Atotal of 46 quantitative trait loci(QTL)were identified for all traits across all chromosomes.One novelmajor candidate QTL(−lg P≥4)with pleiotropic effects for grain CIE L*(brightness)and CIE a*(redness)was identified on the long armof chromosome 2A.Eighteen nominal QTL(−lg P≥3)and 26 suggestive QTL(−lg P≥2.5)were identified.Pleiotropic QTL influencing both grain shape and color were identified.

Factors associated with diabetic retinopathy screening and regular eye checkup practice among diabetic patients attending Felege Hiwot Specialized Hospital

AIM: To identify associated factors of diabetic retinopathy(DR) screening and ey e check-up practice among diabetes mellitus(DM) patients attending Felege Hiwot Specialized Hospital.METHODS: An institution-based cross-sectional study was applied from October 4, 2019 to January 12, 2020 at Felege Hiwot Specialized Hospital. A systematic random sampling technique was used to recruit participants and an interviewer-administered questionnaire was employed to collect the data. The collected data were entered into Epi Info version 7 and transposed to SPSS version 24 for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were executed and associated factors were identified using binary logistic regression. The strength of association between the independent and the outcome variable was determined using an adjusted odds ratio(AOR) with 95% confidence interval(CI). RESULTS: Four hundred and six participants partake with a response rate of 95.7% and a mean age of 47±11.5y. The magnitude of DR screening was 308(75.9%, 95%CI: 71.5%, 79.8%). Higher educational level(AOR=3.25;95%CI: 1.40, 8.78), good knowledge of DR(AOR=2.50;95%CI: 1.55, 4.46), and family history of DM(AOR=2.15;95%CI: 1.41,3.85) were significantly associated with DR screening. On the other side, rural residence [AOR=3.11(1.89, 5.02)] and undesirable attitudes toward DR [AOR=5.65(3.14, 8.76)] were significantly associated with poor regular eye checkup practice.CONCLUSION: Most of the participants are screened for DR. Higher education, family history, and good knowledge are associated with DR screening. In addition, rural residence and undesirable attitudes toward DR are associated with regular eye checkup practice.

Estimation of Open Channel Flow Parameters by Using Genetic Algorithm

The present study involves estimation of open channel flow parameters having different bed materials invoking data of Gradual Varied Flow (GVF). Use of GVF data facilitates estimation of flow parameters. The necessary data base was generated by conducting laboratory. In the present study, the efficacy of the Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization technique is assessed in estimation of open channel flow parameters from the collected experimental data. Computer codes are developed to obtain optimal flow parameters Optimization Technique. Applicability, adequacy and robustness of the developed code are tested using sets of theoretical data generated by experimental work. A simulation model was developed to compute GVF depths at preselected discrete sections for given downstream head and discharge rate. This model is linked to an optimizer to estimate optimal value of decision variables. The proposed model is employed to a set of laboratory data for three bed materials. Application of proposed model reveals that optimal value of fitting parameter ranges from 1.42 to 1.48 as the material gets finer and optimal decision variable ranges from 0.015 to 0.024. The optimal estimates of Manning’s n of three different bed conditions of experimental channel appear to be higher than the corresponding reported/Strickler’s estimates.

Surgical Site Infection Prevention Practices and Associated Factors among Nurses Working in Government Hospitals of Harari Regional State and Dire Dawa City Administration, Eastern Ethiopia

背景:手术部位感染是可预防的医院获得性感染中最常见的类型,其不良的手术结果与发病率,死亡率,住院时间,再入院和费用增加有关。预防手术部位感染是提供最佳护理的最重要挑战之一。研究表明,护士预防手术部位感染的方法未得到很好的解决。此外,在非洲包括研究地区显然缺乏研究。目的:本研究的目的是评估2019年3月1日至28日在埃塞俄比亚东部哈拉里地区州政府和迪里达瓦市政府的政府医院工作的护士的手术部位感染预防措施及相关因素。方法和材料:共515名护士参与机构的横断面研究设计。使用简单的随机抽样方法来选择研究参与者。使用通过观察补充的预先测试的结构化自我管理调查表收集数据。使用Epi-data 3.1版检查,编码,输入和清除数据,然后将其导出到SPSS 20版进行分析。研究进行了双变量和多变量分析,在95%置信区间内的P值小于0.05被认为具有统计学意义。结果:手术部位感染预防实践的总体自我报告水平为40.8%(95%CI:36.9%,45.4%)。学士学位及以上的护士[调整后的优势比[(AOR)=2.52,95%CI(1.14,5.54)],接受过感染预防培训[AOR=2.22,95%CI(1.29,3.82)],良好的知识[AOR=2.21,95%CI(1.32,3.71)],良好的态度[AOR=5.11,95%CI(3.05,8.57)],已获得个人防护用品的供应[AOR=2.57,95%CI(1.46,4.49)],管理支持[AOR=3.41,95%CI(1.90,6.12)],5至10年的经验[AOR=5.38,95%CI(2.82,10.27)]和≥11年[AOR=3.48,95%CI(1.47,8.25)]被发现与护士手术部位感染预防实践在统计上正相关。结论:在这项研究中,预防手术部位感染的水平很差。拥有学士学位及以上学历,知识渊博,态度良好,拥有个人防护设备,有管理支持,服务≥5年并接受过感染预防培训,这与手术部位感染的预防措施有很大关联。建议通过在职教育和最新循证实践培训,定期提供个人防护设备,制定医院政策和预防手术部位感染实践的方法来更新护士的知识和实践。

