Novel interface engineering of LDH-based materials on Mg alloy for efficient photocatalytic systems considering the geometrical linearity of condensed phosphates

This study presents a facile and rapid method for synthesizing novel Layered Double Hydroxide(LDH)nanoflakes,exploring their application as a photocatalyst,and investigating the influence of condensed phosphates'geometric linearity on their photocatalytic properties.Herein,the Mg O film,obtained by plasma electrolysis of AZ31 Mg alloys,was modified by growing an LDH film,which was further functionalized using cyclic sodium hexametaphosphate(CP)and linear sodium tripolyphosphate(LP).CP acted as an enhancer for flake spacing within the LDH structure,while LP changed flake dispersion and orientation.Consequently,CP@LDH demonstrated exceptional efficiency in heterogeneous photocatalysis,effectively degrading organic dyes like Methylene blue(MB),Congo red(CR),and Methyl orange(MO).The unique cyclic structure of CP likely enhances surface reactions and improves the catalyst's interaction with dye molecules.Furthermore,the condensed phosphate structure contributes to a higher surface area and reactivity in CP@LDH,leading to its superior photocatalytic performance compared to LP@LDH.Specifically,LP@LDH demonstrated notable degradation efficiencies of 93.02%,92.89%,and 88.81%for MB,MO,and CR respectively,over a 40 min duration.The highest degradation efficiencies were observed in the case of the CP@LDH sample,reporting 99.99%for MB,98.88%for CR,and 99.70%for MO.This underscores the potential of CP@LDH as a highly effective photocatalyst for organic dye degradation,offering promising prospects for environmental remediation and water detoxification applications.

Synthesis and in-vitro characterization of biodegradable porous magnesium-based scaffolds containing silver for bone tissue engineering

Infection is a major potential complication in the clinical treatment of bone injuries. Magnesium (Mg)-based composites are biodegradable and antibacterial biomaterials that have been employed to reduce infection following surgical implants. The aim of present study was to synthesize and in-vitro characterize Mg-based scaffolds containing silver for bone tissue engineering. Porous Mg-based scaffolds with four silver concentrations (i.e., 0, 0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.%, and 2 wt.%), denoted by Mg?Ca?Mn-Zn-xAg (MCMZ?xAg)(where x is the silver concentration), were fabricated by the space holder technique. The effects of silver concentration on pore architecture, mechanical properties, bioactivity, and zone of bacterial inhibition were investigated in-vitro. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence microscopy were utilized to characterize the obtained scaffolds. In-vitro corrosion test results indicated that the MCMZ scaffolds with lower silver content were more resistant to corrosion than those enriched with higher amounts of silver. Examination of the antibacterial activity showed that the MCMZ?Ag scaffolds exhibited superb potential with respect to suppressing the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), in the inhibition zone around the MCMZ?Ag scaffolds, with increasing in the amount of incorporated silver;however, higher amounts of silver increased the cytotoxicity. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that the porous 0.5 wt.% Ag-containing scaffolds with interconnected pores, adequate mechanical properties, antibacterial activity, and cell adhesion are promising with respect to the repair and substitution of damaged and diseased bones.

Fabrication and Characterization of Poly Lactic Acid Scaffolds by Fused Deposition Modeling for Bone Tissue Engineering

Three-dimensional porous poly-lactic acid(PLA) scaffold was fabricated using fused deposition modeling(FDM) method including 30%, 50% and 70% nominal porosity. Study of phases in initial polymeric material and printed scaffolds was done by X-ray diffraction(XRD), and no significant phase difference was observed due to the manufacturing process, and the poly-lactic acid retains its crystalline properties. The results of the mechanical properties evaluation by the compression test show that the mechanical properties of the scaffold have decreased significantly with increasing the porosity of scaffold. The microstructure of scaffolds were studied by scanning electron microscope(SEM), showing that the pores had a regular arrangement and their morphology changed with porosity change. The mechanical properties of the poly-lactic acid scaffolds printed using fused deposition modeling, can be adapted to the surrounding tissue, by porosity change.

