Stages of care for patients with chronic hepatitis C at a hospital in southern Brazil

BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus(HCV)is defined as a public health problem by the World Health Organization(WHO)and since then has defined targets through the HCV elimination.The HCV cascade of care highlights the progress towards these goals and essential interventions that need to be delivered along this continuum care.AIM To document the treatment cascade for patients with HCV infection at the Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição(HNSC),defining the percentage of antibody-positive patients who collected molecular biology tests(polymerase chain reaction),attended outpatient clinic assistance,underwent treatment,and achieved a virologic cure termed sustained virologic response(SVR).METHODS With the retrospective cohort design,patients diagnosed with HCV infection in the period between January 1,2015 and December 31,2020 were included.Data from HCV notification forms,electronic medical records,Computerized Laboratory Environment Manager System,and Medicine Administration System(evaluation of special medications)were collected in 2022 and all information up to that period was considered.The data were analyzed with IBM SPSS version 25,and Poisson regression with robust simple variance was performed for analysis of variables in relation to each step of the cascade.Variables with P<0.20 were included in the multivariate analysis with P<0.05 considered significant.Pearson’s chi-square test was applied to compare the groups of patients who persisted in follow-up at the HNSC and who underwent follow-up at other locations.RESULTS Results were lower than expected by the WHO with only 49%of candidates receiving HCV treatment and only 29%achieving SVR,despite the 98%response rate to direct acting antivirals documented by follow-up examination.The city of origin and the place of follow-up were the variables associated with SVR and all other endpoints.When comparing the cascade of patients who remained assisted by the HNSC vs external patients,we observed superior data for HNSC patients in the SVR.Patients from the countryside and metropolitan region were mostly assisted at the HNSC and the specialized and continuous care provided at the HNSC was associated with superior results,although the outcomes remain far from the goals set by the WHO.CONCLUSION With the elaboration of the HCV cascade of care using local data,it was possible to stratify and evaluate risk factors associated with losses between each step of the cascade,to inform new strategies to guide elimination efforts in the future.

Leptospirosis:A re-emerging zoonosis

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a bacteria of the genus Leptospira,which attacks people and domestic and wild animals.The bacteria can live and reproduce in rivers,streams,lakes,ponds and swamps.The risk of transmission increases in the rainy and flood seasons due to the characteristics of the survival of the bacteria,which can survive in water and even in stagnant water.Reservoirs are mainly rodents and dogs that eliminate Lepstospira through urine,thus contaminating the environment inside and outside homes.In the documented epidemics,weather,health and environmental conditions in the geographical region could cause the disease.In this review,risk factors related to the disease in different epidemiological scenarios are analysed.