The Awassi sire can be used to crossbred with low-productive Tikur local ewes to produce export-marketable weight at yearling under farmer's management in the Ethiopian highlands

A community-based sheep cross breeding project was conducted in Ethiopia with exotic Awassi crossbred rams and less productive indigenous Tikur ewes.Fifty-five Awassi crossbred rams having 46,48,56 and 65%Awassi blood levels were purchased and distributed to the participating 84 farmers which had 2,884 breeding ewes.The overall least square mean weights for F1 and F2 generation lambs at birth,day 90,180,270 and yearling weight were 3.10±0.01,13.04±0.07,16.95±0.08,20.84±0.11 and 24.42±0.14 kg,respectively.Body weight traits were significantly affected by lambing year for birth weight(P<0.05),180-day(d)weight(P<0.05),270-d weight(P<0.001)and 360 d(yearling)weight(P<0.001)but no effect(P>0.05)was noted for 90-d weight(weaning weight).Season of lambing had significant effect(P<0.01)only for birth weight.There was a significant difference(P<0.001)among the different villages for birth weight,and for day 90,180,270 and 360 body weights.The study showed that crossing Awassi crossbred rams with Tikur ewes can improve birth weight by 71.27%,90-d weight by 76.78%,180-d weight by 63.45%and yearling weight by 76.06%under farmer management practices.Results revealed that crossing Awassi crossbred rams with blood level of 56%and above with local Tikur ewes resulted in superior progenies that can fulfill export live weight standard of 25 kg at yearling weight.The future of Awassi-Tikur sheep farming must focus on feed supplementation strategies and on establishing cooperatives for farmers to improve their livelihoods.

Multidrug resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from urine sample,University of Gondar Hospital,Northwest Ethiopia

Objective:To assess multidrug resistant(MDR)Escherichia coli(E.coli)isolates from patients with urinary tract infection.Methods:From February to June 2014,a cross sectional study was conducted among urinary tract infection patients at the University of Gondar Hospital.Culture and disk diffusion method were used for E.coli isolation and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns.Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20.P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results:A total of 112 E.coli isolates were identified and the rate of isolation was higher among female participants(28.7%;P=0.03).Of the isolates,104(92.9%)were MDR E.coli;and the isolates showed high resistance rates towards ampicillin(99%),cotrimoxazole(69%),chloramphenicol(58.7%),gentamycin(56.7%)and ceftazidime(55.8%).However,comparative isolates showed low resistance rates to ciprofloxacin(1%),cefepime(8.7%),and ceftriaxone(11.5%).Moreover,resistance rates of MDR E.coli isolates were significantly higher than non-MDR strains for ceftazidime(55.8%versus 12.5%;P=0.015),and ampicillin(99%versus 87.5%;P=0.018).Conclusions:High prevalence of MDR E.coli isolates was observed in this study.Regular monitoring of antibiotic resistance rates is necessarily required to improve and revise empirical antibiotic therapy protocols.

尼泊尔柯西河流域土地利用/覆被变化影响下的土壤流失量与输沙量的动态变化

How the dynamics in soil loss(SL) and sedimentation are affected by land use/cover change(LULCC) has long been one of the most important issues in watershed management worldwide, especially in fragile mountainous river basins. This study aimed to investigate the impact of LULCC on SL and sediment export(SE) in eastern regions of the Koshi River basin(KRB), Nepal, from 1990 to 2021. The Random Forest classifier in the Google Earth Engine platform was employed for land use/land cover(LULC) classification, and the Integrated Valuation Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST) Sediment Delivery Ratio model was used for SL and SE modeling. The results showed that there was a pronounced increase in forest land(4.12%), grassland(2.35%), and shrubland(3.68%) at the expense of agricultural land(10.32%) in KRB over the last three decades. Thus, the mean SL and SE rates decreased by 48% and 60%, respectively, from 1990 to 2021. The conversion of farmland to vegetated lands has greatly contributed to the decrease in SL and SE rates. Furthermore, the rates of SL and SE showed considerable spatiotemporal variations under different LULC types, topographic factors(slope aspect and gradient), and sub-watersheds. The higher rates of SL and SE in the study area were observed mostly in slope gradient classes between 8° and 35°(accounting for 83%–91%) and sunny and semi-sunny slope aspects(SE, S, E, and SW)(accounting for 57%–65%). Although the general mean rate of SL presented a decreasing trend in the study area, the current mean SL rate(23.33 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)) in 2021 is still far beyond the tolerable SL rate of both the global(10 Mg ha^(-1)yr^(-1)) and the Himalayan region(15 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)). Therefore, landscape restoration measures should be integrated with other watershed management strategies and upscaled to hotspot areas to regulate basin sediment flux and secure ecosystem service sustainability.