Phase change materials as quenching media for heat treatment of 42CrMo4 steels

In the present work,paraffin phase change material is used as quenchant for the heat treatment of 42CrMo4 alloy and compared with water,air,and CuO doped paraffin.The samples were prepared based on ASTM E 8M-98 standard for tensile test and then heated up to 830°C,kept for 4 h in an electric resistance furnace and then quenched in the mentioned media.Elastic modulus,yield strength,ultimate tensile strength,elongation,and modulus of toughness were determined according to the obtained stress?strain curves.Moreover,the hardness and microstructural evolution were investigated after the heat treatment at different media.The samples quenched in paraffin and CuO-doped paraffin are higher in ultimate tensile strength(1439 and 1306 MPa,respectively)than those quenched in water(1190 MPa)and air(1010 MPa).The highest hardness,with a value of HV 552,belonged to the sample quenched in CuO-doped paraffin.The microstructural studies revealed that the non-tempered steel had a ferrite/pearlite microstructure,while by quenching in water,paraffin and CuO-doped paraffin,ferrite/martensite microstructures were achieved.It is also observed that using the air as quenchant resulted in a three-phase bainite/martensite/ferrite microstructure.

Additive manufacturing of biodegradable magnesium-based materials:Design strategies,properties,and biomedical applications

Magnesium(Mg)-based materials are a new generation of alloys with the exclusive ability to be biodegradable within the human/animal body.In addition to biodegradability,their inherent biocompatibility and similar-to-bone density make Mg-based alloys good candidates for fabricating surgical bioimplants for use in orthopedic and traumatology treatments.To this end,nowadays additive manufacturing(AM)along with three-dimensional(3D)printing represents a promising manufacturing technique as it allows for the integration of bioimplant design and manufacturing processes specific to given applications.Meanwhile,this technique also faces many new challenges associated with the properties of Mg-based alloys,including high chemical reactivity,potential for combustion,and low vaporization temperature.In this review article,various AM processes to fabricate biomedical implants from Mg-based alloys,along with their metallic microstructure,mechanical properties,biodegradability,biocompatibility,and antibacterial properties,as well as various post-AM treatments were critically reviewed.Also,the challenges and issues involved in AM processes from the perspectives of bioimplant design,properties,and applications were identified;the possibilities and potential scope of the Mg-based scaffolds/implants are discussed and highlighted.

Maximizing the potential applications of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings produced on Mg-based alloys in anti-corrosion,antibacterial,and photocatalytic targeting through harnessing the LDH/PEO dual structure

There is an increasing interest in the development of Mg alloys,both for industrial and biomedical applications,due to their favorable characteristics such as being lightweight and robust.However,the inadequate corrosion resistance and lack of antibacterial properties pose significant challenges in the industrial and biomedical applications,necessitating the implementation of advanced coating engineering techniques.Plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)has emerged as a preferred coating technique because of its distinctive properties and successful surface modification results.However,there is a continuous need for further enhancements to optimize the performance and functionalities of protective surface treatments.The integration of layered double hydroxide(LDH)into PEO coatings on Mg alloys presents a promising approach to bolstering protective properties.This thorough review delves into the latest developments in integrating LDH into PEO coatings for corrosion-related purposes.It particularly emphasizes the significant improvements in corrosion resistance,antibacterial effectiveness,and photocatalytic performance resulting from the incorporation of LDH into PEO coatings.The two key mechanisms that enhance the corrosion resistance of PEO coatings containing LDH are the anion exchangeability of the LDH structure and the pore-sealing effect.Moreover,the antibacterial activity of PEO coatings with LDH stemmed from the release of antibacterial agents stored within the LDH structure,alterations in pH levels,and the photothermal conversion property.Furthermore,by incorporating LDH into PEO coatings,new opportunities emerge for tackling environmental issues through boosted photocatalytic properties,especially in the realm of pollutant degradation.

Innovative approach to boosting the chemical stability of AZ31 magnesium alloy using polymer-modified hybrid metal oxides

Meeting the demands of complex and advanced applications requires the development of high-performance hybrid materials with unique properties.However,the integration of polymeric frameworks with MgO/WO_(3) composite layers faces challenges due to the lack of understanding of the formation mechanism and the challenge of determining the impact of self-assembled architecture on anticorrosive properties.In this study,we aimed to enhance the corrosion resistance of the MgO layer produced by plasma electrolysis(PE)of AZ31 Mg alloy by incorporating WO_(3) with partially phosphorated poly(vinyl alcohol)(PPVA).Two types of porous MgO layers were produced using the PE process with an alkaline-phosphate electrolyte,one with and one without WO_(3) nanoparticles,which were subsequently immersed in an aqueous solution of PPVA.Incorporating PPVA into the WO_(3)-MgO layer resulted in hybrids being deposited in a fragmented manner,creating a“laminar reef-like structure”that sealed most of the structural defects in the layer.The PPVA-sealed WO_(3)-based coating exhibited superior corrosion resistance compared to the other samples.Computational analyses were employed to explore the mechanism underlying the formation of PPVA/WO_(3) hybrids on the MgO layer.These findings suggest that PPVA-WO_(3)-MgO hybrid coatings can potentially improve corrosion resistance in various fields.

