Temperature Influence on Divergence Angles of Quartz Crystal Wollaston Prism

We propose a structural angle and main refractive indices as two key factors to understand the temperature influence on the divergence angles of the Wollaston prism. The temperature influence on the divergence angles of quartz crystal Wollaston prism is studied theoretically. The results show that divergence angles decrease with increasing temperature, while the divergence angle of e-light decrease more quickly than that of o-light. The testing system is established to verify the above results, and the experimental results are in agreement well with the theoretical analysis.

A lactate‐responsive gene signature predicts the prognosis and immunotherapeutic response of patients with triple‐negative breast cancer

Background:Increased glycolytic activity and lactate production are characteristic features of triple‐negative breast cancer(TNBC).The aim of this study was to determine whether a subset of lactate‐responsive genes(LRGs)could be used to classify TNBC subtypes and predict patient outcomes.Methods:Lactate levels were initially measured in different breast cancer(BC)cell types.Subsequently,MDA‐MB‐231 cells treated with 2‐Deoxy‐Dglucose or L‐lactate were subjected to RNA sequencing(RNA‐seq).The gene set variation analysis algorithm was utilized to calculate the lactate‐responsive score,conduct a differential analysis,and establish an association with the extent of immune infiltration.Consensus clustering was then employed to classify TNBC patients.Tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion,cibersort,single‐sample gene set enrichment analysis,and EPIC,were used to compare the tumor‐infiltrating immune cells between TNBC subtypes and predict the response to immunotherapy.Furthermore,a prognostic model was developed by combining 98 machine learning algorithms,to assess the predictive significance of the LRG signature.The predictive value of immune infiltration and the immunotherapy response was also assessed.Finally,the association between lactate and various anticancer drugs was examined based on expression profile similarity principles.Results:We found that the lactate levels of TNBC cells were significantly higher than those of other BC cell lines.Through RNA‐seq,we identified 14 differentially expressed LRGs in TNBC cells under varying lactate levels.Notably,this LRG signature was associated with interleukin‐17 signaling pathway dysregulation,suggesting a link between lactate metabolism and immune impairment.Furthermore,the LRG signature was used to categorize TNBC into two distinct subtypes,whereby Subtype A was characterized by immunosuppression,whereas Subtype B was characterized by immune activation.Conclusion:We identified an LRG signature in TNBC,which could be used to predict the prognosis of patients with TNBC and gauge their response to immunotherapy.Our findings may help guide the precision treatment of patients with TNBC.

Centimeter-Deep NIR-II Fluorescence Imaging with Nontoxic AIE Probes in Nonhuman Primates

Fluorescence probes with aggregation-induced emission(AIE)characteristics are of great importance in biomedical imaging with superior spatial and temporal resolution.However,the lack of toxicity studies and deep tissue imaging in nonhuman primates hinders their clinical translation.Here,we report the blood chemistry and histological analysis in nonhuman primates treated with AIE probes over tenfold of an intravenous dose of clinically used indocyanine green(ICG)during a study period of 36 days to demonstrate AIE probes are nontoxic.Furthermore,through bright and nontoxic AIE probes and fluorescence imaging in the second window(NIR-II,1,000-1,700 nm),we achieve an unprecedented 1.5-centimeter-deep vascular imaging in nonhuman primates,breaking the current limitation of millimeter-deep NIR-II fluorescence imaging.Our important findings,i.e.,nontoxic features of AIE probes and centimeter-deep NIR-II vascular imaging in nonhuman primates,may facilitate successful translation of AIE probes in clinical trials.

Surgical route and pathological risk factors in early cervical cancer-Node Zero(SURPEC-N0)

Aim:The aim of this study is to compare disease-free survival(DFS)and overall survival(OS)in patients with stage I cervical cancer(≤4cms,lymph node-negative)undergoing open radical hysterectomy(ORH)vs.minimally invasive radical hysterectomy(MIRH).Methods:All patients undergoing radical hysterectomy between January 2012-December 2018 from the largest tertiary referral cancer centre were included.A 1:1 propensity matching was done based on four independent prognostic factors to compare DFS and OS with the route of surgery.Results:One hundred and ninety-nine patients were included during the study period.The median age of the cohort was 50 years.The median follow-up of patients was 47 months.Following 1:1 propensity matching,a total of 174 patients were analysed for DFS and OS in ORH(n=87)and MIRH(n=87)groups.Protective measure was used in two-thirds of the patients during MIRH.Twenty-nine patients(16.7%)had recurrences.For the matched cohort(n=174),the DFS at 36 and 60 months was 84.8%(78.1%-89.6%)and 81%(73.4%-86.6%)respectively and the OS was 96.5%(91.7%-98.5%)and 95.6%(90.3%-98%)respectively.There was no statistically significant difference in DFS or OS between ORH and MIRH.Conclusion:The present study showed no difference in oncological outcomes in MIRH compared to ORH.Retrospective audits on patient characteristics such as screening/vaccination history along with surgical technique/load and matching for crucial risk factors should be factored in future studies to eliminate the possible methodological errors.