Determinants of neonatal jaundice in Ethiopia:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Neonatal jaundice is a common condition characterized by a yellowish discoloration of the skin,conjunctiva,and sclera caused by elevated serum or plasma bilirubin levels during the newborn period.The condition is usually not dangerous,but it can progress to severe hyperbilirubinemia,which can lead to acute bilirubin encephalopathy and kernicterus,a bilirubin-induced neurological damage.Therefore,this study aimed to assess the pooled prevalence of neonatal jaundice and its determinants in Ethiopia.Methods Scopus,PubMed,Google Scholar,Embase,and CINAHL databases were searched for studies published between January 1,2010 and July 30,2021.A weighted DerSimonian Laird random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of neonatal jaundice and its associated factors.The I2 was used to calculate the degree of heterogeneity.The funnel plot and Egger's regression test were used to assess publication bias.Results Totally 697 articles were generated from various databases,and the review included a total of eight articles.The pooled prevalence of neonatal jaundice was 30.96%[95%confidence interval(CI)16.61%–45.31%)]in Ethiopia.This review showed that prolonged labor[adjusted odd ratio(AOR)=3.39;95%CI 2.41–4.77),low birth weight(AOR=5.12;95%CI 3.11–8.72),birth asphyxia(AOR=3.75;95%CI 2.11–6.66),cephalohematoma(AOR=7.07;95%CI 2.72–18.38),ABO incompatibility(AOR=6.05;95%CI 2.95–12.42),Rhesus(RH)incompatibility(AOR=3.77;95%CI 2.04–6.96),male sex(AOR=4.53;95%CI 3.39–6.07),and neonatal sepsis(AOR=2.47;95%CI 1.49–4.08)were identified as a determining factor for neonatal jaundice in Ethiopia.Conclusions In low-and middle-income countries,neonatal jaundice is a significant healthcare burden,accounting for a significant portion of global childhood mortality and morbidity.However,some low-cost,effective,practical,and dependable solutions have been implemented.Prolonged labor,ABO incompatibility,RH incompatibility,birth asphyxia,neonatal sepsis,low birth weight,cephalohematoma,and male sex were identified as risk factors for neonatal jaundice in Ethiopia.

Quantitative analysis of morphometry on Ribb and Gumara watersheds: Implications for soil and water conservation

Morphometric analysis is a quantitative measurement and mathematical analysis of landforms.It plays a significant role in understanding the geohydrological characteristics of a drainage basin in relation to the terrain feature and its flow patterns.It also helps to estimate the incidence of infiltration and runoff,and other related hydrological character of a watershed like erosion and sediment transport which has a strong implication for natural resource conservation.This study has attempted to quantify the morphometric characteristics of Guna-Tana watershed for proper implementation of soil and water conservation practices.ASTER (DEM) was used for extracting morphometric parameters.The watershed covers a total area of 3601.5 km2 and it has a basin length of 78.89 km.It has been tried to generate morphometric parameters which account basin drainage network,geometry,drainage texture,and relief characteristics together with hypsometric characteristics.The morphometric analysis of drainage density of the study watershed is 0.49 km/km2 which indicates the basin is highly permeable and result with better underground water storage capacity.Ruggedness number is 0.02 that implies the area is less prone to soil erosion.In addition,it has stream frequency of 0.32 and form factor 0.57 which indicates slightly elongated basin shape.Comparative analysis of its sub watersheds Gumara and Ribb was also undertaken.Therefore,practicing soil and water conservation in the watershed could enhance/strengthen the water storage capacity,prevent sediment loss and related natural resource from the watershed that rehabilitate its productivity.