Enhanced electrochemical and photocatalytic performance achieved through dual incorporation of SnO_(2)and WO_(3)nanoparticles into LDH layer fabricated on PEO-coated AZ31 Mg alloy

This study explores the potential of LDH flakes decorated with metallic oxide nanoparticles to function as both anti-corrosion barriers against chloride anions and heterogeneous photocatalysts for tetracycline degradation under visible light.The process involves modifying the primarily MgO-based inorganic porous film by growing a MgFe LDH film,followed by the individual and dual incorporation of SnO_(2)and WO_(3)nanoparticles.The dual incorporation of these nanoparticles into the LDH matrix leads to synergistic interactions,effectively sealing pre-existing defects within LDH flakes and facilitating the in-situ formation of catalytic sites through oxidation and the induction of surface oxygen vacancy defects,which synergistically contribute to the enhancement of both electrochemical and photocatalytic activities.The enhanced electrochemical stability is reflected in a significant reduction in corrosion current density by 4 orders of magnitude compared to unmodified porous film.Additionally,the decorated film demonstrates sustained photocatalytic functionality,achieving significant degradation(95.5%)of tetracycline within two hours.This study presents a novel approach,highlighting the dual effectiveness of LDHs decorated by dual metal oxides as an anti-corrosive agent and photocatalyst,with promising implications for environmental remediation and wastewater purification.

An overview of electrochemical,non-electrochemical and analytical approaches for studying corrosion in magnesium and its alloys

Corrosion is a pervasive phenomenon affecting materials across a multitude of scales,from the atomic to the macroscopic.This review paper presents a comprehensive examination of the methodologies employed in the analysis of magnesium corrosion,including electrochemical,non-electrochemical and analytical approaches,emphasizing the need for a diverse array of analytical tools to understand the complex interplay between corrosion,microstructure,and the dissolution mechanisms of magnesium alloys.The research showcases the utility of specific tools like SEM/EDS and SKPFM for targeted site analysis,while XPS and FTIR provide a broader perspective on specimen surfaces.The paper also discusses the value of in-situ analysis techniques,which allow for the real-time observation of corrosion processes,offering a dynamic view of the emergence and evolution of corrosion products.These in-situ methods stand in contrast to ex-situ analyses,which only permit post-experimental evaluation.By highlighting the capabilities of various analytical tools,from those that reveal surface layer details to those that probe deeper structures,and from those that detect primary elements to those that trace minute quantities of impurities,this study underscores the intricate nature of corrosion and the critical role of advanced analytical techniques in fostering a deeper understanding of material degradation.The findings advocate for the increased application of in-situ analysis in magnesium corrosion research,as it provides a more immediate and accurate depiction of corrosion dynamics,potentially leading to more effective corrosion prevention and control strategies.

Advancements in enhancing corrosion protection of Mg alloys:A comprehensive review on the synergistic effects of combining inhibitors with PEO coating

Magnesium(Mg)alloys are lightweight materials with excellent mechanical properties,making them attractive for various applications,including aerospace,automotive,and biomedical industries.However,the practical application of Mg alloys is limited due to their high susceptibility to corrosion.Plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO),or micro-arc oxidation(MAO),is a coating method that boosts Mg alloys'corrosion resistance.However,despite the benefits of PEO coatings,they can still exhibit certain limitations,such as failing to maintain long-term protection as a result of their inherent porosity.To address these challenges,researchers have suggested the use of inhibitors in combination with PEO coatings on Mg alloys.Inhibitors are chemical compounds that can be incorporated into the coating or applied as a post-treatment to further boost the corrosion resistance of the PEO-coated Mg alloys.Corrosion inhibitors,whether organic or inorganic,can act by forming a protective barrier,hindering the corrosion process,or modifying the surface properties to reduce susceptibility to corrosion.Containers can be made of various materials,including polyelectrolyte shells,layered double hydroxides,polymer shells,and mesoporous inorganic materials.Encapsulating corrosion inhibitors in containers fully compatible with the coating matrix and substrate is a promising approach for their incorporation.Laboratory studies of the combination of inhibitors with PEO coatings on Mg alloys have shown promising results,demonstrating significant corrosion mitigation,extending the service life of Mg alloy components in aggressive environments,and providing self-healing properties.In general,this review presents available information on the incorporation of inhibitors with PEO coatings,which can lead to improved performance of Mg alloy components in demanding environments.

Surface growth of novel MOFs on AZ31 Mg alloy coated via plasma electrolytic oxidation for enhanced corrosion protection and photocatalytic performance

In the pursuit of multifunctional coatings,the controlled growth of materials on stationary platforms holds paramount importance for achieving superior corrosion protection and optimal photocatalytic performance.This study introduces a cutting-edge approach,intertwining bifunctional metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)seamlessly into defective MgO layers produced by the anodic oxidation of AZ31 alloy.Key metallic oxides of Zn,Sn,and V take center stage as metallic sources for MOF formation,complemented by the organic prowess of L-Tryptophan as anα-amino acid linker.Leveraging the electronic structure of metallic oxides reacting with tryptophan molecules,controlled morphologies with distinct characteristics are induced on the defective surface of the MgO layer,enabling the precise modulation of surface defects.The hybrid composite demonstrates an adaptive microstructure in diverse aqueous environments,offering dual functionality with electrochemical stability and visible light photocatalytic activity for crystal violet degradation.Among the samples,the SnOF complex exhibited remarkable electrochemical stability with a low corrosion current density of 7.50×10^(−10)A·cm^(−2),along with a 94.56%degradation efficiency after 90 min under visible light exposure.The VOF complex,under similar visible light conditions,demonstrated exceptional performance with a higher degradation efficiency of 97.79%and excellent electrochemical stability characterized by a corrosion current density of 3.26×10^(−9)A·cm^(−2).Additionally,Density Functional Theory(DFT)computations shed light on the basic bonding patterns between MOFs and inorganic components,providing electronic understanding of their electrochemical and photocatalytic activities.

Nanomechanics of Mg-Gd-Y-Nd-Zn alloy with LPSO and MgRE phases

The mechanical properties of two main precipitating phases(LPSO and MgRE)and matrix in Mg-Gd-Y-Nd-Zn bioalloy were examined using nanoindentation method.A new is suggested for characterizing the elastic-plastic behavior,fracture toughness and strain rate sensitivity(SRS)of materials within micro/nanoscale.Firstly,a nanomechanical model was developed for extracting hardness(H),young’s modulus(E)and yield stress(σY)from the characteristic load points which were subsequently analyzed by atomic force microscope(AFM)images.The elasticity data and AFM data were then utilized for determination of plastic deformation in constituent phases.The displacement of the indentation gets the highest value for Mg matrix and between precipitates,depth is more in LPSO rather than that of MgRE.The serrated flow or the behavior of shear bands may originate from the side effect of the interface region in Mg alloys with precipitates.It can be deduced that the KIC produced by both L method and energy-based calculation are both reliable for KIC approximation.The maximum load in simulation withμ=0.2 friction is marginally lesser than that of the frictionless(μ=0)one while elastic recovery of indentation withμ=0.2 is higher to some extent.

Effect of solution treatment on the microstructure,phase transformation behavior and functional properties of NiTiNb ternary shape memory alloys fabricated via laser powder bed fusion in-situ alloying