Determinants of farmers’perception to invest in soil and water conservation technologies in the North-Western Highlands of Ethiopia

Soil erosion by water is a severe and continuous ecological problem in the north-western Highlands of Ethiopia.Limited perception of farmers to practice soil and water conservation(SWC)technologies is one of the major causes that have resulted accelerated soil erosion.Therefore,this paper examines the major determinants of farmers’perception to use and invest in SWC technologies in Ankasha District,north-western highlands of Ethiopia.A detailed field survey was carried out among 338 households,randomly selected from two rural sample kebeles(called villages here after).Descriptive statistics and logistic regression model were used to analyse the effects of multiple variables on farmers’perception.The results indicate that educational level of the respondents and their access to trainings were found to have a positive and very significant association(P<0.01)with farmers’perception.Likewise,land ownership,plot size,slope type,and extension contact positively and significantly influenced farmers’perception at 5%level of significance.On the other hand,the influence of respondents’age and plot distance from the homestead was found to be negative and significant(P<0.05).The overall results of this study indicate that the perception of farmers to invest in SWC technologies was highly determined by socioeconomic,institutional,attitudinal and biophysical factors.Thus,a better understanding of constrains that influence farmers'perception is very important while designing and implementing SWC technologies.Frequent contacts between farmers and extension agents and continues agricultural trainings are also needed to increase awareness of the impacts of SWC benefits.

Changes and drivers of afro-alpine forest ecosystem: future trajectories and management strategies in Bale eco-region, Ethiopia

Introduction:Ecosystem change and respective conservation needs were at top priority areas in the globe especially at biodiversity hotspot zones and places of endemism like Bale eco-region.In this aspect,this study had tried to assess historical landscape changes of afro-alpine forest ecosystem with its respective driving forces and effectiveness of different institutional arrangements to protect this ecosystem.Methods:The study utilized satellite imagery from Landsat series starting from 1986 to 2016,ground truth data from GPS-based field survey,focus group discussions,and reconnaissance field survey.Historical landscape maps were prepared with a mix of supervised and unsupervised image classification methods.Future landscape change simulation was undertaken by using cellular automata modeling on Dynamic Environment for Geoprocessing Objects(Dinamica EGO)software.Beyond areal change and transition of landscape elements,level of ecosystem fragmentation was assessed with FRAGSTAT software.Results:Results have shown that there is encroachment of human-induced land use patterns especially agriculture and grazing while closed canopy forest and woodland ecosystems have decreased in their extent.Simulation outputs for the coming three decades have also shown similar patterns with historical trends.Beyond changes in areal extent,landscape matrix analysis results indicated that there is increasing class and landscape level fragmentation both in its historical and future probable likelihoods.Effectiveness of different management strategies at different institutional arrangement were differ in their effectiveness that federal and regional government were not able to curve landscape change.Conclusions:In conclusion,increasing population pressure and weak policy implementation and legal enforcement has caused threats for alpine forest ecosystem in Bale eco-region.Except participatory forest management,management strategies at different institutional arrangements were failed to conserve forest.These calls reinnovated participatory forest management strategies that base community participation while simultaneously keeps livelihoods demands of local community.

Erosion risk assessment:A contribution for conservation priority area identification in the sub-basin of Lake Tana,north-western Ethiopia

Soil erosion is a serious environmental problem arising from agricultural intensification and landscape changes.Improper land management coupled with intense rainfall has intricated the problem in most parts of the Ethiopian highlands.Soil loss costs a profound amount of the national GDP.Thus,quantifying soil loss and prioritizing areas for conservation is imperative for proper planning and resource conser-vation.Therefore,this study has modeled the mean soil loss and annual sediment yield of the Gumara watershed.Landsat 5 TM,Landsat 7ETM+,and Landsat 8 OLI were used for land use land cover(LULC)change analysis.Besides these,other datasets related to rainfall,digital soil map,Digital Elevation Model,reference land use,and cover(LULC)ground truth points were used to generate parameters for modeling soil loss.The watershed was classified into five major land-use classes(water body,cultivated land,grazing land,built-up and forest and plantation)using a maximum likelihood algorithm covering a period of the last 30 years(1988-2019).The mean annual soil loss and sediment yield were quantified using RUSLE,Sediment delivery ratio(SDR),and Sediment Yields models(SY).The analysis result unveils that within the past 30 years,the watershed has undergone significant LULC changes from forest&plantation(46.33%)and grazing land to cultivated land(31.59%)with the rate of-1.42km^(2)yr^(-1) and-2.80km^(2)yr^(-1) respectively.In the same vein,the built-up area has expanded to cultivated and grazing land.Subsequently,nearly 15%(207 km2)of the watershed suffered from moderate to very severe soil loss.On average,the watershed losses 24.2t ha^(-1) yr^(-1) of soil and yields 2807.02t ha^(-1) yr^(-1) sediment.Annually,the watershed losses 385,157t ha^(-1)yr^(-1) soil from the whole study area.Among the admir-ative districts,Farta(Askuma,Giribi,Mahidere Mariam and Arigo kebeles),Fogera(Gazen Aridafofota and Gura Amba kebeles),East Este(Witimera kebele),and Dera(Gedame Eyesus and Deriana Wechit kebeles)districts which cover 50%of the watershed were found severely affected by soil erosion.Thus,to curve back this scenario,soil and water conservation practices should prioritize in the aforementioned districts of the watersheds.