Post-heat treatment is commonly employed to improve the microstructural homogeneity and enhance the mechanical performances of the additively manufactured metallic materials.In this work,a ternary(NiTi)91Nb9(at.%)shape memory alloy was produced by laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)using pre-alloyed NiTi and elemental Nb powders.The effect of solution treatment on the microstructure,phase transformation behavior and mechanical/functional performances was investigated.The in-situ alloyed(NiTi)91Nb9 alloy exhibits a submicron cellular-dendritic structure surrounding the supersaturated B2-NiTi matrix.Upon high-temperature(1273 K)solution treatment,Nb-rich precipitates were precipitated from the supersaturated matrix.The fragmentation and spheroidization of the NiTi/Nb eutectics occurred during solution treatment,leading to a morphological transition from mesh-like into rod-like and sphere-like.Coarsening of theβ-Nb phases occurred with increasing holding time.The martensite transformation temperature increases after solution treatment,mainly attributed to:(i)reduced lattice distortion due to the Nb expulsion from the supersaturated B2-NiTi,and(ii)the Ti expulsion from theβ-Nb phases that lowers the ratio Ni/Ti in the B2-NiTi matrix,which resulted from the microstructure changes from non-equilibrium to equilibrium state.The thermal hysteresis of the solutionized alloys is around 145 K after 20%pre-deformation,which is comparable to the conventional NiTiNb alloys.A short-term solution treatment(i.e.at 1273 K for 30 min)enhances the ductility and strength of the as-printed specimen,with the increase of fracture stress from(613±19)MPa to(781±20)MPa and the increase of fracture strain from(7.6±0.1)%to(9.5±0.4)%.Both the as-printed and solutionized samples exhibit good tensile shape memory effects with recovery rates>90%.This work suggests that post-process heat treatment is essential to optimize the microstructure and improve the mechanical performances of the L-PBF in-situ alloyed parts.

A state-of-the-art review on recent advances in the fabrication and characteristics of magnesium-based alloys in biomedical applications

Magnesium(Mg)and its alloys have recently gained increasing attention in the biomedical field as promising biodegradable materials with harmless degradation products.Magnesium-based alloys have a wide range of biomedical applications because of their outstanding biocompatibility and unique mechanical properties.Widespread use of Mg-based biomedical devices eliminates the need for post-healing biomaterial removal surgery and minimizes the negative consequences of the implantation of permanent biomaterials,including stress shielding and undesired metal ion release in the body.This paper provides a literature review on the properties and manufacturing methods of Mgbased alloys for biomedical applications,including orthopedic implants,cardiovascular applications,surgical wires and staplers,and antitumor activities.Each application of Mg-based biomaterials is investigated from a biological perspective,including matching functional properties,biocompatibility,host tissue responses,and anti-microbial strategies,along with potential additive manufacturing technologies for these applications.Finally,an outlook is presented to provide recommendations for Mg-based biomaterials in the future.

A Review on the Advancement of Renewable Natural Fiber Hybrid Composites: Prospects, Challenges, and Industrial Applications

Naturalfibre(NFR)reinforced functional polymer composites are quickly becoming an indispensable sustainable material in the transportation industry because of their lightweight,lower cost in manufacture,and adaptability to a wide variety of goods.However,the major difficulties of using thesefibres are their existing poor dimensional stability and the extreme hydrophilicity.In assessing the mechanical properties(MP)of composites,the interfacial bonding(IB)happening between the NFR and the polymer matrix(PM)plays an incredibly significant role.When compared to NFR/syntheticfibre hybrid composites,hybrid composites(HC)made up of two separate NFR are less prevalent;yet,these hybrid composites also have the potential to be valuable materials in terms of environmental issues.A new dimension to theflexibility of composites reinforced with NFR is added by the cost-effective manufacture of hybrid composites utilising NFR.The purpose of this study is to offer an over-view of the keyfindings that were presented on hybrid composites.The emphasis was focused on the factors that influence the performance of the naturalfiber composites,diverse approaches to enhancing MP,physical,electri-cal,and thermal characteristics of the HC.HC study in polymer science gains interest for applications in con-struction and automotive industries.

Integrated adsorption and photocatalytic removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution by hierarchical Nb_(2)O_(5)@PAN/PVDF/ANO composite nanofibers

This work presents the development of hierarchical niobium pentoxide(Nb_(2)O_(5))-based composite nanofiber membranes for integrated adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue(MB)pollutants from aqueous solutions.The Nb_(2)O_(5) nanorods were vertically grown using a hydrothermal process on a base electrospun nanofibrous membrane made of polyacrylonitrile/polyvinylidene fluoride/ammonium niobate(V)oxalate hydrate(Nb_(2)O_(5)@PAN/PVDF/ANO).They were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis,and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.These composite nanofibers possessed a narrow optical bandgap energy of 3.31 eV and demonstrated an MB degradation efficiency of 96%after 480 min contact time.The pseudo-first-order kinetic study was also conducted,in which Nb_(2)O_(5)@PAN/PVDF/ANO nanofibers have kinetic constant values of 1.29×10^(-2) min^(-1) and 0.30×10^(-2) min^(-1) for adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of MB aqueous solutions,respectively.These values are 17.7 and 7.8 times greater than those of PAN/PVDF/ANO nanofibers without Nb_(2)O_(5) nanostructures.Besides their outstanding photocatalytic performance,the developed membrane materials exhibit advantageous characteristics in recycling,which subsequently widen their practical use in environmental remediation applications.

Selection of Fe as a barrier for manufacturing low-cost MgB2 multifilament wires-Advanced microscopy study between Fe and B reaction

The high cost of using the niobium(Nb)barrier for manufacturing magnesium diboride(MgB2)mono-and multi-filamentary wires for large-scale applications has become one of the barriers to replacing current commercial niobium-titanium superconductors.The potential of replacing the Nb barrier with a low-cost iron(Fe)barrier for multifilament MgB2 superconducting wires is investigated in this manuscript.Therefore,MgB2 wires with Fe barrier sintered with different temperatures are studied(from 650°C to 900°C for 1 h)to investigate the non-superconducting reaction phase of Fe-B.Their superconducting performance including engineering critical current density(Je)and n-value are tested at 4.2 K in various external magnetic fields.The best sample sintered at 650°C for 1 h has achieved a Je value of 3.64×10^(4) A cm^(−2) and an n-value of 61 in 2 T magnetic field due to the reduced formation of Fe2B,better grain connectivity and homogenous microstructure.For microstructural analysis,the focused ion beam(FIB)is utilised for the first time to acquire three-dimensional microstructures and elemental mappings of the interface between the Fe barrier and MgB2 core of different wires.The results have shown that if the sintering temperature can be controlled properly,the Je and n-value of the wire are still acceptable for magnet applications.The formation of Fe2B is identified along the edge of MgB2,as the temperature increases,the content of Fe2B also increases which causes the degradation in the performance of wires.

Effect of one-step and two-step homogenization treatments on distribution of Al_3Zr dispersoids in commercial AA7150 aluminium alloy

Semi-quantitative electron probe microanalysis （EPMA） mapping, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） were employed to study the effect of one-step and two-step treatments on the Zr distribution and Al3Zr dispersoid characteristics in as-cast commercial AA7150 aluminum alloy. It is shown that the Zr concentration in the dendrite centre regions is higher than that near the dendrite edges in the as-cast condition, and that homogenization at 460 °C for 20 h is insufficient to remove these concentration gradients. After homogenizing at 460-480 °C, a high number density of larger dispersoids can be observed in dendrite centre regions but not near dendrite edges. Furthermore, the dispersoid size increases with increasing the temperature during both one-step and two-step homogenization treatments.

Influence of filling parameters on fatigue properties of A357 alloy produced by counter pressure plaster mold casting

The influence of filling parameters including pouring temperature, filling speed, boost pressure and synchronous pressure on the fatigue of A357 alloy produced by counter pressure plaster casting was studied. The Taguchi method was used to investigate the relationship between the fatigue performance and filling parameters. The results show that filling speed is the most significant factor among the four parameters. Synchronous pressures is less influential on the fatigue life when the value of synchronous pressure is from 400 kPa to 600 kPa.

Crack initiation,propagation and saturation of TiO_2 nanotube film

Vertically orientated TiO2 nanotube array with diameters ranging from 60 up to 80 nm and length of 4 μm was grown on titanium by anodization.Crack initiation,propagation and saturation were studied using the substrate straining test.The results show that annealing obviously modifies the interfaces.With the increase of tensile strain,cracks in TiO2 nanotube films propagate rapidly and reach the saturation within a narrow strain gap.Interfacial shear strengths of TiO2 nanotube films without annealing,with 250 ℃ annealing and with 400 ℃ annealing can be estimated as 163.3,370.2 and 684.5 MPa,respectively.The critical energy release rates of TiO2 nanotube films are calculated as 49.6,102.6 and 392.7 J/m2,respectively.The fracture toughnesses of TiO2 nanotube films are estimated as 0.996,1.433 and 2.803 MPa-m1/2,respectively.The interfacial bonding mechanism of TiO2 nanotube film is chemical bonding.